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蟾蜍科

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蟾蜍科
金蟾蜍 Bufo periglenes
科學分類 編輯
界: 動物界 Animalia
門: 脊索動物門 Chordata
綱: 兩棲綱 Amphibia
目: 無尾目 Anura
亞目: 新蛙亞目 Neobatrachia
總科: 雨蛙總科 Hyloidea
科: 蟾蜍科 Bufonidae
J. E. Gray, 1825
模式屬
蟾蜍屬
Bufo
Laurenti, 1768

約有38個屬

蟾蜍科分佈

蟾蜍科學名Bufonidae)是多種分佈於世界各地(除了澳大利亞馬達加斯加南極洲以外)的蛙類

眼睛後方有耳下腺,可分泌蟾蜍毒素。皮膚粗糙。頭部有骨質棱脊。無齒。頭部骨質化。水平瞳孔。大部份陸棲性。未成年的雄性蟾蜍睪丸前方有畢德氏器,是退化的卵巢,成年後消失。

下級分類

[編輯]

本科包括以下屬:

  • 阿登諾蟾屬 Adenomus Cope, 1861
  • 巴爾胎生蟾蜍屬 Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987
  • Andinophryne Hoogmoed, 1985
    • Andinophryne olallai Hoogmoed, 1985[1],為Rhaebo olallai (Hoogmoed, 1985)的異名
  • 澗蟾屬 Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870
  • 斑蟾屬 Atelophryniscus McCranie, Wilson and Williams, 1989,為Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826的異名
  • 斑足蟾屬 Atelopus Duméril and Bibron, 1841
  • 蟾蜍屬 Bufo Laurenti, 1768
  • Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani, 1973
    • 'Bufoides bhupathyi Naveen, Tapley, Chandramouli, Jervis, Babu, Meetei & Karunakaran, 2023[2]
    • Bufoides kempi (Boulenger, 1919)
    • Bufoides meghalayanus (Yazdani & Chanda, 1971)
  • 漠蟾屬 Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815
  • Capensibufo Grandison, 1980
    • Capensibufo deceptus Channing, Measey, De Villiers, Turner & Tolley, 2017
    • Capensibufo magistratus Channing, Measey, De Villiers, Turner & Tolley, 2017[3]
    • Capensibufo rosei (Hewitt, 1926)
    • Capensibufo selenophos Channing, Measey, De Villiers, Turner & Tolley, 2017
    • Capensibufo tradouwi (Hewitt, 1926)
  • Churamiti Channing & Stanley, 2002
    • Churamiti maridadi Channing & Stanley, 2002
  • 扁蟾屬 Crepidophryne Cope, 1889
  • 小叢蟾屬 Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1871
  • 碩足蛙屬 Didynamipus Andersson, 1903
  • 頭棱蟾屬 Duttaphrynus
  • Frostius Cannatella, 1986
    • Frostius erythrophthalmus Pimenta & Caramaschi, 2007
    • Frostius pernambucensis (Bokermann, 1962)
  • 棱頂蟾屬 Ingerophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan et al., 2006
  • Kenyaphrynoides Liedtke, Malonza, Wasonga, Müller & Loader, 2023
    • Kenyaphrynoides vulcani Liedtke, Malonza, Wasonga, Müller & Loader, 2023[4]
  • 勞蟾屬 Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960
  • 平滑蟾屬 Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843
  • 黑昧蟾屬 Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961
  • 默蟾屬 Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960
  • Metaphryniscus Señaris, Ayarzagüena and Gorzula, 1994
    • Metaphryniscus sosai Señaris, Ayarzagüena & Gorzula, 1994
  • 游蟾屬 Nectophryne Buchholz and Peters in Peters, 1875
  • 胎生蟾屬 Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926
  • 利比里亞胎生蟾蜍屬 Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987
  • 對趾蟾屬 Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895
  • 奧索蟾屬 Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976
  • 小蟾屬 Parapelophryne Fei, Ye and Jiang, 2003
  • 漿蟾屬 Pedostibes Günther, 1876
    • Pedostibes tuberculosus Günther, 1876[5]
  • 厚蹼蟾屬 Pelophryne Barbour, 1938
  • Poyntonophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan et al., 2006
    • Poyntonophrynus beiranus (Loveridge, 1932)
    • Poyntonophrynus damaranus (Mertens, 1954)
    • Poyntonophrynus dombensis (Bocage, 1895)
    • Poyntonophrynus fernandae Baptista, Vaz Pinto, Keates, Lobón-Rovira, Edwards & Rödel, 2023[6]
    • Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti (Hewitt & Methuen, 1912)
    • Poyntonophrynus grandisonae (Poynton & Haacke, 1993)
    • Poyntonophrynus hoeschi (Ahl, 1934)
    • Poyntonophrynus kavangensis (Poynton & Broadley, 1988)
    • Poyntonophrynus lughensis (Loveridge, 1932)
    • Poyntonophrynus pachnodes Ceríaco, Marques, Bandeira, Agarwal, Stanley, Bauer, Heinicke & Blackburn, 2018
    • Poyntonophrynus parkeri (Loveridge, 1932)
    • Poyntonophrynus vertebralis (Smith, 1848)
  • 水蟾屬 Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838
  • Rhaebo Cope, 1862
    • Rhaebo andinophrynoides Mueses-Cisneros, 2009[7]
    • Rhaebo atelopoides (Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1981)
    • Rhaebo blombergi (Myers & Funkhouser, 1951)
    • Rhaebo caeruleostictus (Günther, 1859)
    • Rhaebo colomai (Hoogmoed, 1985)
    • Rhaebo ecuadorensis Mueses-Cisneros, Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid, 2012[8]
    • Rhaebo glaberrimus (Günther, 1869)[8]
    • Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799)[9][8]
    • Rhaebo haematiticus (Cope, 1862)[7]
    • Rhaebo hypomelas (Boulenger, 1913)[7]
    • Rhaebo lynchi Mueses-Cisneros, 2007[10]
    • Rhaebo nasicus (Werner, 1903)
    • Rhaebo olallai (Hoogmoed, 1985)
  • 鈎吻蟾屬 Rhamphophryne Trueb, 1971
  • 思齊蟾屬 Schismaderma Smith, 1849
  • 埃塞俄比亞胎生蟾蜍屬 Spinophrynoides Dubois, 1987
  • Stephopaedes Channing, 1979
  • 花蟾屬 Strauchbufo
  • Truebella Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995
  • 前舌蟾屬 Werneria Poche, 1903
  • 沃蟾屬 Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939

參考

[編輯]
  1. ^ Ryan L. Lynch, Sebastian Kohn, Fernando Ayala-Varela, Paul S. Hamilton, and Santiago R. Ron. 2014. Rediscovery of Andinophryne olallai Hoogmoed, 1985 (Anura, Bufonidae), an enigmatic and endangered Andean toad. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation. 8(1) [Special Section]: 1–7 (e75). doi: dx.doi.org/10.1514/journal.arc.0000075
  2. ^ Naveen R.S., Tapley B., Chandramouli S.R., Jervis P.A., Babu S., Meetei A.B. and Karunakaran P.V. 2023. A New Species of Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani 1973 (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from Mizoram (India) and the Delimitation of the Distribution Range of Bufoides meghalayanus (Yazdani & Chanda 1971) to the Khasi hills, Meghalaya (India). BIODIVERSITAS. 24(9); 4617-4627.
  3. ^ A. Channing, G.J. Measey, A.L. de Villiers, A.A. Turner and, K.A. Tolley. 2017. Taxonomy of the Capensibufo rosei Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from South Africa. Zootaxa. 4232(2); 282–292. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.2.11
  4. ^ H Christoph Liedtke, Patrick K Malonza, Domnick V Wasonga, Hendrik Müller and Simon P Loader. 2023. A New Genus and Species of Toad from Mount Kenya illuminates East African Montane Biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. zlad160. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad160
  5. ^ S.R. Chandramouli and A.A. Thasun Amarasinghe. 2016. Taxonomic Reassessment of the Arboreal Toad Genus Pedostibes Günther 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae) and Some Allied Oriental Bufonid Genera. Herpetologica. 72(2): 137-147. DOI 10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-15-00053
  6. ^ Ninda L. Baptista, Pedro Vaz Pinto, Chad Keates, Javier Lobón-Rovira, Shelley Edwards and Mark-Oliver Rödel. 2023. Two New Poyntonophrynus Species (Anura: Bufonidae) highlight the importance of Angolan Centers of Endemism. Vertebrate Zoology. 73: 991-1031. DOI: 10.3897/vz.73.e103935
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Mueses-Cisneros, J.J. 2008. Rhaebo haematiticus (Cope 1862): un complejo de especies. Con redescripción de Rhaebo hypomelas (Boulenger 1913) y descripción de una nueva especie. Herpetotropicos. 5: 29-47.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Mueses-Cisneros, J.J., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., McDiarmid, R.W. 2012. A new Amazonian species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) with comments on Rhaebo glaberrimus (Günrhwe, 1869) and Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799). Zootaxa. 3447:22-40.
  9. ^ 2011. The Amazonian toad Rhaebo guttatus is able to voluntarily squirt poison from the paratoid macroglands. Amphibia-Reptilia. 32 (2011): 546-549
  10. ^ Mueses-Cisneros, A.A. 2007. A new species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. Zootaxa. 1662:53-59.