蟾蜍科
蟾蜍科
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| 金蟾蜍 Bufo periglenes | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
| 綱： | 兩棲綱 Amphibia |
| 目： | 無尾目 Anura |
| 亞目： | 新蛙亞目 Neobatrachia |
| 總科： | 雨蛙總科 Hyloidea |
| 科： | 蟾蜍科 Bufonidae J. E. Gray, 1825 |
| 模式屬 | |
| 蟾蜍屬 Bufo Laurenti, 1768
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| 屬 | |
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（約有38個屬） | |
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| 蟾蜍科分佈 | |
蟾蜍科（學名：Bufonidae）是多種分佈於世界各地（除了澳大利亞、馬達加斯加與南極洲以外）的蛙類。
眼睛後方有耳下腺，可分泌蟾蜍毒素。皮膚粗糙。頭部有骨質棱脊。無齒。頭部骨質化。水平瞳孔。大部份陸棲性。未成年的雄性蟾蜍睪丸前方有畢德氏器，是退化的卵巢，成年後消失。
下級分類
[編輯]本科包括以下屬：
- 阿登諾蟾屬 Adenomus Cope, 1861
- 巴爾胎生蟾蜍屬 Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987
- Andinophryne Hoogmoed, 1985
- Andinophryne olallai Hoogmoed, 1985[1]，為Rhaebo olallai (Hoogmoed, 1985)的異名
- 澗蟾屬 Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870
- 斑蟾屬 Atelophryniscus McCranie, Wilson and Williams, 1989，為Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826的異名
- 斑足蟾屬 Atelopus Duméril and Bibron, 1841
- 蟾蜍屬 Bufo Laurenti, 1768
- Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani, 1973
- 'Bufoides bhupathyi Naveen, Tapley, Chandramouli, Jervis, Babu, Meetei & Karunakaran, 2023[2]
- Bufoides kempi (Boulenger, 1919)
- Bufoides meghalayanus (Yazdani & Chanda, 1971)
- 漠蟾屬 Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815
- Capensibufo Grandison, 1980
- Capensibufo deceptus Channing, Measey, De Villiers, Turner & Tolley, 2017
- Capensibufo magistratus Channing, Measey, De Villiers, Turner & Tolley, 2017[3]
- Capensibufo rosei (Hewitt, 1926)
- Capensibufo selenophos Channing, Measey, De Villiers, Turner & Tolley, 2017
- Capensibufo tradouwi (Hewitt, 1926)
- Churamiti Channing & Stanley, 2002
- Churamiti maridadi Channing & Stanley, 2002
- 扁蟾屬 Crepidophryne Cope, 1889
- 小叢蟾屬 Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1871
- 碩足蛙屬 Didynamipus Andersson, 1903
- 頭棱蟾屬 Duttaphrynus
- Frostius Cannatella, 1986
- Frostius erythrophthalmus Pimenta & Caramaschi, 2007
- Frostius pernambucensis (Bokermann, 1962)
- 棱頂蟾屬 Ingerophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan et al., 2006
- Kenyaphrynoides Liedtke, Malonza, Wasonga, Müller & Loader, 2023
- Kenyaphrynoides vulcani Liedtke, Malonza, Wasonga, Müller & Loader, 2023[4]
- 勞蟾屬 Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960
- 平滑蟾屬 Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843
- 黑昧蟾屬 Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961
- 默蟾屬 Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960
- Metaphryniscus Señaris, Ayarzagüena and Gorzula, 1994
- Metaphryniscus sosai Señaris, Ayarzagüena & Gorzula, 1994
- 游蟾屬 Nectophryne Buchholz and Peters in Peters, 1875
- 胎生蟾屬 Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926
- 利比里亞胎生蟾蜍屬 Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987
- 對趾蟾屬 Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895
- 奧索蟾屬 Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976
- 小蟾屬 Parapelophryne Fei, Ye and Jiang, 2003
- 漿蟾屬 Pedostibes Günther, 1876
- Pedostibes tuberculosus Günther, 1876[5]
- 厚蹼蟾屬 Pelophryne Barbour, 1938
- Poyntonophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan et al., 2006
- Poyntonophrynus beiranus (Loveridge, 1932)
- Poyntonophrynus damaranus (Mertens, 1954)
- Poyntonophrynus dombensis (Bocage, 1895)
- Poyntonophrynus fernandae Baptista, Vaz Pinto, Keates, Lobón-Rovira, Edwards & Rödel, 2023[6]
- Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti (Hewitt & Methuen, 1912)
- Poyntonophrynus grandisonae (Poynton & Haacke, 1993)
- Poyntonophrynus hoeschi (Ahl, 1934)
- Poyntonophrynus kavangensis (Poynton & Broadley, 1988)
- Poyntonophrynus lughensis (Loveridge, 1932)
- Poyntonophrynus pachnodes Ceríaco, Marques, Bandeira, Agarwal, Stanley, Bauer, Heinicke & Blackburn, 2018
- Poyntonophrynus parkeri (Loveridge, 1932)
- Poyntonophrynus vertebralis (Smith, 1848)
- 水蟾屬 Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838
- Rhaebo Cope, 1862
- Rhaebo andinophrynoides Mueses-Cisneros, 2009[7]
- Rhaebo atelopoides (Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1981)
- Rhaebo blombergi (Myers & Funkhouser, 1951)
- Rhaebo caeruleostictus (Günther, 1859)
- Rhaebo colomai (Hoogmoed, 1985)
- Rhaebo ecuadorensis Mueses-Cisneros, Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid, 2012[8]
- Rhaebo glaberrimus (Günther, 1869)[8]
- Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799)[9][8]
- Rhaebo haematiticus (Cope, 1862)[7]
- Rhaebo hypomelas (Boulenger, 1913)[7]
- Rhaebo lynchi Mueses-Cisneros, 2007[10]
- Rhaebo nasicus (Werner, 1903)
- Rhaebo olallai (Hoogmoed, 1985)
- 鈎吻蟾屬 Rhamphophryne Trueb, 1971
- 思齊蟾屬 Schismaderma Smith, 1849
- 埃塞俄比亞胎生蟾蜍屬 Spinophrynoides Dubois, 1987
- Stephopaedes Channing, 1979
- 花蟾屬 Strauchbufo
- Truebella Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995
- 前舌蟾屬 Werneria Poche, 1903
- 沃蟾屬 Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939
參考
[編輯]| 始蛙亞目 Archaeobatrachia |  | |
|---|---|---|
| 中蛙亞目 Mesobatrachia | ||
| 新蛙亞目 Neobatrachia | 真齒蛙科 Amphignathodontidae · 隱林蛙科 Aromobatidae · 節蛙科 Arthroleptidae · 短頭蟾科 Brachycephalidae · 蟾蜍科 Bufonidae · 瞻星蛙科 Centrolenidae · 角花蟾科 Ceratophryidae · Craugastoridae · 叢蛙科 Dendrobatidae · 沼蟾科 Heleophrynidae · 擴角蛙科 Hemiphractidae · 肩蛙科 Hemisotidae · 雨蛙科 Hylidae · 蘆蛙科 Hyperoliidae · 細趾蟾科 Leptodactylidae · 曼蛙科 Mantellidae · 姬蛙科 Microhylidae · 龜蟾科 Myobatrachidae · 箱頭蛙科 Pyxicephalidae · 蛙科 Ranidae · 樹蛙科 Rhacophoridae · 尖吻達蛙科 Rhinodermatidae · 塞舌蛙科 Sooglossidae | |
- ^ Ryan L. Lynch, Sebastian Kohn, Fernando Ayala-Varela, Paul S. Hamilton, and Santiago R. Ron. 2014. Rediscovery of Andinophryne olallai Hoogmoed, 1985 (Anura, Bufonidae), an enigmatic and endangered Andean toad. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation. 8(1) [Special Section]: 1–7 (e75). doi: dx.doi.org/10.1514/journal.arc.0000075
- ^ Naveen R.S., Tapley B., Chandramouli S.R., Jervis P.A., Babu S., Meetei A.B. and Karunakaran P.V. 2023. A New Species of Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani 1973 (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from Mizoram (India) and the Delimitation of the Distribution Range of Bufoides meghalayanus (Yazdani & Chanda 1971) to the Khasi hills, Meghalaya (India). BIODIVERSITAS. 24(9); 4617-4627.
- ^ A. Channing, G.J. Measey, A.L. de Villiers, A.A. Turner and, K.A. Tolley. 2017. Taxonomy of the Capensibufo rosei Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from South Africa. Zootaxa. 4232(2); 282–292. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.2.11
- ^ H Christoph Liedtke, Patrick K Malonza, Domnick V Wasonga, Hendrik Müller and Simon P Loader. 2023. A New Genus and Species of Toad from Mount Kenya illuminates East African Montane Biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. zlad160. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad160
- ^ S.R. Chandramouli and A.A. Thasun Amarasinghe. 2016. Taxonomic Reassessment of the Arboreal Toad Genus Pedostibes Günther 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae) and Some Allied Oriental Bufonid Genera. Herpetologica. 72(2): 137-147. DOI 10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-15-00053
- ^ Ninda L. Baptista, Pedro Vaz Pinto, Chad Keates, Javier Lobón-Rovira, Shelley Edwards and Mark-Oliver Rödel. 2023. Two New Poyntonophrynus Species (Anura: Bufonidae) highlight the importance of Angolan Centers of Endemism. Vertebrate Zoology. 73: 991-1031. DOI: 10.3897/vz.73.e103935
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Mueses-Cisneros, J.J. 2008. Rhaebo haematiticus (Cope 1862): un complejo de especies. Con redescripción de Rhaebo hypomelas (Boulenger 1913) y descripción de una nueva especie. Herpetotropicos. 5: 29-47.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Mueses-Cisneros, J.J., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., McDiarmid, R.W. 2012. A new Amazonian species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) with comments on Rhaebo glaberrimus (Günrhwe, 1869) and Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799). Zootaxa. 3447:22-40.
- ^ 2011. The Amazonian toad Rhaebo guttatus is able to voluntarily squirt poison from the paratoid macroglands. Amphibia-Reptilia. 32 (2011): 546-549
- ^ Mueses-Cisneros, A.A. 2007. A new species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. Zootaxa. 1662:53-59.