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坐标：26°50′49″N 80°56′49″E / 26.847°N 80.947°E / 26.847; 80.947
维基百科，自由的百科全书
北方邦
उत्तर प्रदेश
印度的邦
北方邦徽章
徽章
北方邦在印度的位置
北方邦在印度的位置
北方邦地图
北方邦地图
坐标 （勒克瑙）：26°50′49″N 80°56′49″E / 26.847°N 80.947°E / 26.847; 80.947
国家 印度
建立时间现代：1805年（作为割让和占领的省）
历史
摘要
  • 1805年：割让和占领的省
  • 1834年11月14日：阿格拉管区
  • 1836年1月1日：西北省
  • 1858年4月3日：阿约提亚被英国控制，德里从西北省分里出来，并入英属旁遮普省
  • 1871年4月1日：阿杰梅尔, Merwara和凯克里作为独立专区
  • 1877年2月15日：阿约提亚并入西北省
  • 1902年3月22日：更名为阿格拉和阿约提亚联合省
  • 1921年1月3日：更名为英属印度联合省
  • 1937年4月1日：更名为联合省
  • 1946年4月1日：授予自治地位
  • 1947年8月15日：成为独立印度的一部分
  • 1950年1月16日：更名为北方邦
  • 2009年11月9日：北安查尔邦从北方邦析出，现在叫做北阿坎德邦
首府勒克瑙
县75 [1]
政府
 • 行政机构印度政府，北方邦政府
 • 立法机关两院制（404 + 108席）
 • 人民院选区80
 • 高等法院安拉阿巴德高等法院
面积
 • 总计243,286 平方公里（93,933 平方英里）
面积排名第4位
人口（2021年）[1]
 • 總計241,066,874人
 • 排名第1位
 • 密度991人/平方公里（2,566人/平方英里）
居民称谓Uttarpradeshi
时区IST（UTC+05:30）
UN/LOCODEIN-UP
ISO 3166码IN-UP
車輛號牌UP 01—XX
HDI▲ 0.596（低）
HDI rank第35位（2018年）
识字率67.68%
77.28%（男性）
57.18%（女性）
官方语言印地语
英语
乌尔都语
網站upgov.nic.in
Module:Mapframe第384行Lua错误：attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'lat_d' (a nil value)

北方邦（印地語：उत्तर प्रदेश，羅馬化：Uttar Pradesh），印度北部的邦，有2.41亿人口，是印度人口最多的邦，亦是世界人口最多的一級行政區[2]。和尼泊爾接壤，毗鄰國內的北阿坎德邦、喜马偕尔邦、哈里亚纳邦、拉贾斯坦邦、中央邦以及比哈尔邦。北方邦面積243,286平方公里，佔印度的7.34%，面積上是印度第四大邦。該邦分為18個分區和70個縣，首府為勒克瑙。印地語和烏爾都語是北方邦最廣泛使用的語言，也是官方語言。

北方邦成立於1937年4月1日，當時是英治期間的阿格拉和烏德聯合省，並於1950年更名為北方邦。北方邦是印度的农业大邦，该邦的可耕地面积占总面积的82%，净播种面积占可耕地面积的68.5%[3]。历史上，北方邦曾以蔗糖种植业闻名，而如今的经济格局则以服务业为主导，包括旅游业、酒店业、不动产业、保险业、财务咨询业等。北方邦的国内生产总值排名印度第三位[4]。

北方邦是印度历史上多个主要王朝的发源地，包括孔雀王朝、戒日王朝、笈多王朝、波罗王朝、德里蘇丹國、莫卧儿帝国，有着深厚的历史文化积淀。恒河及其支流亚穆纳河在北方邦的普拉亚格拉吉交汇，是为印度教的圣地之一。全邦四分之三的人口为印度教徒，伊斯兰教为第二大教。北方邦有数座印度教圣城，以及负有盛名的历史名城，包括阿格拉、阿里格尔、阿约提亚、巴雷利、戈勒克布爾、坎普尔、拘尸那揭羅、勒克瑙、马图拉、密拉特、普拉亚格拉吉、瓦拉納西、沃林达文。邦内共有三处世界遗产：泰姬陵、阿格拉堡、法泰赫普尔西克里。

历史[编辑]

史前时期[编辑]

自8.5万年前至7.2万年前，早期现代人在今日北方邦定居，以狩猎采集为生[5][6][7][8]，邦内的普拉塔普加尔城一带存有旧石器时代中期至晚期和中石器时代的狩猎采集文明史迹遗存，距今已有2.1万至3.1万年历史[9]。早在公元前6000年，就出现了驯养牛羊的村落，兼有农业生产的迹象，这些村落在之后的公元前4000年到公元前1500年之间逐渐发展，经历了印度河流域文明和吠陀文化，一直延续到铁器时代[10][11][12]。

远古至古典时代[编辑]

鹿野苑的答枚克佛塔（英语：Dhamekh Stupa）是释迦牟尼初转法轮之地

在印度列国时代的十六大国中，领土完全位于今日北方邦内的就有七国之多[13][14]。史诗《罗摩衍那》中，拘萨罗国神王罗摩的都城阿约提亚[15]，以及史诗《摩诃婆罗多》的英雄黑天的出生地马图拉，都位于北方邦境内[14]。

在印度历史上，控制恒河平原是各大王朝统治印度的必需之举，如孔雀王朝（前320–前200年）、贵霜帝国（100年–250年）、笈多王朝（350年–600年）、瞿折罗-普腊蒂哈腊王朝（650年–1036年）[16]。6世纪，嚈哒推翻笈多王朝，曲女城（根瑙杰）崛起为恒河平原的重镇[17]，为戒日王朝（590年–647年）都城[17]，其领土北达旁遮普，西至古吉拉特，东及孟加拉，南抵奥迪沙[14][18]。今日许多社群都自称是曲女城人的后裔[19]。戒日王驾崩后，戒日王朝即告分裂，恒河平原转由瞿折罗-普腊蒂哈腊王朝统治，和孟加拉的波罗王朝形成对抗之势[18]。

北方邦大部地区由德里蘇丹國统治了320年，又可分为庫特布沙希王朝、卡爾吉王朝、圖格魯克王朝、薩義德王朝和洛迪王朝[20][21]。

德里的首位苏丹庫特布丁·艾伊拜克治下征服了今日北方邦的部分地区，包括密拉特、阿里格尔、埃塔瓦等地。伊勒杜迷失攻克曲女城，并且征服了北方邦的大部领地。巴勒班治下遭遇多次民众起事，但都悉数平息下来。阿拉乌丁·卡尔吉（英语：Alauddin Khilji）征服了瓦拉納西和普拉亚格拉吉等多地。此外，苏非主义亦在这期间在北方邦生根发芽，诞生如尼扎穆丁·奥利亚（英语：Nizamuddin Auliya）、库特布丁·巴赫蒂亚尔·卡基（英语：Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki）等影响深远的苏非圣人。这一时期亦有许多著名的清真寺和陵墓建筑留存至今，如江布尔的阿塔拉清真寺（英语：Atala Masjid）、法泰赫普尔西克里的贾玛清真寺、图格鲁卡巴德（英语：Tughlaqabad）的图格鲁卡巴德城堡（英语：Tughlaqabad Fort）等[22][23]。

中世至近世[编辑]

16世纪，来自中亚费尔干纳盆地的巴布尔率军自开伯尔山口南下，建立莫卧儿帝国，征服了今日的阿富汗、印度大部、巴基斯坦和孟加拉国[24]，今日的北方邦一带充当了帝国的腹地[19][25][26]。巴布尔和胡马雍两位皇帝定都在德里[25][26]，1540年，舍尔沙起兵击败胡马雍[27]，建立苏尔王朝，统治北方邦地区[28]。第二次帕尼帕特战役后，莫卧儿皇帝阿克巴收复北方邦地区[29]，定都在阿格拉和法泰赫普尔西克里[30]。

18世纪起，莫卧儿帝国步入衰落，马拉塔帝国崛起并入侵北方邦地区，原本在该地掌权的罗希拉人（英语：Rohilla）遭马拉地人驱逐。1803年至1804年，英国东印度公司和马拉地人爆发第二次英国-马拉地战争（英语：Second Anglo-Maratha War），由英国人取胜告终，进而统治北方邦的大部分地区[31]。

英治时期[编辑]

自18世纪下半叶起，英国东印度公司经连年征战，逐渐控制今日的北方邦诸地[32]，连同阿杰梅尔和齋浦爾的部分领地一起，成立西北省（英语：North-Western Provinces）管辖，其面积在当时的英属印度领地下并不算大[33]。其首府曾在阿格拉和安拉阿巴德之间两度迁移[34]。

1857年，印度土兵哗变，引起印度民族起义，始于北方邦境内的密拉特[35]。起义最终失败，于是英国人重划省份，以分治起义故地，奥德土邦划入西北省，改为阿格拉和奧德省（通称联合省[36][37]），德里划出至旁遮普省，阿杰梅尔-马瓦尔（英语：Marwar）地区并入拉杰普塔纳（英语：Rajputana）[38]。

1920年，省治由安拉阿巴德迁至勒克瑙[39]，但高等法院仍留在安拉阿巴德[40]。安拉阿巴德如今仍是北方邦的行政重镇，设有多个部门总部[41]。这一时期的北方邦地区仍是印度政治的中心，并且是印度独立运动的温床。这里集结了阿里格尔穆斯林大学（英语：Aligarh Muslim University）、贝那拉斯印度教大学（英语：Banaras Hindu University）、德奥班德神学院（英语：Darul Uloom Deoband）等现代高等院校，拉姆·普拉萨德·比斯米尔（英语：Ram Prasad Bismil）、錢德拉·謝卡爾·阿扎德等知名民族主义人物，以及如莫逖拉尔·尼赫鲁、贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁、马丹·莫汉·马拉维亚（英语：Madan Mohan Malaviya）、戈温德·巴拉布·潘特（英语：Govind Ballabh Pant）等国大党领袖，都活跃在北方邦。1936年4月11日，全印农民协会（英语：All India Kisan Sabha）成立于勒克瑙，选举萨哈贾南德·萨拉斯瓦蒂（英语：Sahajanand Saraswati）为首任主席[42]，他长期领导农民反抗扎明达尔地主特权，是印度农民运动的重要领袖[43]。1942年退出印度运动期间，巴利亚镇曾推翻英国当局，建立独立政府[44]。

独立后[编辑]

印度独立后的1950年1月24日，联合省改为北方邦，仍以UP为缩写[45][46][47]。有九位总理出身于北方邦，为印度诸邦之首。北方邦也是印度人民院议员席位最多的邦。尽管长期为印度政治重地，但该邦长期存在治理不善的问题，经济相对落后，犯罪和腐败问题严重。该邦屡屡发生种姓暴力（英语：Caste-related violence in India）和社区暴力罪案[48]。1992年12月，阿约提亚爆发巴布里清真寺拆除事件，引发全国广泛的暴力争端[49]。2000年，北方邦部分地区分置为北阿坎德邦[50]。

地理[编辑]

恒河平原

北方邦面积为240,928平方公里（93,023平方英里），排名印度第四，约等于英国的面积。位于印度北部边界，和尼泊尔接壤，北部边界抵达喜马拉雅山区[51]，绝大部分领土是平原[52]。北部以印度河-恒河平原为主，包括恒河-亚穆纳河间地区（英语：Doab）、加格拉河平原、恒河平原和特莱平原[53]，南部有温迪亚山脉和高原地带[54]。喜马拉雅山脉南缘的西瓦利克山脈和平原区的石床交界区称为巴伯尔（英语：Bhabar）地区[55]，这里森林密布，溪流密集，季风季节就会汇成汹涌的洪流[56]。这里长满高大的象草，森林茂密，其间夹杂着草沼和树沼[57][58]。

北方邦的耕作活动密集[59]，横跨三个农业气候区，包括中部恒河平原地区（地区四）、上恒河平原地区（地区五）和中部高原丘陵地区（地区八）[60]。河谷土地较为肥沃，因此开垦有大量梯田，但灌溉不足[61]。整个冲积平原分为三个次区域[62]。东部地区有14个县，洪旱灾害频仍，较为缺水，人口密度最高，人均土地最少，而中部和西部地区情况相对好，有着发达的灌溉系统[63][64]。有多于32条大小河流流经该邦，较知名的有恒河、亞穆納河、薩拉斯瓦蒂河、萨拉尤河（英语：Sarayu）、貝特瓦河、加格拉河，这些河流在印度教中都有崇高地位[65]。

气候[编辑]

Uttar Pradesh has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons.[66] The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September.[67] Summers are extreme with temperatures fluctuating anywhere between 0—50 °C（32—122 °F） in parts of the state coupled with dry hot winds called the Loo（英语：Loo (wind)）.[68] The Gangetic plain varies from semiarid to sub-humid.[67] The mean annual rainfall ranges from 650 mm（26英寸） in the southwest corner of the state to 1,000 mm（39英寸） in the eastern and south eastern parts of the state.[69] Primarily a summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian monsoon（英语：Monsoon of India） is the major bearer of rain in most parts of state. After summer it is the southwest monsoon which brings most of the rain here, while in winters rain due to the western disturbances（英语：western disturbances） and north-east monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of the state.[66][70]

Monsoon clouds over Indirapuram（英语：Indirapuram）
北方邦
月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年
平均高温 °C（°F） 29.9
(85.8) 		31.9
(89.4) 		35.4
(95.7) 		37.7
(99.9) 		36.9
(98.4) 		31.7
(89.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		29.4
(84.9) 		31.4
(88.5) 		30.1
(86.2) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.6
(88.9)
平均低温 °C（°F） 11.0
(51.8) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		19.9
(67.8) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.8
(69.4) 		18.5
(65.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		11.5
(52.7) 		17.8
(64.0)
平均降水量 mm（英寸） 0
(0) 		3
(0.1) 		2
(0.1) 		11
(0.4) 		40
(1.6) 		138
(5.4) 		163
(6.4) 		129
(5.1) 		155
(6.1) 		68
(2.7) 		28
(1.1) 		4
(0.2) 		741
(29.2)
平均降水天数 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 3.3 10.9 17.0 16.2 10.9 5.0 2.4 0.3 67.8
月均日照時數 291.4 282.8 300.7 303.0 316.2 186.0 120.9 111.6 177.0 248.44 270.0 288.3 2,896.34
数据来源：[71]

The rain in Uttar Pradesh can vary from an annual average of 170 cm（67英寸） in hilly areas to 84 cm（33英寸） in Western Uttar Pradesh（英语：Western Uttar Pradesh）.[66] Given the concentration of most of this rainfall in the four months of the monsoon, excess rain can lead to floods and shortage to droughts. As such, these two phenomena, floods and droughts, commonly recur in the state. The climate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between 1,000、1,200 mm（39和47英寸）, most of which comes during the monsoon.[67] Typical summer months are from March to June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30—38 °C（86—100 °F）. There is a low relative humidity of around 20% and dust-laden winds blow throughout the season. In summer, hot winds called loo（英语：loo (wind)） blow all across Uttar Pradesh.[66]

Flora and fauna[编辑]

参见：Pilibhit Tiger Reserve和Dudhwa National Park
State symbols of Uttar Pradesh[72][73]
State animal Swamp deer (Rucervus duvaucelii)
State bird Sarus crane (Antigone antigone)
State tree Ashoka (Saraca asoca)
State flower Palash (Butea monosperma)
State dance Kathak（英语：Kathak）
State sport Field hockey

Uttar Pradesh has an abundance of natural resources.[74] In 2011, the recorded forest area in the state was 16,583 km2（6,403 sq mi） which is about 6.9% of the state's geographical area.[75] In spite of rapid deforestation and poaching of wildlife, a diverse flora and fauna continue to exist in the state. Uttar Pradesh is a habitat for 4.2% of all species of Algae recorded in India, 6.4% of Fungi, 6.0% of Lichens, 2.9% of Bryophytes, 3.3% of Pteridophytes, 8.7% of Gymnosperms, 8.1% of Angiosperms.[76] Several species of trees, large and small mammals, reptiles, and insects are found in the belt of temperate upper mountainous forests. Medicinal plants are found in the wild[77] and are also grown in plantations. The Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands（英语：Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands） support cattle. Moist deciduous trees grow in the upper Gangetic plain, especially along its riverbanks. This plain supports a wide variety of plants and animals. The Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of large and small reptiles, amphibians, fresh-water fish, and crabs. Scrubland trees such as the Babool (Vachellia nilotica) and animals such as the Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) are found in the arid Vindhyas.[78][79] Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains. Since much sunlight reaches the ground, shrubs and grasses are also abundant.[80] Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cultivation. Tropical thorny forests, consisting of widely scattered thorny trees, mainly babool are mostly found in the southwestern parts of the state.[81]

Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive avifauna.[82] The most common birds which are found in the state are doves, peafowl, junglefowl, black partridges, house sparrows, songbirds, blue jays, parakeet（英语：parakeet）s, quails, bulbuls, comb ducks, kingfishers, woodpeckers, snipe（英语：snipe）s, and parrots. Bird sanctuaries in the state include Bakhira Sanctuary（英语：Bakhira Sanctuary）, National Chambal Sanctuary（英语：National Chambal Sanctuary）, Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary（英语：Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary）, Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary（英语：Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary）, Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary（英语：Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary）, and Okhla Sanctuary（英语：Okhla Sanctuary）.[83][84][85][86][87][88]

Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards, cobra（英语：cobra）s, kraits, and gharials. Among the wide variety of fishes, the most common ones are mahaseer（英语：Mahseer） and trout. Some animal species have gone extinct in recent years, while others, like the lion from the Gangetic Plain, the rhinoceros from the Terai region, Ganges river dolphin（英语：South Asian river dolphin） primarily found in the Ganges have become endangered.[89] Many species are vulnerable to poaching despite regulation by the government（英语：Government of Uttar Pradesh）.[90]

行政区划[编辑]

主条目：北方邦行政区划
参见：北方邦西部（英语：Western Uttar Pradesh）、北方邦东部（英语：Eastern Uttar Pradesh）和阿瓦德
"Administrative Divisions"
北方邦的18个专区

北方邦分为18个专区（division），下辖共75个县（district）[91]。

专区 首府 县
阿格拉专区（英语：Agra division） 阿格拉
阿里格尔专区（英语：Aligarh division） 阿里格尔
阿约提亚专区（英语：Ayodhya division） 阿约提亚
阿泽姆格尔专区（英语：Azamgarh division） 阿泽姆格尔
巴雷利专区（英语：Bareilly division） 巴雷利
伯斯蒂专区（英语：Basti division） 伯斯蒂
奇特拉庫特专区（英语：Chitrakoot division） 班达（英语：Banda, Uttar Pradesh）
代维帕坦专区（英语：Devipatan division） 貢達（英语：Gonda, Uttar Pradesh）
戈勒克布爾专区（英语：Gorakhpur division） 戈勒克布爾
占西专区（英语：Jhansi division） 占西
坎普尔专区（英语：Kanpur division） 坎普尔
勒克瑙专区（英语：Lucknow division） 勒克瑙
密拉特专区 密拉特
莫拉達巴德专区（英语：Moradabad division） 莫拉達巴德
普拉亚格拉吉专区（英语：Prayagraj division） 普拉亚格拉吉
薩哈蘭普爾专区（英语：Saharanpur division） 薩哈蘭普爾
瓦拉納西专区（英语：Varanasi division） 瓦拉納西
米尔扎布尔专区（英语：Mirzapur division） 米尔扎布尔

社会[编辑]

人口[编辑]

北方邦宗教人口分布（2011年）[92]

  印度教（79.73%）
  伊斯兰教（19.26%）
  锡克教（0.32%）
  基督教（0.18%）
  佛教（0.10%）
  耆那教（0.11%）
  其他（0.01%）
  未说明（0.29%）

北方邦母语人口分布（2011年）[93]

  印地语（80.16%）
  博杰普尔语（10.93%）
  乌尔都语（5.42%）
  阿瓦德语（1.9%）
  旁遮普語（0.3%）
  孟加拉语（0.1%）
  其他（1.19%）

北方邦人口眾多，人口增長率高。從1991年到2001年，人口增長26%以上。[94]北方邦是印度人口最多的邦，2011年即已接近2億人，[95]佔印度人口的16.2%。人口密度為每平方公里828人，也是印度人口最稠密的邦。[96]北方邦擁有印度最大的表列種姓和表列部落。[97][98]

2011年的性別比例為912名女性對1000名男性，低於全國943的數字。[99]該州2001-2011年的十年人口增長率為20.1%，高於全國的17.64%。[100][101]人口中有許多仍生活在貧困線以下。[102]根據世界銀行2016年文件，該州的減貧步伐慢於全國其他地區。[103]印度儲備銀行發布的2011-12年度估計顯示，北方邦有5900萬人處於貧困線以下，為全印度最多。[102][104]尤其是中部和東部地區的貧困比例非常高。根據印度政府計劃執行部的統計報告（2020年1月7日發布），該州人均收入低於每年8,000盧比（110美元）。[105]

2011年的人口普查顯示，印度人口最多的北方邦是印度教徒和穆斯林人數最多的邦。[106]按宗教劃分，2011年印度教徒佔79.7%，穆斯林占19.3%，錫克教徒佔0.3%，基督宗教 徒佔0.2%，耆那教徒佔0.1%，佛教徒佔0.1%，其他佔0.3%。[107]國家統計局(NSO)調查報告顯示，北方邦的識字率為73%，低於77.7%的全國平均水平。該州農村地區男性識字率為80.5%，女性為60.4%，而城市地區男性識字率為86.8%，女性為74.9%。[108]

印地語是北方邦的官方語言，大多數人口（80.16%）都使用印地語。[109]但大多數人用地方語言。其中包括在北方邦中部的阿瓦德說的阿瓦德語，在北方邦東部的普萬查爾說的博傑普里語，以及在北方邦西部的布拉吉地區說的布拉吉巴沙語。烏爾都語被賦予第二官方語言的地位，有5.4%的人口使用。[109][110]該州其他語言包括旁遮普語（0.3%）和孟加拉語（0.1%）。[110]

治安[编辑]

According to the National Human Rights Commission of India（英语：National Human Rights Commission of India） (NHRC), Uttar Pradesh tops the list of states of encounter killings（英语：Encounter killings by police） and custodial deaths.[111] In 2014, the state recorded 365 judicial deaths out of a total 1,530 deaths recorded in the country.[112] NHRC further said, of the over 30,000 murders registered in the country in 2016, Uttar Pradesh had 4,889 cases.[113] A data from Minister of Home Affairs（英语：Minister of Home Affairs (India)） (MHA) avers, Bareilly recorded the highest number of custodial death at 25, followed by Agra (21), Allahabad (19) and Varanasi (9). National Crime Records Bureau（英语：National Crime Records Bureau） (NCRB) data from 2011 says, the state has the highest number of crimes among any state in India, but due to its high population, the actual per capita crime rate is low.[114] The state also continues to top the list of states with maximum communal violence incidents. An analysis of Ministers of State of Home Affairs states (2014), 23% of all incidents of communal violence in India took place in the state.[115][116] According to a research assembled by State Bank of India, Uttar Pradesh failed to improve its Human Development Index (HDI) ranking over a period of 27 years (1990–2017).[117] Based on sub-national human development index data for Indian states from 1990 to 2017, the report also stated that the value of human development index has steadily increased over time from 0.39 in 1990 to 0.59 in 2017.[118][119][120] The Uttar Pradesh Police（英语：Uttar Pradesh Police）, governed by the Department of Home and Confidential（英语：Department of Home and Confidential）, is the largest police force in the world.[121][122][123]

Uttar Pradesh also reported the highest number of deaths – 23,219 – due to road and rail accidents in 2015, according to NCRB data.[124][125] This included 8,109 deaths due to careless driving.[126] Between 2006 and 2010, the state has been hit with three terrorist attacks, including explosions in a landmark holy place, a court and a temple. The 2006 Varanasi bombings（英语：2006 Varanasi bombings） were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi on 7 March 2006. At least 28 people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured.[127][128]

In the afternoon of 23 November 2007, within a span of 25 minutes, six consecutive serial blasts（英语：2007 Uttar Pradesh bombings） occurred in the Lucknow, Varanasi, and Faizabad courts, in which 28 people were killed.[129][130][131] Another blast occurred on 7 December 2010, the blast（英语：2010 Varanasi bombing） occurred at Sheetla Ghat in Varanasi in which more than 38 people were killed.[132][133] In February 2016, a series of bomb blasts occurred at the Jhakarkati Bus Station in Kanpur, killing 2 people and injuring more than 30.[134]

政治[编辑]

refer caption
勒克瑙立法大楼（英语：Vidhan Bhavan, Lucknow），为两院所在地

北方邦实行代议民主制和议会制，是印度六个实行两院制的邦之一，分为和立法院（英语：Vidhan Sabha）（下院）和立法会（英语：Vidhan Parishad）（上院）[135][136]。北方邦立法院有404个议席，议员任期五年。立法会有100个永久议席，议员任期六年，每两年三分之一的议员离任。北方邦是印度国会议员席位最多的邦[137]，下院人民院占80席，上院联邦院占31席[138][139]。

北方邦政府为民主选举产生，邦长为宪政首长，由印度总统任命，任期五年[140]。立法院优势党派的党魁由邦长任命为首席部长，邦部长会议由邦长参照首席部长建议任命。邦长是礼仪性的邦元首，而首席部长和内阁负责日常行政工作。部长会议由内阁部长和国务部长组成，并有邦首席秘书（英语：Chief Secretary (India)）带领的秘书处协助工作。首席秘书亦是政府的行政首长。部长是各个政府部门的首脑，有首席辅秘或主任秘书（英语：Principal Secretary (India)）协助[141][142]。

北方邦的各个专区的行政长官称专区专员（英语：Divisional Commissioner）[141][143][144]，各县的行政长官称县长（英语：District collector）[141][145]，负责为辖区提供公共服务、维持法律秩序。

邦的司法机构包括普拉亚格拉吉的高等法院（英语：Allahabad High Court），勒克瑙的高等法院法庭，专区法院、县法院和乡法院[141][146]。邦首席法官由印度总统根据联邦首席法官和北方邦邦长建议任命[141][147]。

北方邦的四大政党主导着邦内政局：社会党、大眾社會黨（英语：Bahujan Samaj Party）、印度人民党、印度国民大会党[148]。

经济[编辑]

refer caption
诺伊达的IT产业园区[149]

北方邦2023年的地区生产总值达1800亿美元，排在印度第四位（英语：List of Indian states and union territories by GDP）[150]，占印度国内生产总值的8.4%[151]。

北方邦位于肥沃的印度河-恒河平原，农业是邦内就业人口最多的产业。根据印度品牌资产基金会（India Brand Equity Foundation，IBEF）的报告，2014-15年度，北方邦的粮食产量占全国粮食总产量的19%[152]。纺织业和制糖业是北方邦的传统产业，雇用的劳动力占工厂劳动力总数的很大比例。旅游业亦为北方邦的经济数字作出较大贡献[153]。北方邦是印度最大的蔗糖产地，印度约70%的蔗糖产自北方邦[152]。制造业方面以水泥业为最主要的产业[154]。2009–10年，第三产业占邦内生产总值的44.8%，排名最高，而第一产业占44%，第二产业占11.2%[155][156]。诺伊达、密拉特、阿格拉是人均收入最高的三个县，勒克瑙和坎普尔则排在第7位和第9位[157]。

邦内的中小规模工业得到了官方于1954年成立的北方邦金融公司（Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation，UPFC）的支持[158]。UPFC还通过单一窗口计划向有良好记录的现有单位和新单位提供周转资金[159]。世界银行于2016年发布的《印度营商便利度报告》中，北方邦名列前十名，在印度北部各邦中排名第一[160]。根据北方邦预算文件（2019-20年），北方邦的债务负担占国内生产总值的29.8%[161]。

近年来，北方邦的经济增长率一直未能达到两位数[161]。在印度第十一个五年计划（2007年–2012年）期间，北方邦生产总值的平均增长率为7.3%，低于全国各邦15.5%的平均增长率[162][163]。

根据印度经济监测中心（Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy，CMIE）调查，2020年4月，北方邦的失业率达到21.5%，增长了11.4个百分点[164]。2011年，北方邦的净迁出人口为印度最高[165]，2011年人口普查的移民数据显示，有近 1440万人（占人口的14.7%）迁出北方邦[166]。婚姻是女性迁出的主要原因，而男性迁出的最重要原因是就业[167]。

Transportation[编辑]

更多信息：List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh、List of airports in Uttar Pradesh和Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
A section of Delhi–Noida Direct Flyway

The state has the largest railway network in the country but in relative terms has only sixth-highest railway density despite its plain topography and largest population. 截至2015年 (2015-Missing required parameter 1=month!), there were 9,077 km（5,640 mi） of rail in the state.[168][169] The railway network in the state is controlled by two divisions of the Indian Railways viz. North Central Railway and North Eastern Railway. Allahabad is the headquarters of the North Central Railway[170] and Gorakhpur is the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway.[171][172] Lucknow and Moradabad serve as divisional Headquarters of the Northern Railway Division. Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express, the second fastest Shatabdi Express train, connects the Indian capital of New Delhi to Lucknow while Kanpur Shatabdi Express, connects New Delhi to Kanpur Central. This was the first train in India to get the new German LHB coaches.[173] The railway stations of Prayagraj Junction, Agra Cantonment, Lucknow Charbagh, Gorakhpur Junction, Kanpur Central, Mathura Junction and Varanasi Junction are included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world-class railway stations.[174] The Lucknow Metro, along with the Kanpur Metro (Orange line), are rapid transit systems that serve Lucknow and Kanpur, respectively.

The state has a large, multimodal transportation system with the largest road network in the country.[175] It has 42 national highways, with a total length of 4,942 km（3,071英里） comprising 8.9 per cent of the total national highways length in India.[176] The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation was established in 1972 to provide transportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.[177] All cities are connected to state highways, and all district headquarters are being connected with four lane roads which carry traffic between major centres within the state. One of them is Agra–Lucknow Expressway, which is a 302 km（188英里） controlled-access highway constructed by UPEIDA.[178] Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India – 1,027 km（638英里） per 1,000 km2（390平方英里） – and the largest surfaced urban-road network in the country – 50,721 km（31,517英里）.[179]

By passenger traffic in India, Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow and Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport in Varanasi, are the major international airports and the main gateway to the state.[180] Another international airport has been built at Kushinagar. However, since its inauguration, Kushinagar International Airport has not yet seen any outbound flights to international destinations.[181][182] Uttar Pradesh has six domestic airports located at Agra, Allahabad, Bareilly, Ghaziabad, Gorakhpur and Kanpur.[183][184] The state has also proposed creating the Noida International Airport near Jewar in Gautam Buddha Nagar district.[185][186] [187]

Sports[编辑]

参见：Indian Grand Prix和Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association
refer caption
Force India racing at Buddh International Circuit

Traditional sports, now played mostly as a pastime, include wrestling, swimming, kabaddi, and track-sports or water-sports played according to local traditional rules and without modern equipment. Some sports are designed to display martial skills such as using a sword or 'Pata' (stick).[188] Due to a lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports survive mostly as individuals' hobbies or local competitive events. Among modern sports, field hockey is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced top-level players in India, such as Nitin Kumar. and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay.[189]

Recently, cricket has become more popular than field hockey.[190] Uttar Pradesh won its first Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006, beating Bengal in the final.[191] Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex is a newly built international cricket stadium with a capacity of around 20,000 spectators.[192] Wrestling has deep roots in Uttar Pradesh, with many akharas (traditional wrestling schools) spread across the state.[193]

The Uttar Pradesh football team (UPFS) serves as the governing body for football in Uttar Pradesh. It holds authority over the Uttar Pradesh football team and is officially affiliated with the All India Football Federation.[194] The UPFS participates in sending state teams to compete in all National Football Championships organised by the All India Football Federation.[195] Additionally, the UPFS oversees two Mandal Football Associations: the Aligarh Football Association and the Kanpur Football Association.[196] The Uttar Pradesh Badminton Association is a sports body affiliated to Badminton Association of India responsible for overseeing players representing Uttar Pradesh at the national level.[197]

The Buddh International Circuit hosted India's inaugural F1 Grand Prix race on 30 October 2011.[198] Races were only held three times before being cancelled due to falling attendance and lack of government support. The government of Uttar Pradesh considered Formula One to be entertainment and not a sport, and thus imposed taxes on the event and participants.[199]

Education[编辑]

主条目：Education in Uttar Pradesh
参见：List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh
JRHU is a private university for people with disabilities in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh.
Central Drug Research Institute, an autonomous multidisciplinary research institute

Uttar Pradesh has a prolonged tradition of education, although historically it was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools.[200] Sanskrit-based learning formed the major part of education from the Vedic to the Gupta periods. As cultures travelled through the region they brought their bodies of knowledge with them, adding Pali, Persian and Arabic scholarship to the community. These formed the core of Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education until the rise of British colonialism. The present schools-to-university system of education owes its inception and development in the state (as in the rest of the country) to foreign Christian missionaries and the British colonial administration.[201] Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts. Hindi is used as a medium of instruction in most of the schools except those affiliated to the CBSE or the council for ICSE boards.[202] Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education or a central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce, or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programs. Some Uttar Pradesh schools, for example Delhi Public School (Noida), La Martinière Girls' College (Lucknow), and Step by Step School (Noida) have been ranked among the best schools in the country.[203]

Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities,[204] including five central universities, twenty eight state universities, eight deemed universities, two IITs in Varanasi and Kanpur, AIIMS Gorakhpur and AIIMS Rae Bareli, an IIM in Lucknow[205][206]

The Integral University, a state level institution, was established by the Uttar Pradesh Government to provide education in different technical, applied science, and other disciplines.[207] The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies was founded as an autonomous organisation by the national ministry of culture. Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University is the only university established exclusively for the disabled in the world.[208] A large number of Indian scholars are educated at different universities in Uttar Pradesh. Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in the geographic area of the state include Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Motilal Nehru, Harish Chandra and Indira Gandhi.[209]

Tourism[编辑]

主条目：Tourism in Uttar Pradesh
参见：Kumbh Mela和Architecture of Uttar Pradesh
refer caption
Kumbh Mela at Sangam, Allahabad, 2013

Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of India.[210][211] Some 44,000 foreign tourists arrived in the state in 2021, and almost 110 million domestic tourists.[212] The Taj Mahal attracts some 7 million people a year, earning almost 7.8亿卢比 (1,211.34万美元) in ticket sales in 2018–19.[213] The state is home to three World Heritage Sites: the Taj Mahal,[214] Agra Fort,[215] and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri.[216]

Religious tourism plays a significant role in the state's economy. Varanasi is a major religious hub and one of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) in Hinduism and Jainism.[217][218][219] Vrindavan is considered to be a holy place for Vaishnavism.[220][221] Sravasti generally considered as revered sites in Buddhism, believed to be where the Buddha taught many of his Suttas (sermons).[222]

Owing to the belief as to the birthplace of Rama, Ayodhya (Awadh) has been regarded as one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites.[223][224][225] Millions gather at Prayagraj to take part in the Magh Mela festival on the banks of the Ganges.[226] This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbh Mela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world.[227]

Buddhist attractions in Uttar Pradesh include stupas and monasteries. The historically important towns of Sarnath where Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon after his enlightenment and died at Kushinagar; both of which are important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists.[228] Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka, both important archaeological artefacts with national significance. At a distance of 80 km（50英里） from Varanasi, Ghazipur is famous not only for its Ghats on the Ganges but also for the tomb of Lord Cornwallis, the 18th-century Governor of East India Company ruled Bengal Presidency. The tomb is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.[229] Jhansi Fort, located in the city of Jhansi, is closely associated with the "First War of Indian Independence", also known as the "Great Rebellion" or the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[230] The fort is constructed in accordance with medieval Indian military architecture, featuring thick walls, bastions, and various structures within its complex. The architecture reflects a blend of Hindu and Islamic styles.[231]

Healthcare[编辑]

District Hospital, Kanpur Dehat

Uttar Pradesh has a mix of public as well as private healthcare infrastructure. Public healthcare in Uttar Pradesh is provided through a grid of primary health centers, community health centers, district hospitals, and medical colleges. Although an extensive network of public and private sector healthcare providers has been built, the available health infrastructure is inadequate to meet the demand for health services in the state.[232] In 15 years to 2012–13, the population increased by more than 25 per cent. The public health centres, which are the frontline of the government's health care system, decreased by 8 per cent.[233] Smaller sub-centres, the first point of public contact, increased by no more than 2 per cent over the 25 years to 2015, a period when the population grew by more than 51 per cent.[233] The state is also facing challenges such as a shortage of healthcare professionals, increasing cost of healthcare, a lack of essential medicines and equipment, the mushrooming of private healthcare and a lack of planning.[234] 截至2017年 (2017-Missing required parameter 1=month!), the number of government hospital in rural and urban areas of Uttar Pradesh stood at 4,442 with 39,104 beds and 193 with 37,156 beds respectively.[235]

A newborn in Uttar Pradesh is expected to live four years fewer than in the neighbouring state of Bihar, five years fewer than in Haryana and seven years fewer than in Himachal Pradesh. The state contributed to the largest share of almost all communicable and noncommunicable disease deaths, including 48 per cent of all typhoid deaths (2014); 17 per cent of cancer deaths and 18 per cent of tuberculosis deaths (2015).[233] Its maternal mortality ratio is higher than the national average at 258 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births (2017), with 62 per cent of pregnant women unable to access minimum ante-natal care.[236][237] Around 42 per cent of pregnant women, more than 1.5 million, deliver babies at home. About two-thirds (61 per cent) of childbirths at home in the state are unsafe.[238] It has the highest child mortality indicators,[239] from the neonatal mortality rate to the under-five mortality rate of 64 children who die per 1,000 live births before five years of age, 35 die within a month of birth, and 50 do not complete a year of life.[240]

Culture[编辑]

主条目：Culture of Uttar Pradesh

Language and literature[编辑]

主条目：Languages of Uttar Pradesh
The battle of Kurukshetra, folio from the Mahabharata

Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh. Renowned Indian writers who have resided in Uttar Pradesh were Kabir, Ravidas, and Tulsidas, who wrote much of his Ram Charit Manas in Varanasi. The festival of Guru Purnima is dedicated to Sage Vyasa, and also known as Vyasa Purnima as it is the day which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.[241]

Hindi became the language of state administration with the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act of 1951.[242] A 1989 amendment to the act added Urdu, as an additional language of the state.[243] Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central, East-Central, and Eastern zones of the Indo Aryan languages. The major Hindi languages of the state are Awadhi, Bagheli, Bundeli, Braj Bhasha, Kannauji, and Hindustani.[244] Bhojpuri, an Eastern Indo Aryan language, is also spoken in the state.[245]

Music and dance[编辑]

主条目：Music of Uttar Pradesh

With each district of Uttar Pradesh having its unique music and tradition, traditional folk music in Uttar Pradesh has been categorised in three different ways including music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and music performed by custom. During the medieval period, two distinct types of music began to emerge in Uttar Pradesh. One was the courtly music, which received support from cities like Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Lucknow, Jaunpur, Varanasi, and Banda. The other was the religious music stemming from the Bhakti Cult, which thrived in places like Mathura, Vrindavan, and Ayodhya.[246] The popular folk music of Uttar Pradesh includes sohar, which is sung to celebrate the birth of a child. Evolved into the form of semi-classical singing, Kajari sung during the rainy season, and its singing style is closely associated the Benares gharana.[247] Ghazal, Thumri and Qawwali which is a form of Sufi poetry is popular in the Awadh region, Rasiya (especially popular in Braj), which celebrate the divine love of Radha and Krishna. Khayal is a form of semi-classical singing which comes from the courts of Awadh. Other forms of music are Biraha, Chaiti, Chowtal, Alha, and Sawani.[246]

Kathak, a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh.[248] Ramlila is one of the oldest dramatic folk dances; it depicts the life of the Hindu deity Rama and is performed during festivals such as Vijayadashami.[249] Nautanki is a traditional form of folk theatre that originated in Uttar Pradesh. It typically portrays a variety of themes ranging from historical and mythological tales to social and political commentary.[250] In the gharana dance form, both the Lucknow and the Benares gharanas are situated in the state.[251] Charkula is popular dance of the Braj region.[252]

Fairs and festivals[编辑]

Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan, sultani dal, raita, and shahi paneer

Chhath Puja is the biggest festival of eastern Uttar Pradesh.[253] The Kumbh Mela, organised in the month of Maagha (February—March), is a major festival held every twelve years in rotation at Prayagraj on the river Ganges.[254] Lathmar Holi is a local celebration of the Hindu festival of Holi. It takes place well before the actual Holi in the town of Barsana near Mathura.[255] Taj Mahotsav, held annually at Agra, is a colourful display of the culture of the Braj area.[256] Ganga Mahotsav, a festival of Kartik Purnima, is celebrated fifteen days after Diwali.[257]

Cuisine[编辑]

主条目：Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh

Mughlai cuisine is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the imperial kitchens of the Mughal Empire. It represents the cooking styles used in North India, especially Uttar Pradesh, and has been strongly influenced by Central Asian cuisine. Awadhi cuisine from the city of Lucknow consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. It has been greatly influenced by Mughlai cuisine.[258]

Bhojpuri cuisine is a style of food preparation common among the Bhojpuri people of Uttar Pradesh. Bhojpuri foods are mostly mild and tend to be less hot in terms of spices used. The cuisine consists of both vegetable and meat dishes.[來源請求]

See also[编辑]

Explanatory notes[编辑]

References[编辑]

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