Help:阿拉伯語國際音標
 | 這頁是維基百科的阿拉伯語國際音標發音指南。 |
下表為阿拉伯語發音在維基百科中用國際音標（IPA）表示的方式。
| 符號 | 英語近似發音 | 阿拉伯語字母 | 羅馬字轉寫 | 注释 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A–B | ||||
| a | father，但更短暫 | َ | a e | [a] |
| aː | father | ا ى | ā aa a | [b] |
| aw | /a/+/w/ | و | aw au o | [c] |
| b | bee | ب | b | [d] |
| D | ||||
| d | deal | د | d | [e] |
| dˤ | 重音 /d/，
接近於dark |
ض | ḍ | [f][e] |
| dʒ | jam | ج | j ǧ dj | [g] |
| ð | these | ذ | dh ḏ | [h] |
| ðˤ | 重音 /ð/ | ظ | ẓ | [f][i] |
| E | ||||
| eː | bay | ي | ay ey ai ei e | [j] |
| F–H | ||||
| f | father | ف | f | [k] |
| h | he | ه | h | |
| ħ | 沒有對等的發音 | ح | ḥ | [l] |
| I–K | ||||
| ɪ | sit[1] | ِ | i e | [m] |
| iː | machine | ي | ī ee i | [n] |
| j | yes | ي | y | |
| k | skin | ك | k | [o] |
| L–N | ||||
| l | lease （公認發音） | ل | l | |
| ɫ | tool | l | [p] | |
| m | me | م | m | |
| n | no | ن | n | |
| O–R | ||||
| θ | think | ث | th ṯ | [h] |
| q | 比較接近scar，但在小舌爆破而非在軟腭 | ق | q g | [q] |
| r | 比較接近 ray | ر | r | [r] |
| S | ||||
| s | see | س | s | |
| sˤ | 重音 /s/，
比較接近massage |
ص | ṣ | [f] |
| ʃ | she | ش | sh š ch | |
| T–W | ||||
| t | stik | ت（有时为ة） | t | [e][o] |
| tˤ | 重音 /t/，
比較接近 star |
ط | ṭ | [f][e] |
| u | put | ُ | u o ou | [s] |
| uː | rule | و | ū oo ou u | [t] |
| w | we | و | w | |
| X–Z | ||||
| x | 蘇格蘭英語 loch，
西班牙語 jota |
خ | kh ḫ | [u] |
| ɣ | 西班牙語 fuego，
法語 parler |
غ | gh ġ | [v] |
| z | zoo | ز | z | |
| 其他 | ||||
| ʔ | uh-oh!中的停頓 | ء | ʾ ’ ' | [w] |
| ʕ | 沒有對等發音 | ع | ʿ ‘ ' ` | [x][y] |
| θ | 见O–R | |||
| ˈ | [ˈkiːwi] كيوي 'kiwi' | 表示下面的字母發重音 例如 /ˈʕarabiː/. | ||
| ː | [kiːs] كيس 'sack' | 表示前面的元音延長 | ||
註釋
[编辑]- ^ Allophones of /a/ include [ɑ] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r] and [æ] elsewhere (Al-Ani 2008，第595, 600頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第52–53頁; Kaye 1997，第193, 197頁).
- ^ Allophones of /aː/ include [ɑː] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r]; and [æː] elsewhere (Al-Ani 2008，第595, 600頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第52–53頁; Kaye 1997，第193, 197頁).
- ^ In colloquial pronunciation, /aw/ may be realized as [oː]~[ɔː] may occur (Al-Ani 2008，第595頁; Kaye 1997，第198頁).
- ^ The letter ب may represent [p] in foreign loanwords (sometimes written پ) as well as before voiceless consonants (Kaye 1997，第193頁).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 /d dˤ t tˤ/ are realized as either dental, denti-alveolar or alveolar (Al-Ani 2008，第597頁).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Emphatic consonants may be equally pharyngealized or velarized (Al-Ani 2008，第599頁; Kaye 1997，第193頁).
- ^ The letter ج is pronounced as [ɡ] in Egypt, [ʒ] in the Levant and Maghreb (Al-Ani 2008，第598頁; Gairdner 1925，第23頁).
- ^ 8.0 8.1 In non-standard pronunciations, /θ/ and /ð/ may be pronounced as [s] and [z] (Gairdner 1925，第19, 81頁).
- ^ The letter ظ is realized as [ðˤ] or [zˤ] (Al-Ani 2008，第601頁).
- ^ In colloquial pronunciation, [eː] may be realized as /aj/~[ɛː] (Al-Ani 2008，第595頁; Kaye 1997，第198頁).
- ^ The letter ف may represent [v] in foreign loanwords (sometimes written ڤ or ڥ), and may be pronounced as well as before voiced consonants (Kaye 1997，第193頁).
- ^ /ħ/ is realized as [ħ] or [ʜ].
- ^ Allophones of /ɪ/ include [i]~[e] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008，第595, 600頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第52–53頁; Kaye 1997，第193, 197頁).
- ^ Allophones of /iː/ include [ɪː]~[ɨː] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008，第595, 600頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第52–53頁; Kaye 1997，第193, 197頁).
- ^ 15.0 15.1 /k/ is usually aspirated (Al-Ani 2008，第597–598頁).
- ^ [ɫ] only occurs in the word Allah: [ɑɫˈɫɑh] (Al-Ani 2008，第600頁; Kaye 1997，第196頁).
- ^ /q/ may be pronounced as [ʔ] in Egypt and the Levant, [ɡ] or [ɢ] in other dialects (Gairdner 1925，第26–27頁).
- ^ /r/ is either a trill [r] or flap [ɾ]. May be velarized or pharyngealized as well (Al-Ani 2008，第600頁).
- ^ Allophones of /u/ include [ʊ]~[ɤ]~[o] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008，第595, 600頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第52–53頁; Kaye 1997，第193, 197頁).
- ^ Allophones of /uː/ include [ʊː]~[ɤː]~[oː] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008，第595, 600頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第52–53頁; Kaye 1997，第193, 197頁).
- ^ /x/ is realized as [x] or [χ].
- ^ /ɣ/ is realized as [ɣ] or [ʁ] (Al-Ani 2008，第599頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第598頁; Gairdner 1925，第26頁).
- ^ /ʔ/ is usually written above or below three letters: أ, إ, آ, ئ, ؤ.
- ^ /ʕ/ is realized as [ʕ] or [ʔˤ] (Al-Ani 2008，第599頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第51頁).
- ^ /ʢ/ Neither pharyngeal nor fricative, but is more correctly described as a creaky-voiced epiglottal approximant (Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168頁)).
参考资料
[编辑]- Al-Ani, Salman H. Phonetics. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics III. Brill. 2008: 593–603.
- Gairdner, W. H. T. The Phonetics of Arabic. Oxford University Press. 1925.
- Kaye, Alan S. Arabic phonology. Phonologies of Asia and Africa I. 1997: 187–204.
- Kaye, Alan S. Arabic. Comrie, Bernard (编). The World’s Major Languages (PDF) 2nd. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. 2009: 560–577. ISBN 978-0-415-35339-7.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian. The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. 1996. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Mitchell, T. F. Pronouncing Arabic I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1990.
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'adeddin, M. Akram. Arabic. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. 1999: 51–54.