血管疾病

血管疾病
	靜脈和動脈
類型	外周動脈疾病、腎動脈狹窄
診斷方法	靜脈造影，超聲
治療	戒菸，降低膽固醇
分類和外部資源
醫學專科	血管學
ICD-9-CM	430-458
Orphanet	68362
	[編輯此條目的維基數據]

血管疾病是人體循環系統的動脈和靜脈的一類血管疾病。血管疾病是心血管疾病的一個亞組。龐大的血管網絡中的疾病會導致一系列健康問題，有時會變得嚴重。^[1]

類型[編輯]

血管疾病可分為數種類型，症狀因疾病類型而異。類型包括：^[2]

紅斑性肢痛病 - 一種罕見的外周血管疾病，其症狀包括灼痛、體溫升高、紅斑和腫脹，通常會影響手和腳。^[3]
一名77歲女性的紅斑性肢痛
周邊動脈疾病 - 當動脈粥樣硬化斑塊在為手臂和腿部供血的動脈中積聚，導致動脈變窄或阻塞時，會發生動脈粥樣硬化斑塊。^[4]
腎動脈狹窄 - 將血液從主動脈輸送到腎臟的腎動脈變窄。^[5]
血栓閉塞性脈管炎 - 小血管發炎和腫脹，導致血管變窄或被血栓阻塞。^[6]
雷諾氏症候群 - 一種罕見的外周血管疾病，當一個人寒冷或承受壓力時，會導致手指和腳趾的外周血管收縮。^[7]
彌散性血管內凝血 - 廣泛激活小血管中的凝血。^[8]
腦血管疾病 - 一組影響腦功能的血管疾病。^[9]

發病機制[編輯]

血管疾病是大、中肌肉動脈的一種病理狀態，由內皮細胞功能障礙引發。^[10]由於病原體等因素，氧化的低密度脂蛋白顆粒和其他炎症刺激內皮細胞變得活躍。^[11]該過程導致血管壁增厚，形成由增殖的平滑肌細胞、巨噬細胞和淋巴細胞組成的斑塊。^[12]^[13]斑塊導致血流受限，減少到達某些器官的氧氣和營養物質的量。^[14]該斑塊也可能破裂，導致凝塊形成。^[15]

診斷[編輯]

由於血管疾病可引起多種症狀，因此診斷血管疾病可能很複雜。回顧患者的家族史和進行體格檢查是做出診斷的重要步驟。體檢可能因疑似血管疾病的類型而異。例如，在外周血管疾病的情況下，體檢包括檢查患者腿部的血流。^[16]^[17]

治療[編輯]

治療因所治療的血管疾病類型而異。在治療腎動脈疾病方面，2014年的一項研究表明，球囊血管成形術可以改善舒張壓，並可能減少抗高血壓藥物的需求。^[18]對於四肢動脈疾病，預防併發症的治療很重要；未經治療，可能會出現瘡或壞疽（組織死亡）。

通常，血管疾病的治療可能包括：^[19]

降低膽固醇水平
降低血壓
降低血糖
飲食變化
增加體育鍛鍊
減肥
戒菸
減壓

參考文獻[編輯]

^ Vascular Diseases. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-11）（美國英語）.
^ Hirsch, Alan T.; Haskal, Ziv J.; Hertzer, Norman R.; Bakal, Curtis W.; Creager, Mark A.; Halperin, Jonathan L.; Hiratzka, Loren F.; Murphy, William R. C.; Olin, Jeffrey W.; Puschett, Jules B.; Rosenfield, Kenneth A. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): executive summary a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease) endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2006-03-21, 47 (6) [2022-07-08]. ISSN 1558-3597. PMID 16545667. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.009. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-12）.
^ Erythromelalgia. National Health Service. 2017-10-18 [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-12）（英國英語）.
^ Peripheral Arterial Disease. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-08）（美國英語）.
^ Renal Artery Stenosis. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-29）（美國英語）.
^ Thromboangiitis obliterans: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-27）（美國英語）.
^ Raynaud's Disease. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-08）（美國英語）.
^ Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. medlineplus.gov. [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-08）（英語）.
^ Stroke. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2017-10-24 [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-11）（美國英語）.
^ Rajendran, Peramaiyan; Rengarajan, Thamaraiselvan; Thangavel, Jayakumar; Nishigaki, Yutaka; Sakthisekaran, Dhanapal; Sethi, Gautam; Nishigaki, Ikuo. The vascular endothelium and human diseases. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013, 9 (10) [2022-07-08]. ISSN 1449-2288. PMC 3831119 . PMID 24250251. doi:10.7150/ijbs.7502. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-11）.
^ Bikfalvi, Andreas. Encyclopedic reference of vascular biology & pathology. Berlin: Springer. 2000. ISBN 978-3-642-57063-6. OCLC 606429154.
^ Rubin, Emanuel; Damjanov, Ivan. Pathology reviews. 1989. Clifton, New Jersey. 1989. ISBN 978-1-4612-4502-5. OCLC 889428595.
^ Gunstone, F. D.; Harwood, John L.; Dijkstra, Albert J. The Lipid Handbook with CD-ROM Third. Boca Raton, FL. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4200-0967-5. OCLC 327018169.
^ Pinna, Kathryn; Whitney, Eleanor Noss. Understanding normal and clinical nutrition 9th. Australia: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8400-6845-3. OCLC 754909676.
^ Ząbczyk, Michał; Natorska, Joanna; Undas, Anetta. Fibrin Clot Properties in Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Outcomes. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021-07-05, 10 (13) [2022-07-08]. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 8268932 . PMID 34279484. doi:10.3390/jcm10132999. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）.
^ Peripheral Artery Disease - Diagnosis. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. [2022-07-09]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-09）（美國英語）.
^ Andras, Alina; Ferket, Bart. Screening for peripheral arterial disease. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014-04-07, (4). ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 24711093. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010835.pub2.
^ Jenks, Sara; Yeoh, Su Ern; Conway, Bryan R. Balloon angioplasty, with and without stenting, versus medical therapy for hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014, (12). ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7138037 . PMID 25478936. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002944.pub2.
^ Peripheral Artery Disease - Treatment. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. [2022-07-09]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-09）（美國英語）.

延伸閱讀[編輯]

The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. The Lancet. 2012-08, 380 (9841). ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 3437972 . PMID 22607822. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60367-5.

外部連結[編輯]

Scholia上有關血管疾病的資訊

[1] Vascular Diseases. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-11）（美國英語）.

[2] Hirsch, Alan T.; Haskal, Ziv J.; Hertzer, Norman R.; Bakal, Curtis W.; Creager, Mark A.; Halperin, Jonathan L.; Hiratzka, Loren F.; Murphy, William R. C.; Olin, Jeffrey W.; Puschett, Jules B.; Rosenfield, Kenneth A. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): executive summary a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease) endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2006-03-21, 47 (6) [2022-07-08]. ISSN 1558-3597. PMID 16545667. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.009. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-12）.

[3] Erythromelalgia. National Health Service. 2017-10-18 [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-12）（英國英語）.

[4] Peripheral Arterial Disease. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-08）（美國英語）.

[5] Renal Artery Stenosis. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-29）（美國英語）.

[6] Thromboangiitis obliterans: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-27）（美國英語）.

[7] Raynaud's Disease. MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine. [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-08）（美國英語）.

[8] Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. medlineplus.gov. [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-08）（英語）.

[9] Stroke. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2017-10-24 [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-11）（美國英語）.

[10] Rajendran, Peramaiyan; Rengarajan, Thamaraiselvan; Thangavel, Jayakumar; Nishigaki, Yutaka; Sakthisekaran, Dhanapal; Sethi, Gautam; Nishigaki, Ikuo. The vascular endothelium and human diseases. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013, 9 (10) [2022-07-08]. ISSN 1449-2288. PMC 3831119 . PMID 24250251. doi:10.7150/ijbs.7502. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-11）.

[11] Bikfalvi, Andreas. Encyclopedic reference of vascular biology & pathology. Berlin: Springer. 2000. ISBN 978-3-642-57063-6. OCLC 606429154.

[12] Rubin, Emanuel; Damjanov, Ivan. Pathology reviews. 1989. Clifton, New Jersey. 1989. ISBN 978-1-4612-4502-5. OCLC 889428595.

[13] Gunstone, F. D.; Harwood, John L.; Dijkstra, Albert J. The Lipid Handbook with CD-ROM Third. Boca Raton, FL. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4200-0967-5. OCLC 327018169.

[14] Pinna, Kathryn; Whitney, Eleanor Noss. Understanding normal and clinical nutrition 9th. Australia: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8400-6845-3. OCLC 754909676.

[15] Ząbczyk, Michał; Natorska, Joanna; Undas, Anetta. Fibrin Clot Properties in Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Outcomes. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021-07-05, 10 (13) [2022-07-08]. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 8268932 . PMID 34279484. doi:10.3390/jcm10132999. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-14）.

[16] Peripheral Artery Disease - Diagnosis. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. [2022-07-09]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-09）（美國英語）.

[17] Andras, Alina; Ferket, Bart. Screening for peripheral arterial disease. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014-04-07, (4). ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 24711093. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010835.pub2.

[18] Jenks, Sara; Yeoh, Su Ern; Conway, Bryan R. Balloon angioplasty, with and without stenting, versus medical therapy for hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014, (12). ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7138037 . PMID 25478936. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002944.pub2.

[19] Peripheral Artery Disease - Treatment. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. [2022-07-09]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-09）（美國英語）.

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