怪獵龍屬:修订间差异
无编辑摘要 |
Chenyisaurus(留言 | 贡献) 內容擴充 |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
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| taxon = Teratophoneus |
| taxon = Teratophoneus |
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| fossil_range = |
| fossil_range = [[晚白堊世]]<br>{{fossilrange|77|76}} |
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| image = Teratophoneus curriei adult and juvenile 2 salt lake city.jpg |
| image = Teratophoneus curriei adult and juvenile 2 salt lake city.jpg |
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| image_caption = 怪獵龍 |
| image_caption = 怪獵龍成體與幼體骨架,展示於[[猶他州自然歷史博物館]] |
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| authority = Carr |
| authority = Carr ''et al.'' |
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| type_species = '''柯 |
| type_species = '''柯氏怪獵龍 <br>''Teratophoneus curriei''''' |
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| type_species_authority = Carr |
| type_species_authority = Carr ''et al.'', 2011 |
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}} |
}} |
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'''怪獵龍 |
'''怪獵龍'''([[屬名]]:''Teratophoneus'',意為「怪獸殺手」)是一[[屬]][[暴龍科]]的[[獸腳類]][[恐龍]],生存於[[晚白堊世]][[坎潘階]](約7700萬至7600萬年前)的[[拉臘米迪亞]]南方,分布範圍相當於現今的[[美國]][[猶他州]]。[[模式種]]兼唯一種'''柯氏怪獵龍'''(''T. curriei'')的化石發現於{{link-en|凱帕羅維茲組|Kaiparowits Formation}},是一個不完整的頭骨和部分顱後骨骼。 |
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==發現== |
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化石是一個不完整的頭顱骨、身體骨骼,發現於[[美國]][[猶他州]]的Kaiparowits組地層,地質年代約7600萬年前,相當於[[坎潘階]]晚期。在2011年,[[湯瑪斯·卡爾]](Thomas Carr)、[[湯瑪斯·威廉森]](Thomas Williamson)等人將化石進行敘述、命名,[[模式種]]是'''柯瑞氏怪獵龍'''(''T. curriei'')。屬名在[[古希臘文]]意為「怪物兇手」;種名則是以古生物學家[[菲力·柯爾]](Philip J. Currie)為名<ref name="Carr2011">{{Cite journal |author=Thomas D. Carr, Thomas E. Williamson, Brooks B. Britt and Ken Stadtman |year=2011 |title=Evidence for high taxonomic and morphologic tyrannosauroid diversity in the Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian) of the American Southwest and a new short-skulled tyrannosaurid from the Kaiparowits formation of Utah |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/y3203347l6580475/ |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=241–246 |doi=10.1007/s00114-011-0762-7 |pmid=21253683 }}{{Dead link|date=2020年2月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>。 |
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[[File:Journal.pone.0079420.g001.tif|thumb|left|正模標本的骨骼部位示意圖,[[血王龍]](A)與怪獵龍(B),C-M為後者各部位化石照片]] |
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怪獵龍的化石最早在猶他州南部的{{link-en|凱帕羅維茲組|Kaiparowits Formation}}發現。隨後鑑定成新屬種。{{link-en|氬同位素放射性測年|Argon–argon dating}}指出該地層沉積於7610萬至7400萬年前的晚白堊世坎潘階中期。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=E.M.|last2=Deino|first2=A.L.|last3=Chan|first3=M.A.|date=2005|title=^40Ar/^30Ar Age of the Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, and correlation of contemporaneous Campanian strata and vertebrate faunas along the margin of the Western Interior Basin|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=26|issue=2|pages=307–318|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2005.01.002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eaton|first=J.G.|date=2002|title=Multituberculate mammals from the Wahweap (Campanian, Aquilan) and Kaiparowits (Campanian, Judithian) formations, within and near Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah.|journal=Miscellaneous Publication - Utah Geological Survey}}</ref> |
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數個怪獵龍化石已被發現。起初怪獵龍是基於[[正模標本]]BYU 8120所描述。最近UMNH VP 16690和UMNP VP 16691標本亦被歸入。<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Loewen|first1=M.A.|last2=Irmis|first2=R.B.|last3=Sertich|first3=J.J.W.|last4=Currie|first4=P.J.|last5=Sampson|first5=S.D.|date=2013|editor-last=Evans|editor-first=D.C.|title=Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=11|pages=e79420|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0079420|pmc=3819173|pmid=24223179|bibcode=2013PLoSO...879420L|doi-access=free}}</ref> 2017年,在{{link-en|大升梯國際紀念區|Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument}}發現一具新的怪獵龍標本並空運至[[鹽湖城]]的[[猶他州自然歷史博物館]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maffly|first=B.|date=October 16, 2017|title=Nearly complete tyrannosaur fossil airlifted from Utah's Grand Staircase|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/environment/2017/10/15/nearly-complete-tyrannosaur-fossil-airlifted-from-utahs-grand-staircase/}}</ref>2021年,來自4或5隻個體的化石在同一篇論文中被描述發表。<ref name=":2" /> |
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與其他暴龍科相比,怪獵龍的頭顱骨較短,[[上頜骨]]角度較陡,眼眶後突的角度陡,[[枕骨]]旁突朝向側方,頭蓋骨基部短,牙齒數量少。研究人員根據較短的頭顱骨,推測怪獵龍有不同的食性、[[生態位]]<ref name="Carr2011"/>。 |
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怪獵龍由卡爾(Thomas D. Carr)、威廉森(Thomas E. Williamson)、布里特(Brooks B. Britt)、史塔曼(Ken Stadtman)於2011年命名。[[模式種]]'''柯氏怪獵龍'''(''T. curriei'')亦是唯一已知種;屬名由希臘語''teras''(怪獸)加上''phoneus''(殺手)組成<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Liddell|first1=H.G.|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|last2=Scott|first2=R.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1980|isbn=0-19-910207-4|location=United Kingdom|edition=Abridged}}</ref>[[種名]]致敬古生物學家{{link-en|菲力·柯里|Philip J. Currie}}。<ref name=":0" /> |
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==描述== |
==描述== |
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[[File:Teratophoneus.png|upright|thumb|left| |
[[File:Teratophoneus.png|upright|thumb|left|Restored skull and fossils]] |
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[[正模標本]]是破碎的頭骨及部分顱後骨骼。起初歸入四隻不同個體,但可能其實全部屬於單一隻亞成體。該標本尚未完全成熟,卡爾等人估計身長6公尺及體重667公斤。<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Carr|first1=T.D.|last2=Williamson|first2=T.E.|last3=Britt|first3=B.B.|last4=Stadtman|first4=K.|date=2011|title=Evidence for high taxonomic and morphologic tyrannosaurid diversity in the Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian) of the American Southwest and a new short-skulled tyrannosaurid from the Kaiparowits formation of Utah|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=98|issue=3|pages=241–246|doi=10.1007/s00114-011-0762-7|pmid=21253683|bibcode=2011NW.....98..241C|s2cid=13261338}}</ref>2016年,莫里納裴雷茲和拉臘曼迪估計身長6.4公尺及體重1.15噸。<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Molina-Pérez|first1=R.|title=Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios: Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos|last2=Larramendi|first2=A.|publisher=Larousse|year=2016|isbn=9788416641154|location=Barcelona, Spain|pages=267}}</ref>{{link-en|葛瑞格利·保羅|Gregory S. Paul}}給出更高的估計值身長8公尺及體重2.5噸。<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paul|first=Gregory S.|title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 2nd Edition|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2016|location=New Jersey|pages=114}}</ref> |
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怪猎龙的模式标本包含了一具不完整的头骨和颅后骨架的部分。该标本原本分配成四个个体但有可能只是属于一个亚成年个体。根据湯瑪斯·卡爾等人的测量,标本有6公尺长,667千克重,并未完全成长。 |
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與[[亞伯達龍]]的頭骨相比,怪獵龍淚骨眶前孔和吻布尖端的比例小了23%。相較之下,怪獵龍的頭骨顯得更深。尚不清楚這些差異是否有特定原因。但額外的深度可容納更強勁的下頜肌肉,提升怪獵龍的咬合力。<ref name=":0"/> |
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==分类== |
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Loewen等人于2013年的系统发生学分析确认怪猎龙属于暴龙亚科。怪猎龙接近但比[[特暴龍屬|特暴龙]]和[[暴龍|暴龙]]原始,但比[[惧龙]]衍化。 |
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==分類== |
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[[File:Teratophoneus curriei.png|thumb|骨架复原]] |
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洛溫等人(2013)進行了暴龍科內部的[[系統發生學]]分析,並確認把怪獵龍歸到其下分支[[暴龍亞科]]。他們指出怪獵龍與[[特暴龍]]和[[暴龍]]近緣,但處於更基礎的位置,不過較[[懼龍]]進階。[[支序圖]]如下所示:<ref name=":1" /> |
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以下演化树源自Loewen等人于2013年的系统发生学分析: |
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[[File:“Hollywood” Teratophoneus specimen.jpg|thumb|暱稱為"Hollywood"的頭骨,又名Ouroboros/Boris]] |
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[[File:Teratophoneus NT.jpg|thumb|臉部復原圖]] |
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{{clade| style=font-size:100%; line-height:100% |
{{clade| style=font-size:100%; line-height:100% |
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|label1=[[暴 |
|label1=[[暴龍科]] Tyrannosauridae |
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|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
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|1=[[ |
|1=[[魔龍屬|平衡魔龍]] ''Gorgosaurus libratus'' |
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|2=[[肉食 |
|2=[[亞伯達龍屬|肉食亞伯達龍]] ''Albertosaurus sarcophagus'' }} |
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|label2=暴 |
|label2=[[暴龍亞科]] Tyrannosaurinae |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=恐 |
|1=[[恐龍公園組|恐龍公園]]暴龍科 Dinosaur Park tyrannosaurid |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=[[ |
|1=[[懼龍屬|強健懼龍]] ''Daspletosaurus torosus'' |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1= |
|1={{link-en|雙麥迪遜組|Two Medicine Formation|雙麥迪遜|Two Medicine Formation}}暴龍科 Two Medicine tyrannosaurid (霍氏懼龍 ''Daspletosaurus horneri'') |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1='''柯 |
|1='''柯氏怪獵龍''Teratophoneus curriei''''' |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=[[希氏虐 |
|1=[[虐龍屬|希氏虐龍]] ''Bistahieversor sealeyi'' |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=[[西南血王 |
|1=[[血王龍屬|西南風血王龍]] ''Lythronax argestes'' |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=[[暴 |
|1=[[暴龍屬|霸王龍]] ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
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|1=[[勇士特暴 |
|1=[[特暴龍屬|勇士特暴龍]] ''Tarbosaurus bataar'' |
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|2=[[巨型 |
|2=[[諸城暴龍屬|巨型諸城暴龍]] ''Zhuchengtyrannus magnus'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |
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2020年描述[[死掠龍]]時把怪獵龍與[[力怖龍]]、[[血王龍]]列在同一條尚未命名的次[[演化支]]。<ref>Voris, Jared T.; Therrien, Francois; Zelenitzky, Darla K.; Brown, Caleb M. (2020). "A new tyrannosaurine (Theropoda:Tyrannosauridae) from the Campanian Foremost Formation of Alberta, Canada, provides insight into the evolution and biogeography of tyrannosaurids". Cretaceous Research. 110: 104388. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104388.</ref> |
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{{clade| style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%; width:65% |
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|label1=[[真暴龍類]] Eutyrannosauria |
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|1={{clade |
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|label1= |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[傷龍屬|鷹爪傷龍]] ''Dryptosaurus aquilunguis'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[阿巴拉契亞龍屬|蒙哥馬利阿帕拉契龍]] ''Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[虐龍屬|希氏虐龍]] ''Bistahieversor sealeyi'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1=[[暴龍科]] Tyrannosauridae |
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|1={{clade |
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|label1={{link-en|亞伯達龍亞科|Albertosaurinae}} Albertosaurinae |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[魔龍屬|平衡魔龍]] ''Gorgosaurus libratus'' |
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|2=[[亞伯達龍屬|肉食亞伯達龍]] ''Albertosaurus sarcophagus''}} |
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|label2=[[暴龍亞科]] Tyrannosaurinae |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1=[[暴龍亞科|分支龍族]] Alioramini |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[虔州龍屬|中華虔州龍]] ''Qianzhousaurus sinensis'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[分支龍屬|遙遠分支龍]] ''Alioramus remotus'' |
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|2=[[分支龍屬|阿爾泰分支龍]] ''Alioramus altai''}} }} |
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|label2= |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1= |
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|1={{clade |
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|1='''柯氏怪獵龍 ''Teratophoneus curriei''''' |
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|2=[[力怖龍屬|統治者力怖龍]] ''Dynamoterror dynastes'' |
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|3=[[血王龍屬|西南風血王龍]] ''Lythronax argestes''}} |
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|label2= |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[白熊龍屬|霍氏白熊龍]] ''Nanuqsaurus hoglundi'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1= |
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|1={{clade |
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|label1=[[暴龍亞科|懼龍族]] Daspletosaurini |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[塔那托斯龍屬|狄氏死掠龍]] ''Thanatotheristes degrootorum'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[懼龍屬|強健懼龍]] ''Daspletosaurus torosus'' |
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|2=[[懼龍屬|霍氏懼龍]] ''Daspletosaurus horneri''}} }} |
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|label2= |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[諸城暴龍屬|巨型諸城暴龍]] ''Zhuchengtyrannus magnus'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[特暴龍屬|勇士特暴龍]] ''Tarbosaurus bataar'' |
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|2=[[暴龍屬|霸王龍]] ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |
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==古生物學== |
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===社會行為=== |
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{{multiple image |
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|align = right |
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|total_width = 350 |
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|image1 = Rainbows and Unicorns Quarry Teratophoneus map.png |
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|alt1 = |
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|caption1 = 彩虹與獨角獸採石場的地圖 |
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|image2 = Bows and Unicorns Quarry bonebed development.png |
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|caption2 = 屍骨層的發展階段 |
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|alt2 = |
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}} |
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2021年描述了來自猶他州南部凱帕羅維茲彩虹與獨角獸採石場(Rainbows and Unicorns Quarry)的怪獵龍屍骨層,顯示這種動物可能是社會性群聚掠食者。化石中包含了介於4至22歲的4或5隻個體,可能遭遇一場如洪水、中毒、乾旱、火災之類的大量死亡事件。全部動物都在單次短暫時間內死亡的跡象進而支持了暴龍科群居行為的論點,亞伯達龍、怪獵龍、懼龍屍骨層展現了群居行為可能普遍存在於暴龍科中。<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|url=https://peerj.com/articles/11013|title=Geology and taphonomy of a unique tyrannosaurid bonebed from the upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah: implications for tyrannosaurid gregariousness|first1=Alan L.|last1=Titus|first2=Katja|last2=Knoll|first3=Joseph J. W.|last3=Sertich|first4=Daigo|last4=Yamamura|first5=Celina A.|last5=Suarez|first6=Ian J.|last6=Glasspool|first7=Jonathan E.|last7=Ginouves|first8=Abigail K.|last8=Lukacic|first9=Eric M.|last9=Roberts|date=April 19, 2021|journal=PeerJ|volume=9|pages=e11013|via=peerj.com|doi=10.7717/peerj.11013|pmc=8061582 |pmid=33976955|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/04/19/grand-staircase-tyrannosaur/|title=Tyrannosaurs likely hunted in packs rather than heading out solo, scientists find|last=Eilperin|first=Juliet|date=April 19, 2021|work=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/a8RqL|archive-date=April 20, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==古生態學== |
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白堊紀晚期,凱帕羅維茲組位於北美西部次大陸[[拉臘米迪亞]]的南方,東岸緊鄰[[西部內陸海道]]並眺望美東大陸{{link-en|阿帕拉契亞|Appalachia (landmass)}}。恐龍棲息的高地是一片古老的氾濫平原,環境由大型河道、[[濕地]][[泥炭]][[沼澤]]、[[池塘]]、[[湖泊]]所主宰,以高地為邊界。氣候溫暖潮濕,孕育了豐富且多樣化的生命形式。<ref>{{Cite book|title=At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780253008961|editor-last=Loewen|editor-first=M.A.|editor-last2=Titus|editor-first2=A.L.}}</ref>該地層保存了全世界最完整且最連續性的晚白堊世化石紀錄。<ref name=clinton/> |
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怪獵龍與獸腳類的[[奔龍科]];[[傷齒龍科]][[塔羅斯龍]];[[似鳥龍科]][[似鳥龍]];[[偷蛋龍類]][[哈格里芬龍]];[[甲龍科]];[[鴨嘴龍科]][[副櫛龍]]、[[鉤鼻龍]];[[角龍科]][[猶他角龍]]、[[大鼻角龍]]、[[華麗角龍]];魟鮫、青蛙、蠑螈、烏龜、蜥蜴、鱷魚;早期[[哺乳類]][[多瘤齒獸目]]、[[有袋類]]、[[食蟲目]]等動物共享棲地。<ref name=ZS05/><ref name=ECHKP99/> |
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==延伸閱讀== |
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* {{link-en|暴龍類研究史|Timeline of tyrannosaur research}} |
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==參考 |
==參考來源== |
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<references> |
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{{Reflist}} |
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<ref name="clinton">{{cite web|url=http://geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|title=Presidential Proclamation: Establishment of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument|last=Clinton|first=William|work=September 18, 1996|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828042919/http://www.geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|archive-date=August 28, 2013|access-date=November 9, 2013}}</ref> |
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{{獸腳亞目|C.}} |
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<ref name="ZS05">{{cite journal|last1=Zanno|first1=L.E.|last2=Sampson|first2=S.D.|date=2005|title=A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=25|issue=4|pages=897–904|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:ANOTMF]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ECHKP99">{{cite book|last1=Eaton|first1=J.G.|title=Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah|last2=Cifelli|first2=R.L.|last3=Hutchinson|first3=J.H.|last4=Kirkland|first4=J.I.|last5=Parrish|first5=J.M.|publisher=Utah Geological Survey|year=1999|isbn=1-55791-634-9|editor=Gillete|editor-first=D.D.|series=Miscellaneous Publication 99-1|location=Salt Lake City|pages=345–353|chapter=Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah}}</ref> |
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</references> |
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{{獸腳亞目|C.|state=expanded}} |
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[[Category:2011年描述的分类群|G]] |
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[[Category:上白堊紀恐龍|G]] |
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[[Category:北美洲恐龍|G]] |
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[[分類:上白堊紀恐龍]] |
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[[分類:北美洲恐龍]] |
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[[分類:暴龍科]] |
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[[分類:2011年描述的分类群]] |
2022年5月31日 (二) 13:46的版本
怪猎龙属 化石时期:晚白堊世
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怪獵龍成體與幼體骨架,展示於猶他州自然歷史博物館 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 蜥形纲 Sauropsida |
总目: | 恐龍總目 Dinosauria |
目: | 蜥臀目 Saurischia |
亚目: | 獸腳亞目 Theropoda |
科: | †暴龍科 Tyrannosauridae |
亚科: | †暴龍亞科 Tyrannosaurinae |
属: | †怪猎龙属 Teratophoneus Carr et al. |
模式種 | |
柯氏怪獵龍 Teratophoneus curriei Carr et al., 2011
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怪獵龍(屬名:Teratophoneus,意為「怪獸殺手」)是一屬暴龍科的獸腳類恐龍,生存於晚白堊世坎潘階(約7700萬至7600萬年前)的拉臘米迪亞南方,分布範圍相當於現今的美國猶他州。模式種兼唯一種柯氏怪獵龍(T. curriei)的化石發現於凱帕羅維茲組,是一個不完整的頭骨和部分顱後骨骼。
發現
怪獵龍的化石最早在猶他州南部的凱帕羅維茲組發現。隨後鑑定成新屬種。氬同位素放射性測年指出該地層沉積於7610萬至7400萬年前的晚白堊世坎潘階中期。[1][2]
數個怪獵龍化石已被發現。起初怪獵龍是基於正模標本BYU 8120所描述。最近UMNH VP 16690和UMNP VP 16691標本亦被歸入。[3] 2017年,在大升梯國際紀念區發現一具新的怪獵龍標本並空運至鹽湖城的猶他州自然歷史博物館[4]2021年,來自4或5隻個體的化石在同一篇論文中被描述發表。[5]
怪獵龍由卡爾(Thomas D. Carr)、威廉森(Thomas E. Williamson)、布里特(Brooks B. Britt)、史塔曼(Ken Stadtman)於2011年命名。模式種柯氏怪獵龍(T. curriei)亦是唯一已知種;屬名由希臘語teras(怪獸)加上phoneus(殺手)組成[6]種名致敬古生物學家菲力·柯里。[7]
描述
正模標本是破碎的頭骨及部分顱後骨骼。起初歸入四隻不同個體,但可能其實全部屬於單一隻亞成體。該標本尚未完全成熟,卡爾等人估計身長6公尺及體重667公斤。[7]2016年,莫里納裴雷茲和拉臘曼迪估計身長6.4公尺及體重1.15噸。[8]葛瑞格利·保羅給出更高的估計值身長8公尺及體重2.5噸。[9]
與亞伯達龍的頭骨相比,怪獵龍淚骨眶前孔和吻布尖端的比例小了23%。相較之下,怪獵龍的頭骨顯得更深。尚不清楚這些差異是否有特定原因。但額外的深度可容納更強勁的下頜肌肉,提升怪獵龍的咬合力。[7]
分類
洛溫等人(2013)進行了暴龍科內部的系統發生學分析,並確認把怪獵龍歸到其下分支暴龍亞科。他們指出怪獵龍與特暴龍和暴龍近緣,但處於更基礎的位置,不過較懼龍進階。支序圖如下所示:[3]
暴龍科 Tyrannosauridae |
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2020年描述死掠龍時把怪獵龍與力怖龍、血王龍列在同一條尚未命名的次演化支。[10]
真暴龍類 Eutyrannosauria |
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古生物學
社會行為
2021年描述了來自猶他州南部凱帕羅維茲彩虹與獨角獸採石場(Rainbows and Unicorns Quarry)的怪獵龍屍骨層,顯示這種動物可能是社會性群聚掠食者。化石中包含了介於4至22歲的4或5隻個體,可能遭遇一場如洪水、中毒、乾旱、火災之類的大量死亡事件。全部動物都在單次短暫時間內死亡的跡象進而支持了暴龍科群居行為的論點,亞伯達龍、怪獵龍、懼龍屍骨層展現了群居行為可能普遍存在於暴龍科中。[5][11]
古生態學
白堊紀晚期,凱帕羅維茲組位於北美西部次大陸拉臘米迪亞的南方,東岸緊鄰西部內陸海道並眺望美東大陸阿帕拉契亞。恐龍棲息的高地是一片古老的氾濫平原,環境由大型河道、濕地泥炭沼澤、池塘、湖泊所主宰,以高地為邊界。氣候溫暖潮濕,孕育了豐富且多樣化的生命形式。[12]該地層保存了全世界最完整且最連續性的晚白堊世化石紀錄。[13]
怪獵龍與獸腳類的奔龍科;傷齒龍科塔羅斯龍;似鳥龍科似鳥龍;偷蛋龍類哈格里芬龍;甲龍科;鴨嘴龍科副櫛龍、鉤鼻龍;角龍科猶他角龍、大鼻角龍、華麗角龍;魟鮫、青蛙、蠑螈、烏龜、蜥蜴、鱷魚;早期哺乳類多瘤齒獸目、有袋類、食蟲目等動物共享棲地。[14][15]
延伸閱讀
參考來源
- ^ Roberts, E.M.; Deino, A.L.; Chan, M.A. ^40Ar/^30Ar Age of the Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, and correlation of contemporaneous Campanian strata and vertebrate faunas along the margin of the Western Interior Basin. Cretaceous Research. 2005, 26 (2): 307–318. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.01.002.
- ^ Eaton, J.G. Multituberculate mammals from the Wahweap (Campanian, Aquilan) and Kaiparowits (Campanian, Judithian) formations, within and near Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah.. Miscellaneous Publication - Utah Geological Survey. 2002.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Loewen, M.A.; Irmis, R.B.; Sertich, J.J.W.; Currie, P.J.; Sampson, S.D. Evans, D.C. , 编. Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (11): e79420. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...879420L. PMC 3819173 . PMID 24223179. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079420 .
- ^ Maffly, B. Nearly complete tyrannosaur fossil airlifted from Utah's Grand Staircase. The Salt Lake Tribune. October 16, 2017.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Titus, Alan L.; Knoll, Katja; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Yamamura, Daigo; Suarez, Celina A.; Glasspool, Ian J.; Ginouves, Jonathan E.; Lukacic, Abigail K.; Roberts, Eric M. Geology and taphonomy of a unique tyrannosaurid bonebed from the upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah: implications for tyrannosaurid gregariousness. PeerJ. April 19, 2021, 9: e11013. PMC 8061582 . PMID 33976955. doi:10.7717/peerj.11013 –通过peerj.com.
- ^ Liddell, H.G.; Scott, R. A Greek-English Lexicon Abridged. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 1980. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Carr, T.D.; Williamson, T.E.; Britt, B.B.; Stadtman, K. Evidence for high taxonomic and morphologic tyrannosaurid diversity in the Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian) of the American Southwest and a new short-skulled tyrannosaurid from the Kaiparowits formation of Utah. Naturwissenschaften. 2011, 98 (3): 241–246. Bibcode:2011NW.....98..241C. PMID 21253683. S2CID 13261338. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0762-7.
- ^ Molina-Pérez, R.; Larramendi, A. Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios: Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos. Barcelona, Spain: Larousse. 2016: 267. ISBN 9788416641154.
- ^ Paul, Gregory S. The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 2nd Edition. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2016: 114.
- ^ Voris, Jared T.; Therrien, Francois; Zelenitzky, Darla K.; Brown, Caleb M. (2020). "A new tyrannosaurine (Theropoda:Tyrannosauridae) from the Campanian Foremost Formation of Alberta, Canada, provides insight into the evolution and biogeography of tyrannosaurids". Cretaceous Research. 110: 104388. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104388.
- ^ Eilperin, Juliet. Tyrannosaurs likely hunted in packs rather than heading out solo, scientists find. The Washington Post. April 19, 2021. (原始内容存档于April 20, 2021).
- ^ Loewen, M.A.; Titus, A.L. (编). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Indiana University Press. 2013. ISBN 9780253008961.
- ^ Clinton, William. Presidential Proclamation: Establishment of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. September 18, 1996. [November 9, 2013]. (原始内容存档于August 28, 2013).
- ^ Zanno, L.E.; Sampson, S.D. A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2005, 25 (4): 897–904. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:ANOTMF]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Eaton, J.G.; Cifelli, R.L.; Hutchinson, J.H.; Kirkland, J.I.; Parrish, J.M. Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah. Gillete, D.D. (编). Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah. Miscellaneous Publication 99-1. Salt Lake City: Utah Geological Survey. 1999: 345–353. ISBN 1-55791-634-9.
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