User:HMGiovanniV/工作4
| 比哈爾邦 बिहार | |
|---|---|
| 印度的邦 | |
 | |
 圖章 | |
.svg) 比哈爾邦在印度的位置 | |
| 國家 |  印度 |
| 地區 | 印度东部 |
| 成立 | 1912年比哈爾與奧立沙省成立，1936年比哈爾省成立 |
| 首府 | 巴特那 |
| 最大城市 | 巴特那 |
| 縣 | 38 |
| 政府 | |
| • 邦議會 | 兩院制（75+243席） |
| • 人民院選區 | 40 |
| • 高等法院 | 巴特那高等法院 |
| 面积 | |
| • 总计 | 94,163 平方公里（36,357 平方英里） |
| 面积排名 | 全國第12位 |
| 人口（2021年）[2] | |
| • 總計 | 130,725,310人 |
| • 排名 | 全國第2位 |
| • 密度 | 1,388人/平方公里（3,590人/平方英里） |
| 时区 | IST（UTC+05:30） |
| UN/LOCODE | INBR |
| ISO 3166码 | IN-BR |
| 車輛號牌 | BR |
| HDI | ▲ 0.577[3] |
| HDI排名 | 第36位（2022年） |
| 官方語言 | 印地语、乌尔都语 |
| 網站 | gov |
| Module:Mapframe第384行Lua错误：attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'lat_d' (a nil value) | |
比哈尔邦（印地語：बिहार，乌尔都语：بہار，轉寫：Bihār），印度东部的邦，是印度人口第三多的邦[4][5][6]，首府为巴特那。和尼泊尔接壤，毗邻北方邦、西孟加拉邦、贾坎德邦。恒河自西向东贯通全境[1]。官方语言为印地语和乌尔都语，本地语言主要有迈蒂利语、摩揭陀語、博杰普尔语。比哈尔邦的公民称比哈尔人，是印度年轻人口占比最高的邦，25岁以下年轻人占58%[7]。
比哈尔邦的经济和社会发展相对落后[8]。 据统计，2020年，仅有11.27%的人口居住在城市[9]。有学者将之归咎于中央政策不力[10][11][12]、本地认同感弱[13][14]，同时英国东印度公司的土地政策亦有深远的不利影响[11]。邦政府致力于改善现状，近年来，基础设施投资有所增加，卫生设施、教育条件改善，治安和贪腐问题亦有好转[15]。
比哈尔邦是印度文明的政治、文化和学术重地[16]。强权孔雀王朝和笈多王朝在摩揭陀故地崛起[17]，佛教亦起源于此[18]。
名称
[编辑]“比哈尔”（बिहार）源自梵语विहार vihāra，音译为毗诃罗，通常指佛教的精舍，即佛教僧团的房舍、寺院。因邦内佛教寺院众多而得名[20]。
历史
[编辑]古代
[编辑]_(cropped).JPG)
比哈尔邦的历史可追溯到新石器时代，在恒河北岸的薩蘭縣有奇兰德遗址，年代在公元前2500至1345年[21][22]。古印度史诗和经文记载的古国有摩揭陀、弥萨罗、鸯伽。
公元前1100年，弥萨罗地区兴起毗提诃国[1][23]，在吠陀时代晚期（约前1100年至前500年），为南亚一大政治、文化强权，列王称为遮那竭[24]。罗摩衍那史诗的女主角悉多公主就是弥萨罗地区其中一位遮那竭的女儿[1][25]。毗提诃后来被跋耆國征服[26]，跋耆國亦是弥萨罗地区的强权，都城在毗舍離，政体类似于共和制，君主在诸位罗阇中间选举产生。跋耆國被诃黎王朝征服。诃黎王朝创立于约公元前684年，都城在王舍城，统治摩揭陀地区。頻毘娑羅及其子阿闍世王是两位著名的诃黎王朝君主。阿闍世王囚禁其父頻毘娑羅而即位，建立新都巴連弗邑城，征服了跋耆國。诃黎王朝衰落后，摩揭陀地区又有幼龙王朝和難陀王朝两大强权[27]。
前325年，摩揭陀地区兴起孔雀王朝，后来征服了難陀王朝，扩张为幅员辽阔的霸权，史学视之为印度史上首个帝国。其都城在巴連弗邑，在今日比哈尔邦首府巴特那一带。佛教亦发源于摩揭陀地区，并为孔雀王朝的雄主阿育王所接纳[28][29]。公元240年，摩揭陀地区又诞生笈多王朝，在其治下，印度步入商贸和学术的黄金时代[30]。11世纪，朱罗王朝的拉真陀罗一世率军征服了今日的比哈尔邦和孟加拉地区[31][32]。
12世纪起，佛教在印度步入衰落[33]，古尔王朝的将领巴赫蒂亚尔·卡尔吉入侵摩揭陀地区，无数佛寺被毁，那烂陀寺、超戒寺等名寺皆未能幸免，僧人纷纷出逃避难[34][35][36][37]。
11世纪，弥萨罗的卡纳塔王朝兴起，取代波罗王朝的统治，14世纪又被奥伊尼瓦尔王朝取代。在11世纪至13世纪，今日的比哈尔邦地区小国林立。菩提伽耶及摩揭陀地区由比迪帕提诸王统治；今日比哈尔邦西南地区又有卡亚拉瓦拉王朝[38][39][40]。
从5世纪至13世纪，比哈尔邦地区是印度宗教学术的重地，众多学者高僧在那烂陀寺、超戒寺等处治学，如蓮花戒、賢諦巴、寂護、无畏生护、优填延那、勀迦自在等[41]。
殖民时代
[编辑]1764年，英国东印度公司在布克萨尔战役取胜，取得包括比哈尔在内的印度东部地区的行政管理权。比哈尔归属于孟加拉管辖区，1912年分出比哈爾和奧里薩省。这时的比哈尔为种植业地区之一[42]。
1914年和1916年，查姆帕兰（Champaran）靛蓝种植园工人不满其待遇，发起两次起事。1918年，圣雄甘地在查姆帕兰发起抗议运动，并获得拉金德拉·普拉萨德、施里·克里希纳·辛哈、阿努格拉·纳拉扬·辛哈等比哈尔民族主义者支持[43][44]，是甘地首次发起的真理永恒运动。1929年，萨哈贾南德·萨拉斯瓦蒂在比哈尔成立农民协会，组织农民向扎明达尔地主争取权利。其组织的农民运动从比哈尔开始，发展到全印度，并在1936年于勒克瑙成立全印度农民协会[45]。
独立后
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在独立后的数十年间，比哈尔邦土地改革受阻，国大党政府在比哈尔的土地政策执行不力，导致无地农民和有产的当权者之间冲突频发。拉傑普特人和布米哈尔人等有产种姓亦在政府中间阻止各类土地再分配政策的实施，意图维持种姓不平等的状况[46]。各地的比哈尔外劳亦遭受歧视和不公待遇[47][48]。
20世纪后半叶，比哈尔邦存在严重的种姓土地分配矛盾问题，酿成多次种姓暴力冲突事件。在波杰布尔县等扎明达尔主导的地区，多有达利特阶层上街乞讨，亦常遭侮辱，导致当地逐步兴起大规模的拥护毛主义的纳萨尔派运动[49]，扩张至比哈尔邦全境。纳萨尔派组织，如印度共产党（马列）解放组织，主要由中层种姓领导，并获达利特和相对落后的种姓支持[50][51]。有产种姓则招募私人军队防范，造成武装对峙局面[52]。2004年，经济学人撰文称比哈尔邦已是印度最糟糕一面的代名词，贫困普遍且不可避免，政客腐败，同其包庇的黑社会沆瀣一气，种姓林立的社会里，留存着最为恶劣的封建暴力[53]。2005年，世界银行称比哈尔邦持续贫困、社会分层复杂、基础设施不足、治理薄弱，从而面临着“巨大难题[54]”。
20世纪60年代起，国大党在比哈尔邦日渐失势，本地落后种姓的政党逐步崛起[55]。自印度独立以来，比哈尔邦的政治格局一直以种姓制度为基础。政治影响力较大的种姓有亞達夫、科埃里、库尔米、拉傑普特、布米哈尔，及婆罗门。1990年以前，婆罗门、拉杰普特、卡雅斯塔种姓左右着邦内政局，称为先进种姓。而广大的“其他落後階層”仅在政府中有象征性的代表权。印度独立后三十年，比哈尔邦政治长期由印度国民大会党把持，而国大党又是以上层种姓为主。政治学者桑贾伊·库马尔（Sanjay Kumar）认为在1990年之前，上层种姓主导比哈尔邦政局，从而阻挠土地改革，以维持其经济地位。居中间阶层的上层落后种姓则主要加入大众党和人民党和上层种姓竞争。1989年至1990年，维什瓦纳特·普拉塔普·辛格政府依照曼达尔委员会的建议，在政府和教育机构中为“其他落后阶层”设置27%的岗位配额，并引发下层种姓反对印度人民党“宗教政治”的运动，主要人物有拉卢·普拉萨德·亚达夫、尼蒂什·庫瑪爾。到1990年，科埃里、亚达夫、库尔米这三个上层落后种姓就此崛起为新的政治精英群体[56]。1995年比哈尔邦立法议会选举中，下层种姓团结一致的局面遭到打破，分化为亚达夫种姓的人民党和科埃里、库尔米种姓的平等党两大阵营。而上层种姓则不再占任何优势，逐渐退出主流政治舞台[57]。
2005年至2020年，尼蒂什·庫瑪爾担任了13年的比哈尔邦首席部长。与强调种姓和宗教分歧的前几届政府相比，其以发展经济、减少犯罪和腐败以及促进社会平等为纲领。自2010年以来，政府发起反腐败运动，将涉事腐败官员的地产重建为校舍[58]。他还主导出台《比哈尔特别法庭法》打击犯罪[59]，并立法规定周五两小时午餐时间，让穆斯林有时间祈祷，缓解旷工现象[60]。比哈尔邦政府在2016年3月颁布法令限制酒类销售及消费[61]，引发一定争议，有说法称这一举措导致旅游业受打击[62]，还造成药物滥用现象[63]。
地理
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比哈尔邦面积达94,163平方公里，平均海拔53米。北邻尼泊尔，南邻贾坎德邦，东邻西孟加拉邦，西邻北方邦[65]。可分为三个地理区域：恒河平原、罗赫达斯高原、西瓦利克山脈[66]。而平原又以恒河为界，分为北比哈尔和南比哈尔[67]。恒河在比哈尔邦境内又有多条支流，主要有北部的甘達基河、戈西河，源头在喜马拉雅山；巴格马蒂河，源头在加德满都谷地。恒河水系常有洪涝灾害。比哈尔邦境内亦有山区丘陵地带，如中部的拉杰吉尔丘陵、西南的开姆尔山脉、北部的西瓦利克山脈。森林面积达6,764.14平方公里，森林覆盖率7.1%[68]。
气候方面，比哈尔邦全境位于亚热带，属副热带湿润气候。夏季炎热，冬季寒冷。五月至九月雨水最多。日均高温仅为26 °C，年均气温26 °C。气候温和，湿热季节短，一年中有几个月气候温暖炎热，温度持续高于25 °C，有时甚至高达29 °C[69]。
自然资源方面，比哈尔邦是印度黄铁矿的最大产地，储量占比达95%[70]。金矿储量占全国总量44%以上，有约2.23亿吨[71]。2022年5月，在扎穆伊縣探明一座新金矿[72]。
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喜马拉雅山脚 -
2008年洪灾 -
人口
[编辑]根据2011年人口普查，比哈尔邦总人口达104,099,452，是印度人口第三大邦，人口密度达1,106人每平方公里，是印度人口密度最高的邦。2020年统计的男女性别比为1000:1090[76]。2023年估计的人口达130,725,310[77]。
比哈尔邦58%的人口低于25岁，是印度25岁以下人口比例最高的邦。2021年，比哈尔邦的城镇化率为20%[9][78]。
根据2020年统计，比哈尔邦的成年识字率为68.15%，其中男性为78.5%，女性为57.8%[76]。
比哈尔邦人绝大多数使用印度-雅利安语族语言。1947年印巴分治以后，邦内还有印度教的旁遮普人难民移入[79]。
宗教
[编辑]根据2023年统计，比哈尔邦81.99%的人口是印度教徒，17.70%的人口是伊斯兰教徒[73]。其他宗教有基督教（0.05%）、佛教（0.08%）、锡克教（0.01%）等。
语言
[编辑]比哈尔邦的官方语言是印地语，是邦内25.54%的人口的母语[80]。8.42%的人口使用乌尔都语，是为比哈尔邦15个县的第二官方语言[81]。
比哈尔人绝大多数使用印度-雅利安语族语言，一般是某一门比哈尔语，在印度官方的普查中归入印地语方言。其中使用人口最多的有博杰普尔语（24.86%）、迈蒂利语（12.55%）、摩揭陀語（10.87%）[82][83]。如今亦有提议将这这些比哈尔语言从方言升格为地方语言。印度宪法第八附表已将迈蒂利语认定为地区语言[84][85]。邦内部分地区有少数孟加拉语和素拉杰普尔语人口[75]。
政治
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根据印度宪法规定，比哈尔邦以邦长为邦元首，由印度总统任命。首席部长为政府首脑，负责领导行政机关，由立法院优势党派的党魁担任。邦长是礼仪性的邦元首，而首席部长和内阁负责日常行政工作。部长会议由内阁部长和国务部长组成，并有邦首席秘书带领的秘书处协助工作。首席秘书亦是政府的行政首长。司法机关由高等法院首席法官领导，首席法官由印度总统根据联邦首席法官和邦长建议任命。
截至2023年，比哈尔邦政治主要分为两个阵营：全国民主联盟，包括印度人民党、民族大众力量党；联合进步联盟，包括民族人民党、印度斯坦人民阵线、民族大众平等党、人民黨（聯合）、印度国民大会党。此外，印度共产党曾在比哈尔邦有较大影响力，但如今有所式微[86]。印度共产党（马克思主义）、全印前进同盟等极左政党也有一定影响力[87]。
行政区划
[编辑]比哈尔邦分为9个专区（division），下分38个县（district）。市政方面，比哈尔邦有19个市法团（municipal corporation）、89个市议会（nagar parishad）、154个镇议会（nagar panchayat）[88][89][90][91][92][93][94]。
* 人口数据为各县人口的总和[95]。
| 位置图 | 行政区划 | 首府 | 面积 | 人口（*2011） | 下辖县数 | 县 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
巴特那专区 | 巴特那 | 16,960 km2
(6,550 sq mi) |
17,734,739 | 6 | 巴特那縣 |
| 那烂陀县 | ||||||
| 波杰布尔县 | ||||||
| 罗赫达斯县 | ||||||
| 布克薩爾縣 | ||||||
| 开姆尔县 | ||||||
|
摩揭陀专区 | 格雅 | 12,345 km2
(4,766 sq mi) |
10,931,018 | 5 | 格雅縣 |
| 納瓦達縣 | ||||||
| 奧蘭加巴德縣 | ||||||
| 杰哈纳巴德县 | ||||||
| 阿爾沃爾縣 | ||||||
|
蒂尔胡特专区 | 穆扎夫法尔普尔 | 17,147 km2
(6,620 sq mi) |
21,356,045 | 6 | 西查姆帕蘭縣 |
| 東查姆帕蘭縣 | ||||||
| 穆扎法爾布爾縣 | ||||||
| 錫塔馬里縣. | ||||||
| 謝奧赫爾縣 | ||||||
| 毘舍離縣 | ||||||
|
薩蘭专区 | 恰普拉 | 6,893 km2
(2,661 sq mi) |
10,819,311 | 3 | 薩蘭縣 |
| 錫萬縣 | ||||||
| 戈巴尔根杰县 | ||||||
|
达尔邦格阿专区 | 达尔邦格阿 | 8,684 km2
(3,353 sq mi) |
15,652,799 | 3 | 達爾班加縣 |
| 馬杜巴尼縣[96][97] | ||||||
| 瑟马斯蒂布尔县 | ||||||
|
戈西专区 | 萨哈尔萨 | 5,899 km2
(2,277 sq mi) |
6,120,117 | 3 | 撒哈爾薩縣 |
| 馬德普拉縣 | ||||||
| 苏包尔县 | ||||||
|
普尔尼亚专区 | 普尔尼亚 | 10,009 km2
(3,864 sq mi) |
10,838,525 | 4 | 布爾尼亞縣 |
| 格蒂哈爾縣 | ||||||
| 阿拉里亚县 | ||||||
| 吉申根杰县 | ||||||
|
巴加爾布爾专区 | 巴加爾布爾 | 5,589 km2
(2,158 sq mi) |
5,061,565 | 2 | 巴加爾布爾縣 |
| 班卡縣 | ||||||
|
蒙格埃尔专区 | 蒙格埃尔 | 9,862 km2
(3,807 sq mi) |
6,120,117 | 6 | 蒙吉爾縣 |
| 扎穆伊縣 | ||||||
| 卡加里亞縣 | ||||||
| 拉基薩萊縣 | ||||||
| 貝古薩萊縣 | ||||||
| 谢赫布尔县 |
Public health
[编辑]
Bihar generally ranks among the weakest in health outcomes in comparison to other Indian states because it lacks adequate health care facilities.[98][99] While the National Health Mission, the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010, and the formation of the Empowered Action Group (EAG)[100] provide federal funds to expand and improve healthcare services, Bihar's ability to fully utilise this funding is lacking.[98][99]
Research indicates that Bihar relies on privatised hospitals to provide healthcare to the masses, with the second-highest ratio among Indian states for private to public spending and high levels of corruption.[98] These factors are associated with slower healthcare delivery and steep healthcare costs.[101][102][103][104] Corruption is enabled as Bihar lacks continuity and transparency of health reporting as required by the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010. In turn, this prevents the government from making evidence-based conclusions about policy changes and hospital effectiveness, resulting in patterns of ill-informed spending and inconsistent hiring.
When comparing Bihar to Kerala, the number of healthcare professionals (including registered nurses, auxiliary nurses, physicians and health supervisors) at each hospital are significantly lower, and remain constant over time while they steadily increase in number in Kerala.[105] According to Ministry of Health statistics, the greatest shortfalls are for physicians and specialists at 75%.[98] Bihar has only 50% of the sub-health centres, 60% of the primary health centres, and 9% of the community health centres required by the national supply-to-population standards. The number of public hospital beds in Bihar decreased between 2008 and 2015.[105] Given the high population density of the state, Bihar is significantly behind in the number of healthcare professionals that should be employed.[106][105] Despite these shortcomings, Bihar has shown gradual signs of improvement for female health workers,[98] the overall death rate, and infant, neo-natal, child and maternal mortality rates.[98]
经济
[编辑]
2013-14财年，比哈尔邦的地区生产总值达₹36,833.7亿，第一产业占22%，第二产业占5%，第三产业占73%。2014-15财年，比哈尔邦的地区生产总值增长率高达17.06%，位居印度各邦第一位，是印度经济增长较快的邦[107]。人均生产总值亦增长强劲，按2018年价格计算，2004-05财年至2014-15财年期间，该邦人均净生产总值的年复合增长率为12.91%[108]，人均收入在2014-15财年增长了40.6%，然而总量仍然较低。哥伦比亚大学学者鲁梅拉·森（Rumela Sen）认为比哈尔邦长期的不平等现象和种姓土地矛盾有较大关系[109]，上层种姓抗拒土地改革[110][111]，导致贫富差距难以缩小。
农业仍是比哈尔邦的最大产业，农业人口占比高达80%，超过全国平均[108]。比哈尔邦的蔬菜产量位居全国第四，水果产量位居第八。主要种植荔枝、番石榴、芒果、菠萝、茄子、瓢瓜、花椰菜、卷心菜、水稻、小麦、甘蔗和向日葵。其荔枝年产量占全印度总量的71%[112]。比哈尔邦土地和气候条件适宜农业耕种，但因洪灾频仍，常常威胁其产量稳定[113]。而南部地区则常遭旱灾[114]。
比哈尔邦以贝古萨赖为制造业和金融中心，有炼油、发电、化肥、乳品、装瓶等产业。主要工业城镇还有哈吉普尔、达尔米亚纳加尔、蒙格埃尔、贾马尔普尔、巴拉乌尼[115][116]。哈吉普尔的私营产业较发达，该市的制鞋厂成为欧洲名牌公司的供应商，还为俄罗斯陆军供应军鞋[117]。
文化
[编辑]绘画
[编辑]
比哈尔邦绘画艺术传统悠久。马杜巴尼艺术，或称为弥萨罗绘画，为弥萨罗地区起源的绘画风格，传统上由妇女在节庆和生育、结婚等重大事件期间在墙壁上作画，画术代代相传[118]。主题通常是人与自然的联系，常见的场景有辩才天女等史诗神灵，天体，圣罗勒等宗教植物，王宫和社会场景等。构图繁复丰沛，不设留白[118]。
博杰普尔地区流行民间的博杰普尔画派，主要绘制在寺庙墙壁或新婚夫妇房间的墙壁上，主要描绘湿婆和帕尔瓦蒂的形象。近年来也有自然物以及乡村生活等更贴近现实的主题[119]。
巴特那画派流行于18世纪早期至20世纪中期，脱胎于蒙兀兒细密画艺术，主要是莫卧儿时代宫廷画匠的后裔创作的。奥朗则布统治时期，一群画师借道穆尔希达巴德潜逃至巴特那躲避迫害，创立此画派。主要描绘宫廷、巴刹、日常生活和仪式庆典场景，在纸张或云母上作画，着水彩。
音乐和舞蹈
[编辑]Bihar has produced musicians like Bharat Ratna and Ustad Bismillah Khan, and dhrupad singers like the Malliks (Darbhanga Gharana) and the Mishras (Bettiah Gharana), along with poets like Vidyapati Thakur who contributed to the genre of Maithili music. The classical music in Bihar is a form of Hindustani classical music.[來源請求]
Gaya is another centre of classical music, particularly of the Tappa and Thumri varieties. Pandit Govardhan Mishra–son of the Ram Prasad Mishra, himself an accomplished singer– is perhaps the finest living exponent of Tappa singing in India, according to Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh, founding secretary of the Sangeet Natak Academi of Bihar[來源請求].
Gajendra Narayan Singh also writes, in his memoir, that Champanagar, Banaili, was another major centre of classical music. Rajkumar Shyamanand Sinha of Champanagar, Banaili princely state, was a great patron of music and was himself a renowned figure in the world of classical vocal music in Bihar in his time.[120] Singh, on the subject of Indian classical music in a separate book of his, wrote that "Kumar Shyamanand Singh of Banaili estate had such expertise in singing that many great singers including Kesarbai Kerkar acknowledged his ability. After listening to bandishes from Kumar Sahib, Pandit Jasraj was moved to tears and lamented that, alas, he did not have such ability himself."[121][122]
During the 19th century, many Biharis emigrated as indentured labourers to the West Indies, Fiji, and Mauritius. During this time many sorrowful plays and songs called birha became popular in the Bhojpur region, as Bhojpuri Birha. Dramas incorporating this theme continue to be popular in the theatres of Patna.[123][需要較佳来源]
Cinema
[编辑]Bihar has a robust Bhojpuri-language film industry. There is also a smaller production of Magadhi-, Maithili language films. The first film with Bhojpuri dialogue was Ganga Jamuna, released in 1961.[124] Bhaiyaa, the first Magadhi film, was released in 1961.[125] The first Maithili movie was Kanyadan released in 1965.[126] Maithili film Mithila Makhaan won the National Film Award for Best Maithili Film in 2016.[127] The history of films entirely in Bhojpuri begins in 1962 with the well-received film Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo ("Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari"), which was directed by Kundan Kumar.[128] 1963's Lagi nahin chute ram was the all-time hit Bhojpuri film, and had higher attendance than Mughal-e-Azam in the eastern and northern regions of India. Bollywood's Nadiya Ke Paar is another well-known Bhojpuri-language movie. Films such as Bidesiya ("Foreigner", 1963, directed by S. N. Tripathi) and Ganga ("Ganges", 1965, directed by Kundan Kumar) were profitable and popular, but in general Bhojpuri films were not commonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s.
In the 1980s, enough Bhojpuri films were produced to support a dedicated industry. Films such as Mai ("Mom", 1989, directed by Rajkumar Sharma) and Hamar Bhauji ("My Brother's Wife", 1983, directed by Kalpataru) had success at the box office. However, this trend faded during the 1990s.[129]
In 2001, Bhojpuri films regained popularity with Saiyyan Hamar ("My Sweetheart", directed by Mohan Prasad), which raised actor Ravi Kishan to prominence.[130] Several other commercially successful films followed, including Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi ("Priest, tell me when I will marry", 2005, directed by Mohan Prasad) and Sasura Bada Paisa Wala ("My father-in-law, the rich guy", 2005). These films did much better business in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits at the time, and were both made on extremely tight budgets.[131] Sasura Bada Paisa Wala also introduced Manoj Tiwari, formerly a well-loved folk singer, to the wider audiences of Bhojpuri cinema. The success of Ravi Kishan and Manoj Tiwari's films led to a revival in Bhojpuri cinema, and the industry began to support an awards show[132] and trade magazine Bhojpuri City.[133] The industry produces over one hundred films per year.[來源請求]
In 2019, the Maithili film Mithila Makhaan won Best Maithili Film in the 63rd National Film Awards.[134]
Mass media
[编辑]Biharbandhu was the first Hindi newspaper published in Bihar. It was started in 1872 by Madan Mohan Bhatta, a Marathi Brahman who settled in Bihar Sharif.[135] Hindi journalism often failed[136] until it became an official language in the state. Hindi was introduced in the law courts in Bihar in 1880.[135][137]
Urdu journalism and poetry have a long history in Bihar, with many poets such as Shaad Azimabadi, Kaif Azimabadi, Kalim Ajiz and Bismil Azimabadi. Bihar publishes many Urdu dailies, such as Qomi Tanzim and Sahara, and the monthly Voice of Bihar.[138]
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly magazine named Bharat Ratna was started in Patna, in 1901. It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi, Aryavarta from Dinapure, Udyoga, and Chaitanya Chandrika.[139] Udyog was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy, a famous poet of the time, and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figure of that time. The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to other districts of Bihar.[135][140]
Festivals
[编辑]Chhath Puja is the biggest and most popular festival in Bihar.[141] The four-day-long holy Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. Chhath Puja are done in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. All of Bihar involves itself in devotion to Chhath Puja. The city is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful ghats are set up, where effigies of the goddess Chhath Maiya and her brother God Surya are displayed and worshipped at both sunset and sunrise. People of all religious backgrounds go to the bank of any river or near by a pond or lake in order to give arghya to the Sun. They carry fruits and thekuaa along with them in soop and daura (a bowl-like structure made of bamboo) for their worship activities. Nowadays, these traditions have spread to multiple countries worldwide wherever Bihari community is present.
Durga Puja is also the biggest, most popular and widely celebrated festival in Bihar.[142] The ten-day-long colourful Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. Pandals are erected in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. The cities of Bihar are transformed during Durga Puja. Urban areas are decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful pandals are set up where effigies of the goddess Durga and her four children are displayed and worshipped. The idols of the goddess are brought in from Kumortuli, where idol-makers work throughout the year fashioning clay models of the goddess. Since independence in 1947, Durga Puja has slowly changed into more of a glamorous carnival than that of a religious festival. Today people of diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds partake in the festivities. On Vijayadashami, the last day of the festival, the effigies are paraded through the streets with riotous pageantry before being immersed into the rivers.
Tourism
[编辑]
Bihar is visited by many tourists from around the world,[143] In 2019, 33 million tourists visited Bihar, including more than 1 million foreign tourists.[144]
Bihar is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as many other ancient monuments. The Mahabodhi Temple (literally: "Great Awakening Temple"), a UNESCO World Heritage site, is an ancient Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya, marking the location where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment. Bodh Gaya (in Gaya district) is about 96 km (60 mi) from Patna. The Khuda Bakhsh Library, which has one of the world's largest collection of books, rare manuscripts and paintings is located in Patna.
Nalanda Mahavihara, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is among the oldest universities in the world, situated in Nalanda, Bihar. It comprises the archaeological remains of a monastic and scholastic institution dating from the third century BCE to the 13th century CE. It includes stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings) and important art works in stucco, stone and metal. Nalanda stands out as the most ancient university of the Indian subcontinent. Archaeological Survey of India has recognised 72 monuments in Bihar as Monuments of National Importance. Furthermore, Archaeological Survey of India has recognised 30 additional monument as protected monuments in Bihar.
Bihar has many places for ecotourism, which includes Valmiki National Park, famous for its national park and tiger reserve. Vikramshila Dolphin Sanctuary is home to the endangered Gangetic Dolphin. Bihar has many wildlife sanctuaries such as Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary, Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaimur Sanctuary, Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary, and the Pant Wildlife Sanctuary. Bihar is host to many species of migratory birds at bird sanctuaries like Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary and the Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary.
Many tourists visit Bihar because of the religious significance of the area. The Hindu Goddess Sita, the consort of Lord Rama, is believed to have been born in Sitamarhi in the Mithila region of modern-day Bihar.[145][146] Gautama Buddha is believed to have attained Enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, a town located in the modern day district of Gaya in Bihar. Vasupujya, the 12th Jain Tirthankara was born in Champapuri, Bhagalpur. Mahavira, the 24th and last Tirthankara of Jainism, was born in Vaishali around the sixth century BCE.[147] The Śrāddha ritual performed in the Pitru Paksha period is considered to be most powerful in the holy city of Gaya, which is seen as a special place to perform the rite, and hosts a fair during the Pitri Paksha period.[148]
Transport
[编辑]
Airports
[编辑]Bihar has a total of three operational airports as of 2020: Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport in Patna, Gaya Airport in Gaya, and Darbhanga Airport in Darbhanga. All three airports have scheduled flights to major cities around India. Gaya Airport is the only international airport in Bihar, having seasonal flights to countries like Thailand, Bhutan, and Myanmar.
Railways
[编辑]Bihar has a rail network length of 3,794 km（2,357 mi） in 2020.[149] All major cities, districts and towns are well connected. Munger, Jamalpur and Bhagalpur are well connected with all major Stations of country. Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor, after completion, will pass through Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad, and Gaya with a total length of 239 km（149 mi） in Bihar.[150]
State Expressways and highways
[编辑]Gaya-Darbhanga Expressway (access controlled highway) will be Bihar's first expressway, with a length of 189 km. It is expected to be completed by 2024.[151] Bihar also has state highways with a total length of 4,006 km (2,489 mi) and national highways with a total length of 5,358 km (3,329 mi).
Metro transit
[编辑]
Patna will be the first city in Bihar to have mass rapid transit system. Patna Metro with network of 31 km（19 mi） length is under construction as of 2022.[152] However, it is currently delayed due to land acquisition process.[153]
Bus transit
[编辑]Bihar State Road Transport Corporation (BSRTC) runs interstate, intrastate, and international route buses.[154] BSRTC has a daily ridership of around 100,000. Its fleet includes non-electric and electric buses, and AC and non-AC buses. Delhi, Ranchi, and Kathmandu in Nepal are some of the destinations served outside Bihar. Patliputra Inter-State Bus Terminal is a major bus transit hub in Bihar.[155]
Inland Waterways
[编辑]National Waterways-1 runs along the Ganges river. Gaighat in Patna has a permanent terminal of inland waterways for handling cargo vessels.[156] The Ganges is navigable throughout the year, and was the principal river highway across the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain. Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period, when it served as a conduit for overseas trade. The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links to major rivers and streams in north and south Bihar.[157]
Education
[编辑]
Historically, Bihar has been a major centre of learning, home to the ancient universities of Nalanda (est. 450 CE), Odantapurā (est. 550 CE), and Vikramashila (est. 783 CE). Nalanda and Vikramshila universities were destroyed by the invading forces of Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1200 CE.[158] Bihar saw a revival of its education system during the later part of the British rule, when Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library was established in 1891 by Sir Khan Bahadur Khuda Bakhsh which is currently one of the world's largest functioning library and boasts more than five million items. It is known for its paintings and rare manuscripts.[159]
Patna University, the seventh oldest university on the Indian subcontinent, was established in 1917.[160] Some other centres of high learning established under British rule are Patna College (est. 1839), Bihar School of Engineering (est. 1900; now known as National Institute of Technology, Patna), Prince of Wales Medical College (est. 1925; now Patna Medical College and Hospital), Science College, Patna (est. 1928), Patna Women's College, Bihar Veterinary College (est. 1927), and Imperial Agriculture Research Institute (est. 1905; now Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, Pusa). The Patna University, one of the oldest universities in Bihar, was established in 1917, and is the seventh oldest university of the Indian subcontinent. NIT Patna, the second oldest engineering college of India, was established as a survey training school in 1886 and later renamed as the Bihar College of Engineering in 1932.
Today, Bihar is home to eight Institutes of National Importance: IIT Patna, IIM Bodh Gaya, AIIMS, Patna, NIT Patna, IIIT Bhagalpur, NIPER Hajipur, Khuda bakhsh Oriental Library, and the Nalanda International University. In 2008, Indian Institutes of Technology Patna was inaugurated with students from all over India[161] and in the same year the National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna was established as the ninth such institute in India.[162] The Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya was established in 2015. In March 2019, the government of Bihar sent a proposal to the centre government to upgrade Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital into an AIIMS-like institution.[163] Bihar is home of four Central universities which includes Central University of South Bihar, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University and Nalanda University. In 2015, the central government proposed the re-establishment of Vikramshila in Bhagalpur and had designated 
500 crores (5 billion) for it.[164] Bihar also has the National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna, National Law University, Patna Institute of Hotel Management (IHM), Footwear Design and Development Institute, Bihta and Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (CIPET) Center. CIPET and IHM was established in Hajipur in 1994 and 1998 respectively. Bihar Engineering University was established under Bihar Engineering University Act, 2021 of Bihar Government[165] with the purpose of the development and management of educational infrastructure related to technical, medical, management, and related professional education in Bihar.[166] Based on 2020–21 data, Bihar Engineering University has 56 http://www.beu-bih.ac.in/BEUP/Affiliated_Colleges.aspx and Bihar medical science University under the Bihar medical science University act, 2021. There are Pharmacy colleges, 15 Medical colleges, and 36 Nursing colleges after establishing this university. Aryabhatta Knowledge University has 33 educational colleges, 8 community colleges, and one vocational college.[167] Chanakya National Law University and Chandragupt Institute of Management were established in the later half of 2008 and now attracts students from not just within Bihar but also students from far flung states. Nalanda International University was established in 2014 with active investment from countries such as Japan, Korea, and China. The A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies is a premier research institute in the state.[168] Bihar has eight medical colleges which are funded by the government, namely Patna Medical College and Hospital, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital Gaya, Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur, Government Medical College, Bettiah and five private medical colleges[169] Bihar has the seven oldest Government Engineering colleges; Muzaffarpur institute of technology, Bhagalpur college of Engineering, Gaya college of Engineering, Nalanda College of Engineering, Darbhanga college of Engineering, Motihari college of Engineering, and the Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology.
Bihta, a suburb of the state capital Patna, is home of institutes like IIT Patna, AIIMS Patna, BIT Patna and is now emerging as an educational hub.[170][171] With institutes like Super 30, Patna has emerged as a major center for engineering and civil services coaching. The major private IIT-JEE coaching institutes have opened up their branches in Bihar and this has reduced the number of students who go to, for example, Kota and Delhi for engineering/medical coaching.
Bihar e-Governance Services & Technologies (BeST) and the government of Bihar have initiated a unique program to establish a centre of excellence called Bihar Knowledge Center, a school to equip students with the latest skills and customised short-term training programs at an affordable cost. The centre aims to attract the youth of the state to improve their technical, professional, and soft skills, to meet the current requirements of the industrial job market.[172] The National Employability Report of Engineering Graduates, 2014,[173] puts graduates from Bihar in the top 25 per cent of the country, and rates Bihar as one of the three top states at producing engineering graduates in terms of quality and employability.[174]
Notable people
[编辑]See also
[编辑]- Bihar Day
- List of Bihari singers
- Outline of Bihar
- Timeline of Bihar
- Bihari culture
- Cuisine of Bihar
- Chhotanagpur Front
- Chhotanagpur Plateau Praja Parishad
- Zerat
Notes
[编辑]References
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 State Profile. Government of Bihar. [2017-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-22）.
- ^ Bihar Profile (PDF). census.gov.in. [2020-03-14]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-08-09）.
- ^ Sub-national HDI – Area Database. Global Data Lab. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. [2024-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-23） （英语）.
- ^ Jha, Ramanath. Speeding up Bihar's urbanisation. ORF. 2022-07-19 [2022-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-25）.
- ^ Table 24: gross state domestic product (PDF). National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-12-20） –通过Reserve Bank of India.
- ^ Population Projections For India And States 2011 - 2036 (PDF). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. July 2020. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-11-15）.
- ^ Guruswamy, Mohan; Kaul, Abhishek. The Economic Strangulation of Bihar (PDF). New Delhi, India: Centre for Policy Alternatives: 2. 2003-12-15 [2015-08-17]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-05-30）.
- ^
- Bihar's 'first' Economic Survey Report tabled. The Times of India. 2007-03-07 [2008-08-22]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-18）.
- Bal Thackeray. Biharis an unwanted lot. The Times of India. 2008-03-05 [2008-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2008-03-10）.
- Wajihuddin, Mohammed. 'Bihari' has become an abuse. The Times of India. 2008-08-10 [2008-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-05）.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Subhash, Pathak. Bihar cabinet approves 111 new urban bodies, 5 more municipal corporations. Hindustan Times. 2020-12-26 [2022-11-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-25）.
- ^ Das, Arvind N. The Republic of Bihar. New Delhi: Penguin Books. 1992. ISBN 978-0-14-012351-7.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Goswami, Urmi A. 'Bihar Needs an Icon, a person who stands above his caste' (Dr Shaibal Gupta – Rediff Interview). Rediff. 2005-02-16 [2005-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2005-02-20）.
- ^
- Guruswamy, Mohan; Baitha, Ramnis Attar; Mohanty, Jeevan Prakash. Centrally Planned Inequality: The Tale of Two States – Punjab and Bihar (PDF). New Delhi, India: Centre for Policy Alternatives. 2004-06-15 [2015-08-17]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-03-26）.
- Guruswamy, Mohan; Mohanty, Jeevan Prakash. The De-urbanisation of Bihar (PDF). New Delhi, India: Centre for Policy Alternatives. 2004-02-15 [2015-08-17]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-03-26）.
- ^
- Ahmed Farzand and Mishra Subhash, Leaders of Bihar unite to counter Raj Thackeray, India Today, 31 October 2008
- Gupta, Shaibal. Bihar: Identity and Development. Asian Development Research Institute, Patna. [2006-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2005-03-30）.
- ^ Phadnis, Aditi. Lalu in the red. Business Standard. 2008-07-26 [2015-08-22]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-07）.
- ^
- Dharma, Supriya; Jha, Abhay Mohan. Bihar witnesses a quiet transformation. NDTV. 2008-07-15 [2015-08-22]. （原始内容存档于2008-07-18）.
- Jha, Abhay Mohan. English makes inroads in Bihar villages. NDTV. 2008-03-08 [2008-03-08]. （原始内容存档于2008-03-09）.
- ^ Bihar, Past & Present: souvenir, 13th Annual Congress of Epigraphica by P. N. Ojha, Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute
- ^ The History of Bihar. Bihar Government. [2008-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-31）.
- ^ Lopez, Donald. Magadha. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. 2014. ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3.
- ^ Dutt, Ashok K. Jharkhand. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2010-07-18]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-08）.
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The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit word Vihār (Devanagari) which means "abode".
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He tried to make the poor aware of their condition through a newspaper, but was balked by lack of money and response. He tried democratic protest through the torchlight procession but nothing came of it.Ever since he joined the school, the Master had been going to Ekwari, his village, on leave. As he suffered from chronic dysentery, nobody in the school suspected how the science teacher was using his leave. Towards the end of 1969, his absences on leave became more frequent. That year mysterious' incidents started occurring at Ekwari. Some day a haystack in a landlord's barn would be set on fire, another day someone's crops would be found cut. Reports of these incidents had started reaching Arrah. Soon after the Master applied for three months' leave and never returned.
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The polarisation was not on the lines of the upper and the backward caste divide, but it was around the two axes of backward caste politics. Laloo Yadav after comp- leting his term in office even with a minority government went to polls in a situation where an anti-incumbency wave was sweeping the country. The consolidated backward castes had fragmented into two blocs, one represented by the yadavs in the form of the Janata Dal and the other represented by the kurmis and koeris represented by the Samata Party. For the first time, the upper-castes felt totally marginalised in the state's politics since the support base of their natural ally, the Congress, has been completely eroded. while the BJP was unable to make much inroads among the voters.
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...the number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of lack of awareness. The uneducated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language.
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The big landlords of Bihar derailed land reform via delaying tactics and by refusing to comply with paperwork. They refused to submit documents for their estates despite government orders and filed thousands of court cases halting the landholding ceiling and redistribution of over 9,000 acres of land across the state of Bihar. Since administrators and politicians came mostly from the same landed gentry upper castes as the landlords, the landlords exploited their kinship ties to have government field surveys halted, amended, and ultimately aborted.
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- ^ The Aryabhatta Knowledge University Act, 2008 (PDF). Government of Bihar. 2008 [3 August 2017]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于27 March 2020）.
- ^ Tech cradles fail to shift to permanent campus. The Times of India. Times News Network. 3 January 2015 [3 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于11 June 2021）.
- ^ .:Official Website : Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna:.. akubihar.ac.in. [1 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于9 December 2021）.
- ^ Premier Research Institute: ANSISS. Official website. 原始内容存档于13 May 2010.
- ^ First brick for new hospital. www.telegraphindia.com. 18 August 2013 [2 September 2019]. （原始内容存档于6 March 2021） （英语）.
- ^ Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit), Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Address, Admission, Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Courses, Ranking, Contact Details.. www.StudyGuideIndia.com. [26 October 2017]. （原始内容存档于11 November 2016）.
- ^ Welcome to Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology – Bihta, Patna. [27 February 2015]. （原始内容存档于15 February 2015）.
- ^ Bihar Knowledge Center. 2008 [3 August 2016]. （原始内容存档于28 April 2009）.
- ^ National Employability Report – Engineers, Annual Report 2014 (PDF). www.aspiringminds.com: 22. [2 September 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于12 October 2016）.
- ^ Delhi, Bihar produce top engineers in India: Report. The Times Of India. [1 February 2014]. （原始内容存档于1 February 2014）.
Further reading
[编辑]- Swami Sahajanand Saraswati Rachnawali (Selected works of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati), Prakashan Sansthan, Delhi, 2003.
- Christopher Alan Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
- Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar, University of California Press, 1999.
- Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Rachnawali, Rajkamal Prakashan, Delhi.
- Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941 translated and edited by Walter Hauser along with the unedited Hindi original (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
- Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor translated and edited by Walter Hauser (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
- Religion, Politics, and the Peasants: A Memoir of India's Freedom Movement translated and edited by Walter Hauser (Manohar Publishers, hardbound, 2003).
- Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma, 1947, Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz (Bakasht Epidemic and its Infalliable Remedy) in Hindi, Allahabad.
- Jagannath Sarkar, "Many Streams" Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches" Compiled by Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited, Bangalore.
- Indradeep Sinha, 1969, Sathi ke Kisanon ka Aitihasic Sangharsha (Historic Struggle of Sathi Peasants), in Hindi, Patna.
- Indradeep Sinha, Real face of JP's total revolution, Communist Party of India (1974).
- Indradeep Sinha, Some features of current agrarian situation in India, All India Kisan Sabha, (1987).
- Indradeep Sinha, The changing agrarian scene: Problems and tasks, Peoples Publishing House (1980).
- Indradeep Sinha, Some questions concerning Marxism and the peasantry, Communist Party of India (1982).
- Sinha, Udai Prakash; Kumar, Swargesh. Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. 2012 [18 April 2015]. ISBN 9788180697999.
- Nand Kishore Shukla, The Trial of Baikunth Sukul: A Revolutionary Patriot, Har-Anand, 1999, 403 pages, ISBN 81-241-0143-4.
- Shramikon Ke Hitaishi Neta, Itihas Purush: Basawon Singh published by the Bihar Hindi Granth Academy (1st Edition, April 2000).
- Ramchandra Prasad, Ashok Kumar Sinha, Sri Krishna Singh in Adhunik Bharat ke Nirmata Series, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
- Walter Hauser, 1961, Peasant Organisation in India: A Case Study of the Bihar Kisan Sabha, 1929–1942, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, (Forthcoming publication).
- Rai, Algu, 1946, A Move for the Formation of an All-Indian Organisation for the Kisans, Azamgrah.
- N. G. Ranga, 1949, Revolutionary Peasants, New Delhi.
- N. G. Ranga, 1968, Fight For Freedom, New Delhi.
- Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1943, Naye Bharet ke Naye Neta (New Leaders of New India), in Hindi, Allahabad.
- Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1957, Dimagi Gulami (Mental Slavery), in Hindi, Allahabad.
- Manmath Nath Gupta, Apane samaya ka surya Dinkar, Alekha Prakasana (1981).
- Khagendra Thakur, Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar': Vyaktitva aur Krititva, Publications Division, 2008 Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
- Vijendra Narayan Singh, Bharatiya Sahitya ke Nirmata: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2005, ISBN 81-260-2142-X.
- Kumar Vimal, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rachna – Sanchayan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2008, ISBN 978-81-260-2627-2.
- Mishra Shree Govind, History Of Bihar 1740–1772 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期6 April 2023., Munshiram Manoharlal, 1970
- Verma B S, Socio-religious Economic And Literary Condition Of Bihar (From ca. 319 A.D. to 1000 A.D.) 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期6 April 2023., Munshiram Manoharlal, 1962
- Maitra A,Magahi Culture 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期6 April 2023., Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, 1983
- Naipaul V S, India: A Wounded Civilization, Picador, 1977
- Trevithick Alan, The Revival Of Buddhist Pilgrimage At Bodh Gaya (1811–1949): Anagarika Dharmapala And The Mahabodhi Temple
- Jannuzi F. Tomasson, Agrarian Crisis In India: The Case Of Bihar, University of Texas Press, 1974, ISBN 0-292-76414-6, ISBN 978-0-292-76414-9
- Omalley L S S, History of Magadh, Veena Publication, 2005, ISBN 81-89224-01-8
- Shukla Prabhat Kumar, Indigo And The Raj: Peasant Protests In Bihar 1780–1917[永久失效連結], Pragati Publications, 1993, ISBN 81-7307-004-0
- Ahmad Qeyamuddin, Patna Through The Ages: Glimpses of History, Society & Economy 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期6 April 2023., Commonwealth Publishers, 1988
- Jain B D, Ardha Magadhi Reader, Sri Satguru Publications, Lahore, 1923
- Patra C, Life in Ancient India: As Depicted In The Digha Nikaya, Punthi Pustak, 1996, ISBN 81-85094-93-4
- Hazra Kanai Lal, Buddhism in India As Described by the Chinese Pilgrims AD 399–689, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1983, ISBN 81-215-0132-6
- McCrindle John W., Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian, Munshiram Manoharlal
- McCrindle John W., Ancient India As Described By Ptolemy 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期6 April 2023., Munshiram Manoharlal, 1927, ISBN 81-215-0945-9
- Sastry Harprasad, Magadhan Literature, Sri Satguru Publications, Calcutta, 1923
- Rai Alok, Hindi Nationalism, Orient Longman, 2000, ISBN 81-250-1979-0
- Waddell Austine L., Report on the Excavations at Pataliputra (Patna) – The Palibothra of the Greeks, Asian Publicational Services, Calcutta, 1903
- Das Arvind N., The State of Bihar: an economic history without footnotes, Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1992
- Brass Paul R., The politics of India since Independence, Cambridge University Press, 1990
- Askari S. H., Mediaeval Bihar: Sultante and Mughal Period, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 1990
- Tayler William, Three Months at Patna during the Insurrection of 1857, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 2007
- Taylor P.J.O., "What really happened during the Mutiny: A day by day account of the major events of 1857–1859 in India", Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-564182-5
- Pathak Prabhu Nath, Society and Culture in Early Bihar (C.A.D. 200 – 600) 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期14 April 2023., Commonwealth Publishers, 1988
- Basham A. L., The Wonder that was India, Picador, 1954, ISBN 0-330-43909-X
- Nambisan Vijay, Bihar in the eye of the beholder, Penguin Books, 2000, ISBN 978-0-14-029449-1
- Pathak Mohan, Flood plains and Agricultural occupance, Deep & Deep Publication, 1991, ISBN 81-7100-289-7
- D'Souza Rohan, Drowned and Dammed:Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India, Oxford University Press, 2006,
- Radhakanta Barik – Land & Caste Politics in Bihar (Shipra Publications, Delhi, 2006)
External links
[编辑]- Government
- Official site of Bihar 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期15 June 2011.
- Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期27 January 2010.
- General information
- Template:GovPubs
- 《大英百科全书》中的条目：Bihar（英文）
- 开放目录项目中的“Bihar”
維基媒體的Bihar地圖集 
OpenStreetMap上有關HMGiovanniV/工作4的地理信息
