萊佛士豬籠草
萊佛士豬籠草 | |
---|---|
產自婆羅洲的萊佛士豬籠草 | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots |
目: | 石竹目 Caryophyllales |
科: | 豬籠草科 Nepenthaceae |
屬: | 豬籠草屬 Nepenthes |
種: | 萊佛士豬籠草 N. rafflesiana
|
二名法 | |
Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack (1835)
| |
異名[1] | |
|
萊佛士豬籠草[2]:63-64(學名:Nepenthes rafflesiana)得名於斯坦福·萊佛士。其分佈極為廣泛,包括婆羅洲、蘇門答臘、西馬來西亞和新加坡。已描述的萊佛士豬籠草的變型和變種是豬籠草屬中最多的。僅在婆羅洲就至少有3種不同的變種。萊佛士豬籠草的巨型變型的捕蟲籠大小可與馬來王豬籠草(N. rajah)相媲美。
植物學史
[編輯]
1819年,威廉·傑克博士(Dr. William Jack)發現了萊佛士豬籠。並在《柯蒂斯植物學雜誌》上刊登了威廉·傑克博士從新加坡寄來的信,他這樣寫道:[注 1][3]
“ | 來到位於馬六甲海峽附近的群島上,無法想像還有什麼地方能比新加坡更美麗。鏡子般的海面上鑲嵌着覆蓋茂密森林的小島,它們都沐浴在明媚的陽光下……我恰巧看到了斧頭是怎麼做成,還獲得許多有趣的發現,特別是兩種新的豬籠草(萊佛士豬籠草和蘋果豬籠草)。它們的美麗遠超過了其他歐洲已知物種。我對他們進行全面的描述,並畫了兩張配圖。萊佛士爵士十分的着急,他認為我們應該想方設法把我們的發現發表出去。他建議應這些新種寄回國,使得在國內的人也能看到它的美麗,並能引起那邊人們對蘇門答臘植物的重視。 | ” |
在那時,萊佛士豬籠草是當時所知的豬籠草屬中體型最大的物種。1850年的《園丁與農夫雜誌》(Gardener's and Farmer's Journal)中,對萊佛士豬籠草進行了這樣的描述:[注 2][3]
“ | 無論誰看到這個植物都一定會想這肯定是植物王國里最令人驚嘆的植物之一。其捕蟲籠令人無法忘記;它是豬籠草屬中最大最宏偉的物種,遠遠超過其他歐洲已知的物種。 | ” |
形態特徵
[編輯]萊佛士豬籠草為藤本植物。莖可長達15米,直徑可達10毫米。節間距最長達20厘米。[4]籠蔓最長可超過110厘米。
萊佛士豬籠草的下位籠呈球狀,具發達的籠翼。下位籠的高度很少超過20厘米,但萊佛士豬籠草的巨型變型的高度也可達35厘米,寬至15厘米。上位籠呈漏斗狀,唇的前端凸出。這兩種捕蟲籠都有超過3cm的細長唇頸。
捕蟲籠的顏色豐富,可為暗紫色至幾乎全白。萊佛士豬籠草典型變型的下位籠為淺綠色且帶有紫色斑點,上位籠則為奶油色。
萊佛士豬籠草的花序為總狀花序,長16至70厘米。花為紅色或紫色。每個花梗通常只帶一個朵花,偶爾帶兩朵。
幼苗具棕色或白色且容易脫落的長毛,成株則僅在花序上具一些稀疏的棕色短毛,但也可能完全無毛。
原生地
[編輯]萊佛士豬籠草為分佈廣泛的低地豬籠草。其常見於婆羅洲和廖內群島,但在西馬來西亞和蘇門答臘分佈局限。在西馬來西亞僅於東南地區分別廣泛,特別是在柔佛州相當充裕。而在蘇門答臘萊佛士豬籠草僅存在於因陀羅補羅到巴魯斯(Barus)之間的西部海岸。[4]其也分佈於周圍一些小型島嶼,包括邦加島、納閩島[5]、大納土納島[6]及林加群島。[7]
萊佛士豬籠草一般生長於開闊的砂質潮濕地區中。也曾在巽他荒原森林、次生林、泥炭沼澤森林邊緣、石楠林和海邊的懸崖發現過萊佛士豬籠草。其海拔分佈範圍為0至1200米[4]或至1500米的地區。[8]
種下類群
[編輯]由於萊佛士豬籠草分佈廣泛,所以萊佛士豬籠草的捕蟲籠無論是在形狀或顏色方面都存在很大差異。以下為已被描述的萊佛士豬籠草種下類群。其中大部分在現在已被認為是非正式的。原被非正式描述為長萊佛士豬籠草的類群在2011年被描述為巴蘭豬籠草(N. baramensis)[9],現被置於赫姆斯利豬籠草(N. hemsleyana)下[10]。
- Nepenthes rafflesiana f. alba Hort.Westphal (2000) nom.nud.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. alata J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1990)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. ambigua Beck (1895)[11]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. elongata Hort.Kew ex Dyer (1897) nom.nud. [=N. hemsleyana][9][10]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. excelsior (Hort.Williams) Beck (1895)[11][=(N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. rafflesiana]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. glaberrima Hook.f. (1873)[12]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. hookeriana (auct. non Low: Hort.Veitch ex Mast.) Becc. (1886) [=N. × hookeriana]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. insignis Mast. (1882)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. longicirrhosa Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986) nom.nud. [=N. longifolia][4][13]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. minor Becc. (1886)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nigropurpureaMast. (1882)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nivea Hook.f. (1873)[12]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. pallida Hort.Veitch ex Burb. (1883) [=(N. khasiana × N. gracilis) × N. rafflesiana]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. striata Hort. ex Teijsm. (1859)[14]nom.nud.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. subglandulosa J.H.Adam & Hafiza (2006)[15][=N. hemsleyana][10]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. typica Beck (1895)[11]nom.illeg.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. viridis Hort. ex Teijsm. (1859)[14]nom.nud.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. vittata Lauffenburger (1995) nom.nud.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana "glaberrima" Burb. (1880)[16][=N. hemsleyana][10]
-
萊佛士豬籠草的下位籠,示其具翼的籠蔓
-
萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型,示其邊緣呈波浪狀的葉片
-
淺色捕蟲籠萊佛士豬籠草變種的下位籠
巨型變型
[編輯]萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型(N. rafflesiana f. gigantea)[2]存在於婆羅洲西北海岸的一些相互分離的地區,及古晉以西110公里的海濱小鎮三馬丹(Sematan)。[17]該變型典型的原生地茂密的石楠森林,特別是植被邊緣的地區。[17]
萊佛士豬籠草巨型的方方面面都比普通的萊佛士豬籠草更大。其莖可攀至15米的高處。葉片長度可達典型變型的2.5倍。下位籠可高達35厘米,寬至15厘米,容積可達到1升。[17]其捕蟲籠的顏色多種多樣,可為白底紅斑至深紫色。上位籠可能為全綠或帶斑點。花序也很巨大,可長達1米。花梗可達1.5厘米,具暗紅色的花被片。[17]
除了大小之外,萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型的發育中葉片也與典型變型不同,其葉片具 深紅棕色光澤。人工種植的萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型也具有這樣的特徵,所以其並非由特殊的環境因素造成的。[17]
曾記錄到野外的萊佛士豬籠草巨型變型捕獲老鼠。[2]
相關物種
[編輯]萊佛士豬籠草與貝卡利豬籠草、長葉豬籠草和蘇門答臘豬籠草之間存在着密切的近緣關係。
2001年,查爾斯·克拉克對來自蘇門答臘島和西馬來西亞的豬籠草進行了分支系統學分析,共利用了70個形態特徵。萊佛士豬籠草被歸入「第5分支」。其中蘇門答臘豬籠草與萊佛士豬籠草的相關性達58%。[4]貝卡利豬籠草未被包括在該研究中。[4]貝卡利豬籠草未被包含於該研究中。
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
萊佛士豬籠草與蘇門答臘豬籠草的主要區別在於其下位籠唇的結構不同。蘇門答臘豬籠草下位籠的唇齒不明顯,而萊佛士豬籠草反之。萊佛士豬籠草具細長的唇頸,而蘇門答臘豬籠草則無。蘇門答臘豬籠草的下位籠通體為卵形,而萊佛士豬籠草下位籠的上半部為圓柱形。此外,蘇門答臘豬籠草的葉片較窄,具棕色短毛。[4]
自然雜交種
[編輯]- N. albomarginata × N. rafflesiana[18][19]
- N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=N. × hookeriana][17][20][21]
- ? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis][18]
- N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana[17]
- ? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma[17]
- N. clipeata × N. rafflesiana[22]
- N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana[17][23][24]
- N. hemsleyana × N. rafflesiana[10]
- N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana[17](包括N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana)[2]:87[22]
-
N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana
-
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana
-
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana
-
N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana
註釋
[編輯]- ^ 威廉·傑克博士刊登於《柯蒂斯植物學雜誌》上信件的原文:[3]
“ It is impossible to conceive anything more beautiful than the approach to Singapore, through the Archipelago of islands that lie at the extremity of the Straits of Malacca. Seas of glass wind among innumerable islets, clothed in all the luxuriance of tropical vegetation and basking in the full brilliance of a tropical sky... I have just arrived in time to explore the woods before they yield to the axe, and have made many interesting discoveries, particularly of two new and splendid species of pitcher-plant [Nepenthes rafflesiana and Nepenthes ampullaria], far surpassing any yet known in Europe. I have completed two perfect drawings of them with ample descriptions. Sir S. Raffles is anxious that we should give publicity to our researches in one way or other and has planned bringing out something at Bencoolen. He proposes sending home these pitcher-plants that such splendid things may appear under all the advantages of elegant execution, by way of attracting attention to the subject of Sumatran botany. ” - ^ 1850年的《園丁與農夫雜誌》中對萊佛士豬籠草描述的原文:[3]
“ Whoever has seen this plant in a living state must undoubted be constrained to consider it as one of the most astonishing productions of the whole vegetable kingdom. The resemblance that a portion of it bears to our more familiar domestic utensils leaves a lasting impression on the minds of spectators that is not easily eradicated; it is the largest and most magnificent of the genus, far surpassing any hitherto known in Europe. ”
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes rafflesiana (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
- ^ (印尼文) Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2013-09-21.
- ^ Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
- ^ Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Clarke, C., J.A. Moran & C.C. Lee 2011. Nepenthes baramensis (Nepenthaceae) – a new species from north-western Borneo . Blumea 56(3): 229–233. doi:10.3767/000651911X607121
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12. doi:10.3767/000651913X668465
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 (德文) Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 (拉丁文) Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.
- ^ Clarke, C.[M.] 1997. Another Nice Trip to Sumatra (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 (法文) Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859. Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon 2: 133–142.
- ^ Adam, J.H. & Hafiza A. Hamid 2006. Pitcher plants of Lambir Hill in Miri, Sarawak State of Malaysia.[失效連結] International Journal of Botany 2(4): 340–352. doi:10.3923/ijb.2006.340.352
- ^ Burbidge, F.W. 1880. The Gardens of the Sun (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Murray, London.
- ^ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Lowrie, A. 1983. Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983.PDF (1.25 MiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.
- ^ McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ Masters, M.T. 1881. New garden plants. Nepenthes Hookeriana. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 16(417): 812–813.
- ^ Yulita, K.S. & M. Mansur 2012. The occurrence of hybrid in Nepenthes hookeriana Lindl. from Central Kalimantan can be detected by RAPD and ISSR markers. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 19(1): 18–24. doi:10.4308/hjb.19.1.18
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- ^ Tan, W.K., C.L. Wong & C.K. Frazier 1996. Nepenthes × (rafflesiana and gracilis)? Nature Malaysiana 21: 82–85.
- ^ Bednar, B.L. 1985. Nepenthes ✕ dominii and var. intermedia.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(4): 105–106.
- [Anonymous] 1848. New garden plants, published in books. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1848(6): 87.
- [Anonymous] 1881. Messrs. Veitch's Nepenthes-house. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 16(410): 598–599.
- [Anonymous] 1883. Mr. A. E. Ratcliff's Nepenthes (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). The Gardeners' Chronicle 20(497): 18–19.
- [Anonymous] 1887. Nepenthes culture. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 2(41): 442–443.
- Adam, J.H. 1997. Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134.
- Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
- Adam, J.H., E.M. Nurulhuda, H. Abdul-Halim, O. Abdul-Rahim, A.H. Hafiza, G.K. Gopir, L.M. Pilik, R. Omar, M.B. Qasim, J. Salimon, S. Abdul-Rahim & M.M. Hanafiah 2005. Pitcher plants recorded from BRIS forest in Jambu Bongkok, Kuala Trengganu, Malaysia (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Wetland Science 3(3): 183–189.
- (馬來文) Adam, J.H., J.N. Maisarah, A.T.S. Norhafizah, A.H. Hafiza, M.Y. Harun & O.A. Rahim et al. 2009. Ciri Tanih Pada Habitat Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Padang Tujuh, Taman Negeri Endau-Rompin Pahang. [Soil Properties in Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) Habitat at Padang Tujuh, Endau-Rompin State Park, Pahang.] In: J.H. Adam, G.M. Barzani & S. Zaini (eds.) Bio-Kejuruteraan and Kelestarian Ekosistem. [Bio-Engineering and Sustainable Ecosystem.] Kumpulan Penyelidikan Kesihatan Persekitaran, Pusat Penyelidikan Bukit Fraser and Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia. pp. 147–157.
- Adam, J.H., H.A. Hamid, M.A.A. Juhari, S.N.A. Tarmizi & W.M.R. Idris 2011. Species composition and dispersion pattern of pitcher plants recorded from Rantau Abang in Marang District, Terengganu State of Malaysia. International Journal of Botany 7(2): 162–169. doi:10.3923/ijb.2011.162.169
- Adams, R.M. & G.W. Smith 1977. An S.E.M. survey of the five carnivorous pitcher plant genera. American Journal of Botany 64(3): 265–272. doi:10.2307/2441969
- Bauer, U., C. Willmes & W. Federle 2009. Effect of pitcher age on trapping efficiency and natural prey capture in carnivorous Nepenthes rafflesiana plants. Annals of Botany 103(8): 1219–1226. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp065
- Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
- Bauer, U., B. Di Giusto, J. Skepper, T.U. Grafe & W. Federle 2012. With a flick of the lid: a novel trapping mechanism in Nepenthes gracilis pitcher plants. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38951. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038951
- Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- Benz, M.J., E.V. Gorb & S.N. Gorb 2012. Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous Nepenthes taxa. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 6(1): 147–158. doi:10.1007/s11829-011-9171-2
- (拉丁文) Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
- Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
- Brearley, F.Q. & M. Mansur 2012. Nutrient stoichiometry of Nepenthes species from a Bornean peat swamp forest. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41(3): 105–108.
- Cannon, J., V. Lojanapiwatna, C. Raston, W. Sinchai & A. White 1980. The Quinones of Nepenthes rafflesiana. The Crystal Structure of 2,5-Dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxy-7-methylnaphtho-1,4-quinone (Nepenthone-E) and a Synthesis of 2,5-Dihydroxy-3-Methoxy-7-methylnaphtho-1,4-quinone (Nepenthone-C). Australian Journal of Chemistry 33(5): 1073–1093. doi:10.1071/CH9801073
- Clarke et al. Nepenthes rafflesiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [12 May 2006].
- Damayanti, F., M. Mansur & I. Roostika 2011. Diversity of Nepenthes spp. in West Kalimantan. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 3(13): 705–708.
- Di Giusto, B., V. Grosbois, E. Fargeas, D.J. Marshall & L. Gaume 2008. Contribution of pitcher fragrance and fluid viscosity to high prey diversity in a Nepenthes carnivorous plant from Borneo. Journal of Biosciences 33(1): 121–136. doi:10.1007/s12038-008-0028-5
- Di Giusto, B., M. Guéroult, N. Rowe & L. Gaume 2009. Chapter 7: The Waxy Surface in Nepenthes Pitcher Plants: Variability, Adaptive Significance and Developmental Evolution (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). In: S.N. Gorb (ed.) Functional Surfaces in Biology: Adhesion Related Phenomena. Volume 2. Springer. pp. 183–204.
- Di Giusto, B., J.-M. Bessière, M. Guéroult, L.B.L. Lim, D.J. Marshall, M. Hossaert-McKey & L. Gaume 2010. Flower-scent mimicry masks a deadly trap in the carnivorous plant Nepenthes rafflesiana. Journal of Ecology 98(4): 845–856. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01665.x
- Dixon, W.E. 1889. Nepenthes. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 6(144): 354.
- Frazier, C.K. 2000. Reproductive isolating mechanisms and fitness among tropical pitcher plants (Nepenthes) and their hybrids (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
- Gaume, L. & Y. Forterre 2007. A viscoelastic deadly fluid in carnivorous pitcher plants. PLoS ONE 2(11): e1185. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001185
- Gaume, L. & B.D. Giusto 2009. Adaptive significance and ontogenetic variability of the waxy zone in Nepenthes rafflesiana. Annals of Botany 104(7): 1281–1291. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp238
- (法文) Gaume, L. & Y. Forterre 2008. Un piège viscoélastique chez Nepenthes rafflesiana. Dionée 71: 28–32.
- (印尼文) Handayani, T. & Syamsuddin 1998. Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack. dan keturunannya. Warta Kebun Raya 2(3): 1–8.
- (印尼文) Handayani, T. 1999. Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia.PDF [Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens.] In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372.
- Handayani, T., D. Latifah & Dodo 2005. Diversity and growth behaviour of Nepenthes (pitcher plants) in Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan Province. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Biodiversitas 6(4): 248–252 . Cover (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Hansen, E. 2001. Where rocks sing, ants swim, and plants eat animals: finding members of the Nepenthes carnivorous plant family in Borneo(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Discover 22(10): 60–68.
- Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
- Hooker, J.D. 1859. XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes, with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22(4): 415–424. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x
- Kitching, R.L. 2000. Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
- Kurup, R., A.J. Johnson, S. Sankar, A.A. Hussain, C.S. Kumar & S. Baby 2013. Fluorescent prey traps in carnivorous plants. Plant Biology 15(3): 611–615. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00709.x
- Lecoufle, M. 1990. Nepenthes rafflesiana. In: Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation. Blandford, London. pp. 136–137.
- Lee, C.C. 2000. Recent Nepenthes Discoveries (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
- Lim, S.H., D.C.Y. Phua & H.T.W. Tan 2000. Primer design and optimization for RAPD analysis of Nepenthes. Biologia Plantarum 43(1): 153–155. doi:10.1023/A:1026535920714
- Lindley, J. 1849. Familiar botany. — The pitcher plant. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1849(37): 580–581.
- Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) [pp. 279–288] In: J.S. Gamble. Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 75(3): 279–391.
- (印尼文) Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
- (印尼文) Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. [Diversity of lowland Nepenthes (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.] Berita Biologi 8(5): 335–341. Abstract
- (印尼文) Mansur, M. 2008. Penelitian ekologi Nepenthes di Laboratorium Alam Hutan Gambut Sabangau Kereng Bangkirai Kalimantan Tengah (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). [Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Peat Swamps Forest Natural Laboratory, Kereng Bangkirai Sabangau, Central Kalimantan.] Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(1): 67–73. Abstract (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(3): 271–276.
- Masters, M.T. 1872. The cultivated species of Nepenthes. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872(16): 540–542.
- McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
- (德文) Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
- Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
- Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
- Mogi, M. & K.L. Chan 1997. Variation in communities of dipterans in Nepenthes pitchers in Singapore: Predators increase prey community diversity. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90(2): 177–183.
- Moore, D. 1872. On the culture of Nepenthes at Glasnevin. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872(11): 359–360.
- Moran, J.A. 1991. The role and mechanism of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers as insect traps in Brunei. Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
- Moran, J.A. 1993. Visitors to the flowers of the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana. Brunei Museum Journal 8: 73–75.
- Moran, J.A. 1993. Pitcher allocation strategy of the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana. Brunei Museum Journal 8: 77–80.
- Moran, J.A. 1993. The effect of pitcher wing removal on prey capture by the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana. Brunei Museum Journal 8: 81–82.
- Moran, J.A. 1993. Misumenops nepenthicola: the top aquatic predator of the Nepenthes food web? Brunei Museum Journal 8: 83–84.
- Moran, J.A. 1996. Pitcher dimorphism, prey composition and the mechanisms of prey attraction in the pitcher plant Nepenthes rafflesiana in Borneo. Journal of Ecology 84(4): 515–525. doi:10.2307/2261474
- Moran, J.A. & A.J. Moran 1998. Foliar Reflectance and Vector Analysis Reveal Nutrient Stress in Prey-Deprived Pitcher Plants (Nepenthes rafflesiana). International Journal of Plant Sciences 159(6): 996–1001. doi:10.1086/314086
- Moran, J.A., W.E. Booth & J.K. Charles 1999. Aspects of pitcher morphology and spectral characteristics of six Bornean Nepenthes pitcher plant species: implications for prey capture.PDF Annals of Botany 83: 521–528.
- Moran, J.A., B.J. Hawkins, B.E. Gowen & S.L. Robbins 2010. Ion fluxes across the pitcher walls of three Bornean Nepenthes pitcher plant species: flux rates and gland distribution patterns reflect nitrogen sequestration strategies. Journal of Experimental Botany 61(5): 1365–1374. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq004
- Mullins, J. & M. Jebb 2009. Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Nepenthes. National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin.
- (印尼文) Murniati, Syamswisna & A. Nurdini 2013. Pembuatan flash card dari hasil inventarisasi Nepenthes di hutan adat desa Teluk Bakung (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran 2(1): [unpaginated; 14 pp.] Abstract (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- (日語) Oikawa, T. 1992. Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack. In: Muyū kusa – Nepenthes(無憂草 – Nepenthes). [The Grief Vanishing.] Parco Co., Japan. pp. 52–53.
- Osunkoya, O.O., S.D. Daud & F.L. Wimmer 2008. Longevity, lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of Nepenthes species. Annals of Botany 102(5): 845–853. doi:10.1093/aob/mcn162
- Reiskind, J. 1978. A crab spider associate of Nepenthes rafflesiana.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 7(3): 77–78.
- Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
- Rizzacasa, M.A. & M.V. Sargent 1987. The structure and synthesis of nepenthone-A, a naphthoquinone from Nepenthes rafflesiana. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: 2017–2022. doi:10.1039/P19870002017
- Robinson, A. 1995 ['1994/95']. Plant findings in Malaysia. The Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 18: 44–47.
- Rottloff, S., R. Stieber, H. Maischak, F.G. Turini, G. Heubl & A. Mithöfer 2011. Functional characterization of a class III acid endochitinase from the traps of the carnivorous pitcher plant genus, Nepenthes. Journal of Experimental Botany 62(13): 4639–4647. doi:10.1093/jxb/err173
- Ruxton, G.D. & H.M. Schaefer 2011. Alternative explanations for apparent mimicry. Journal of Ecology 99(4): 899–904. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01806.x
- (德文) Schmid-Hollinger, R. N.d. Kannendeckel (lid) (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). bio-schmidhol.ch.
- Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
- Slack, A. 1979. Nepenthes rafflesiana. In: Carnivorous Plants. Ebury Press, London. p. 82.
- Smythies, B.E. 1965. The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (Nepenthes) in Sarawak. UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, June–July 1963, Kuching, Sarawak.
- (印尼文) Sukmadijaya, D., D. Dinarti & Y. Isnaini 2010. Pertumbuhan planlet kantong semar (Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack.) pada beberapa media tanam selama tahap aklimatisasi.PDF Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
- (印尼文) Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994. Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat. Project report, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
- (印尼文) Syamsuardi 1995. Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (Nepenthes) di Sumatera Barat. [Numerical classification of pitcher plants (Nepenthes) in West Sumatra.] Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4(1): 48–57. Abstract
- Teo, L.L. 2001. Study of natural hybridisation in some tropical plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. M.Sc. thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
- Teo, W.M.S. 2010. Photosynthetic characteristics and nitrogen metabolism of Nepenthes rafflesiana at two different growth stages in response to inorganic nitrate and organic prey. M.Sc. thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
- Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
- Torres-Rivera, J.J. 2007. A case of Nepenthes rafflesiana with a lotus-like flower! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36(3): 81–82.
- (印尼文) Uji, T. 2003. Keanekaragaman dan potensi flora di Cagar Alam Muara Kendawangan, Kalimantan Barat. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) [Flora diversity and its potential in Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan.] Biodiversitas 4(1): 112–117.
- (印尼文) Yogiara 2004. Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar (Nepenthes spp.) menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA).PDF M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
- Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.
- Zulaiha Shireen bte Mohd Salleh 2009. Carbon and nitrogen metabolism and mineral nutrition of carnivorous pitcher plants under greenhouse conditions. M.Sc. thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
擴展閱讀
[編輯]- 食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中萊佛士豬籠草的照片 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- 食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中翼狀萊佛士豬籠草的照片 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- 食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中巨大萊佛士豬籠草的照片 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- 食蟲植物照片搜尋引擎中白萊佛士豬籠草的照片 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- (法文) Gaume, L. N.d. Piège viscoélastique Archive.is的存檔,存檔日期2013-02-13. [videos] UMR AMAP.