胰腺炎:修订间差异

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{{Infobox Disease
{{Infobox Disease
| Name = 胰腺炎
| Name = 胰腺炎
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'''胰腺炎'''是发炎的[[胰腺]]导致的,需要立即就医。它会产生胰腺酶(尤其是胰蛋白酶)的异常。这可能是急性即突然开始并持续数天,或慢性即多年来发生几次。这有多方面的原因。
'''胰腺炎'''是发炎的[[胰腺]]导致的,需要立即就医。它会产生胰腺酶(尤其是胰蛋白酶)的异常。这可能是急性即突然开始并持续数天,或慢性即多年来发生几次。这有多方面的原因。

{{Infobox disease
| Name = Pancreatitis
| Image =Illu pancrease.svg
| Caption =The [[pancreas]] and surrounding [[organ (anatomy)|organs]]
| DiseasesDB = 24092
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|K|85||k|80}}, {{ICD10|K|86|0|k|80}}–{{ICD10|K|86|1|k|80}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|577.0}}-{{ICD9|577.1}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM = 167800
| MedlinePlus = 001144
| eMedicineSubj = emerg
| eMedicineTopic = 354
| MeshID = D010195
}}
<!-- 定義與症狀 -->
'''胰臟炎'''如同字面上的意思,指的是[[胰臟]]的[[發炎]]。<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> -->胰臟是身體裡的一個大型器官,位置在[[胃]]後方,功能有分泌[[消化酵素]]等等。 <!-- <ref name=NID2012/> -->胰臟炎有兩種,分別是[[急性胰臟炎|急性]]和[[慢性胰臟炎|慢性]]。<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> -->兩種型式共同表現的症狀有[[上腹部疼痛]]、[[噁心]]、[[嘔吐]]等。<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> -->值得注意的是,胰臟炎所引發的疼痛,病患通常會感覺從上腹部一直繞到背後都有疼痛感,且程度十分劇烈。<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> -->兩種型式也有一些不同的表現,急性胰臟炎可能會有[[發燒]]的情況,但通常幾天內就會緩解;<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> -->慢性胰臟炎則可能會有體重減輕、[[糞便帶有油脂]]、[[腹瀉]]等情況發生;<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> -->另外慢性會有感染、出血、[[糖尿病]]等併發症,可能也會影響到身體其他器官<ref name=NID2012>{{cite web|title=Pancreatitis|url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/pancreatitis/Pages/facts.aspx|website=http://www.niddk.nih.gov|accessdate=1 March 2015|date=August 16, 2012}}</ref>。

<!-- Causes and diagnosis -->
The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are [[gallstone]]s and heavy [[alcohol]] use.<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> --> Other causes include direct trauma, certain medications, infections such as [[mumps]], and [[tumor]]s among others.<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> --> Chronic pancreatitis may develop as a result of acute pancreatitis.<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> --> It is most commonly due to many years of heavy alcohol use.<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> --> Other causes include [[hyperlipidemia|high levels of blood fats]], [[hypercalcemia|high blood calcium]], some medications, and certain [[genetic disorder]]s such as [[cystic fibrosis]] among others.<ref name=NID2012/> Smoking increases the risk of both acute and chronic pancreatitis.<ref name=Lancet2015/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yadav|first1=D|last2=Lowenfels|first2=AB|title=The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.|journal=Gastroenterology|date=June 2013|volume=144|issue=6|pages=1252–61|pmid=23622135}}</ref> Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on a threefold increase in the blood of either [[amylase]] or [[lipase]].<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> --> In chronic pancreatitis these tests may be normal.<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> --> [[Medical imaging]] such as [[ultrasound]] and [[CT scan]] may also be useful.<ref name=NID2012/>

<病因及診斷>
急性胰臟炎最常見的病因是[[膽結石]]以及[[酗酒]]。其他有可能的原因包括:外傷、使用特定藥物、[[腮腺炎]]等感染甚至是[[腫瘤]]。慢性胰臟炎可能為急性胰臟炎後的結果。但最常見的原因還是因為多年的[[酗酒]]。其他可能引發慢性胰臟炎的原因有:[[高血脂]]、[[高血鈣]]、使用特定藥物甚至是部分[[遺傳性疾病]],像是[[囊腫纖維症]][1]。抽菸會同時增加急性與慢性胰臟炎發生的可能[2][3]。診斷急性胰臟炎時,血中的[[澱粉酶]]或[[脂解酶]]可能為正常值的三倍以上,但慢性胰臟炎的[[澱粉酶]]跟[[脂解酶]]可能為正常數值。[[超音波]]或[[電腦斷層]]等[[醫學影像檢查]]也可幫助診斷[1]。
<!-- Prevention and treatment -->
Acute pancreatitis is usually treated with [[intravenous fluid]]s, [[pain medication]], and sometimes [[antibiotic]]s.<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> --> Typically no eating or drinking is allowed and a [[nasogastric tube|tube]] may be placed into the stomach.<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> --> A procedure known as a [[endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography]] (ERCP) may be done to open the [[pancreatic duct]] if blocked.<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> --> In those with gallstones the [[gallbladder]] is often also removed.<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> --> In chronic pancreatitis, in addition to the above, temporary feeding through a nasogastric tube may be used to provide adequate [[nutrition]].<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> --> Long term dietary changes and [[pancreatic enzyme replacement]] may be required.<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> --> And occasionally surgery is done to remove parts of the pancreas.<ref name=NID2012/>

<預防與治療>
急性胰臟炎經常以[[靜脈點滴]]及[[止痛藥]]治療,有時也會使用[[抗生素]]。原則上,進食與飲水都是被禁止的,且可能會有[[管子]]被留置在胃裡。如果[[胰管]]阻塞,將會施行[[內視鏡逆行性膽胰管攝影]]的手術,維持胰管通暢,攝影時如果發現[[膽囊]]裡有膽結石,則會一併摘除。ˋ至於慢性胰臟炎,除了上述所提及的治療外,也可能暫時使用管灌飲食,來提供患者充足的[[營養]]。長期而言,改善飲食習慣並[[胰臟酵素替代療法]]是相當必要的。有時,會需要以手術去除部分胰腺[1]。
<!-- Epidemiology and history -->
Acute pancreatitis occurs in about 30 per 100,000 people a year.<ref name=Lancet2015>{{cite journal|last1=Lankisch|first1=PG|last2=Apte|first2=M|last3=Banks|first3=PA|title=Acute pancreatitis.|journal=Lancet|date=20 January 2015|pmid=25616312}}</ref> New cases of chronic pancreatitis develop in about 8 per 100,000 people a year and currently affect about 50 per 100,000 people in the United States.<ref name=Mun204/> Globally, in 2013 pancreatitis resulted in 123,000 deaths up from 83,000 deaths in 1990.<ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref> It is more common in men than women.<!-- <ref name=NID2012/> --> Often chronic pancreatitis starts between the ages of 30 and 40 while it is rare in children.<ref name=NID2012/> Acute pancreatitis was first described on autopsy in 1882 while chronic pancreatitis was first described in 1946.<ref name=Mun204>{{cite journal|last1=Muniraj|first1=T|last2=Aslanian|first2=HR|last3=Farrell|first3=J|last4=Jamidar|first4=PA|title=Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part I: epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical features.|journal=Disease-a-month : DM|date=December 2014|volume=60|issue=12|pages=530–50|pmid=25510320}}</ref>

<流行病學與沿革>
每年於十萬人中,大約會有三十人罹患急性胰臟炎。 [2]-而每年每十萬人中會多出八個慢性胰臟炎的新案例,在美國,約有萬分之五的人罹患慢性胰臟炎。[4]1990年,全球共有八萬三千人因此喪命,到了2013年,則上升到了十二萬三千人。[5]相對於女性,男性更容易罹患胰臟炎。慢性胰臟炎大多好發於三十歲至四十歲左右成人,在幼童極為少見。[1] 1882年,急性胰臟炎首次經由解剖被描述,而直到1946年,慢性胰臟炎才逐漸被視為一種疾病。[4]

==症状和体征==
==症状和体征==
急性胰腺炎最常见的症状是严重的上腹部烧灼样疼痛放射到背部。疼痛会有所不同,这取决于严重程度和内部出血。血压升高或减少,心脏出血率和呼吸率也会升高。慢性胰腺炎可导致[[糖尿病]]或[[胰脏癌]]。不明原因的体重减轻,可能会出现胰腺酶的缺乏阻碍了消化。
急性胰腺炎最常见的症状是严重的上腹部烧灼样疼痛放射到背部。疼痛会有所不同,这取决于严重程度和内部出血。血压升高或减少,心脏出血率和呼吸率也会升高。慢性胰腺炎可导致[[糖尿病]]或[[胰脏癌]]。不明原因的体重减轻,可能会出现胰腺酶的缺乏阻碍了消化。

2016年1月8日 (五) 14:14的版本

胰腺炎
类型胰脏疾病[*]炎症性疾病[*]疾病
分类和外部资源
醫學專科胃肠学
ICD-10K85
ICD-9-CM577.0577.1
OMIM167800
DiseasesDB[1]
MedlinePlus001144
eMedicineemerg/354
MeSHD010195
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

胰腺炎是发炎的胰腺导致的,需要立即就医。它会产生胰腺酶(尤其是胰蛋白酶)的异常。这可能是急性即突然开始并持续数天,或慢性即多年来发生几次。这有多方面的原因。

Pancreatitis
The pancreas and surrounding organs
类型胰脏疾病[*]炎症性疾病[*]疾病
分类和外部资源
醫學專科胃肠学
ICD-10K85, K86.0K86.1
ICD-9-CM577.0-577.1
OMIM167800
DiseasesDB24092
MedlinePlus001144
eMedicineemerg/354
MeSHD010195
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

胰臟炎如同字面上的意思,指的是胰臟發炎。胰臟是身體裡的一個大型器官,位置在後方,功能有分泌消化酵素等等。 胰臟炎有兩種,分別是急性慢性。兩種型式共同表現的症狀有上腹部疼痛噁心嘔吐等。值得注意的是,胰臟炎所引發的疼痛,病患通常會感覺從上腹部一直繞到背後都有疼痛感,且程度十分劇烈。兩種型式也有一些不同的表現,急性胰臟炎可能會有發燒的情況,但通常幾天內就會緩解;慢性胰臟炎則可能會有體重減輕、糞便帶有油脂腹瀉等情況發生;另外慢性會有感染、出血、糖尿病等併發症,可能也會影響到身體其他器官[1]

The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones and heavy alcohol use. Other causes include direct trauma, certain medications, infections such as mumps, and tumors among others. Chronic pancreatitis may develop as a result of acute pancreatitis. It is most commonly due to many years of heavy alcohol use. Other causes include high levels of blood fats, high blood calcium, some medications, and certain genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis among others.[1] Smoking increases the risk of both acute and chronic pancreatitis.[2][3] Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on a threefold increase in the blood of either amylase or lipase. In chronic pancreatitis these tests may be normal. Medical imaging such as ultrasound and CT scan may also be useful.[1]

<病因及診斷> 急性胰臟炎最常見的病因是膽結石以及酗酒。其他有可能的原因包括:外傷、使用特定藥物、腮腺炎等感染甚至是腫瘤。慢性胰臟炎可能為急性胰臟炎後的結果。但最常見的原因還是因為多年的酗酒。其他可能引發慢性胰臟炎的原因有:高血脂高血鈣、使用特定藥物甚至是部分遺傳性疾病,像是囊腫纖維症[1]。抽菸會同時增加急性與慢性胰臟炎發生的可能[2][3]。診斷急性胰臟炎時,血中的澱粉酶脂解酶可能為正常值的三倍以上,但慢性胰臟炎的澱粉酶脂解酶可能為正常數值。超音波電腦斷層醫學影像檢查也可幫助診斷[1]。 Acute pancreatitis is usually treated with intravenous fluids, pain medication, and sometimes antibiotics. Typically no eating or drinking is allowed and a tube may be placed into the stomach. A procedure known as a endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be done to open the pancreatic duct if blocked. In those with gallstones the gallbladder is often also removed. In chronic pancreatitis, in addition to the above, temporary feeding through a nasogastric tube may be used to provide adequate nutrition. Long term dietary changes and pancreatic enzyme replacement may be required. And occasionally surgery is done to remove parts of the pancreas.[1]

<預防與治療> 急性胰臟炎經常以靜脈點滴止痛藥治療,有時也會使用抗生素。原則上,進食與飲水都是被禁止的,且可能會有管子被留置在胃裡。如果胰管阻塞,將會施行內視鏡逆行性膽胰管攝影的手術,維持胰管通暢,攝影時如果發現膽囊裡有膽結石,則會一併摘除。ˋ至於慢性胰臟炎,除了上述所提及的治療外,也可能暫時使用管灌飲食,來提供患者充足的營養。長期而言,改善飲食習慣並胰臟酵素替代療法是相當必要的。有時,會需要以手術去除部分胰腺[1]。 Acute pancreatitis occurs in about 30 per 100,000 people a year.[2] New cases of chronic pancreatitis develop in about 8 per 100,000 people a year and currently affect about 50 per 100,000 people in the United States.[4] Globally, in 2013 pancreatitis resulted in 123,000 deaths up from 83,000 deaths in 1990.[5] It is more common in men than women. Often chronic pancreatitis starts between the ages of 30 and 40 while it is rare in children.[1] Acute pancreatitis was first described on autopsy in 1882 while chronic pancreatitis was first described in 1946.[4]

<流行病學與沿革> 每年於十萬人中,大約會有三十人罹患急性胰臟炎。 [2]-而每年每十萬人中會多出八個慢性胰臟炎的新案例,在美國,約有萬分之五的人罹患慢性胰臟炎。[4]1990年,全球共有八萬三千人因此喪命,到了2013年,則上升到了十二萬三千人。[5]相對於女性,男性更容易罹患胰臟炎。慢性胰臟炎大多好發於三十歲至四十歲左右成人,在幼童極為少見。[1] 1882年,急性胰臟炎首次經由解剖被描述,而直到1946年,慢性胰臟炎才逐漸被視為一種疾病。[4]

症状和体征

急性胰腺炎最常见的症状是严重的上腹部烧灼样疼痛放射到背部。疼痛会有所不同,这取决于严重程度和内部出血。血压升高或减少,心脏出血率和呼吸率也会升高。慢性胰腺炎可导致糖尿病胰脏癌。不明原因的体重减轻,可能会出现胰腺酶的缺乏阻碍了消化。

原因

80%的胰腺炎是由于摄入酒精过多和胆结石,胆结石是一种最常见的急性胰腺炎的病因。[6]酒精是一种最常见的慢性胰腺炎的病因。[7][8][9][10][11]

其他常见的原因包括外伤、腮腺炎、自身免疫性疾病、蝎子蜇伤、高血钙、血中甘油三酯高、低温。胰腺分裂的胰腺,可依据一些经常性的情况下,是一种常见的先天性畸形。怀孕可以是一个原因,可能是因为怀孕导致血中甘油三酯升高。 不太常见的原因包括胰腺癌和胰管结石[12]

感染的原因

许多传染性病原体已被确认为急性胰腺炎的原因。[13]

诊断

诊断胰腺炎,可以用以下方式:

  • 有胰腺炎特征的腹痛
  • 血淀粉酶或脂肪酶比正常水平4-6倍,但是这将取决于在实验室测试的血液。
  • 腹部超声一般是首先执行,胰腺的原因的诊断,这是有利的,例如,检测胆结石,酒精性脂肪肝的诊断(结合饮酒史)。他们是急性胰腺炎的主要原因。腹部超声检查也显示了发炎胰腺炎明确。这很方便、简单,而且价格低廉。
  • CT扫描
  • 淀粉酶或脂肪酶是也是普遍性的诊断,脂肪酶通常被认为是一个更好的指标,但是这是有争议的。


檢驗貓的慢性胰腺炎是比較困難的。

治疗

吗啡减缓疼痛通常被认为是合适的。但是有临床研究表明,吗啡能加重或引起胰腺炎或胆囊炎。[14]

并发症

早期的并发症有休克、低血钙、高血糖脱水。呼吸系统并发症往往是比较严重的。胰腺酶可以攻击肺部,引起炎症。严重的炎症可以导致腹腔内高压和腹腔室隔综合征,进一步损害肾功能和呼吸功能。急性坏死性胰腺炎可导致胰腺脓肿和坏死。

参见

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Pancreatitis. http://www.niddk.nih.gov. August 16, 2012 [1 March 2015].  外部链接存在于|website= (帮助)
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Lankisch, PG; Apte, M; Banks, PA. Acute pancreatitis.. Lancet. 20 January 2015. PMID 25616312. 
  3. ^ Yadav, D; Lowenfels, AB. The epidemiology of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.. Gastroenterology. June 2013, 144 (6): 1252–61. PMID 23622135. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Muniraj, T; Aslanian, HR; Farrell, J; Jamidar, PA. Chronic pancreatitis, a comprehensive review and update. Part I: epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical features.. Disease-a-month : DM. December 2014, 60 (12): 530–50. PMID 25510320. 
  5. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.. Lancet. 17 December 2014. PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. 
  6. ^ NIDDK 2008
  7. ^ http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/pancreatitis-000122.htm
  8. ^ Apte MV, Pirola RC, Wilson JS. Pancreas: alcoholic pancreatitis—it's the alcohol, stupid. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009, 6 (6): 321–2. PMID 19494819. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2009.84. [at Medscape Today 简明摘要] 请检查|laysummary=值 (帮助).  已忽略未知参数|month=(建议使用|date=) (帮助)
  9. ^ Yadav D, Hawes RH, Brand RE; et al. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and the risk of recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009, 169 (11): 1035–45. PMID 19506173. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.125. [Study Redefines Roles Of Alcohol, Smoking In Risk For Pancreatitis 简明摘要] 请检查|laysummary=值 (帮助)ScienceDaily (8 June 2009).  已忽略未知参数|month=(建议使用|date=) (帮助)
  10. ^ ref>Pancreatitis Explained. Better Health Channel. State Government of Victoria. 2011. 
  11. ^ Johnson, CD; Hosking, S. National statistics for diet, alcohol consumption, and chronic pancreatitis in England and Wales, 1960–88. Gut. 1991, 32 (11): 1401–5. PMC 1379177可免费查阅. PMID 1752477. 
  12. ^ Macaluso JN. Editorial Comment. J. Urol. 1997, 158 (2): 522.  已忽略未知参数|month=(建议使用|date=) (帮助) on Matthews K, Correa RJ, Gibbons RP, Weissman RM, Kozarek RA. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for obstructing pancreatic duct calculi. J. Urol. 1997, 158 (2): 522–5. PMID 9224338.  已忽略未知参数|month=(建议使用|date=) (帮助)
  13. ^ Parenti DM, Steinberg W, Kang P. Infectious causes of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1996, 13 (4): 356–71. PMID 8899796.  已忽略未知参数|month=(建议使用|date=) (帮助)
  14. ^ Effects of morphine on the human sphincter of Oddi.AUHelm JF, Venu RP, Geenen JE, Hogan WJ, Dodds WJ, Toouli J, Arndorfer RCSOGut. 1988;29(10):1402.