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座標：26°50′49″N 80°56′49″E / 26.847°N 80.947°E / 26.847; 80.947
維基百科，自由的百科全書
北方邦
उत्तर प्रदेश
印度的邦
北方邦徽章
徽章
北方邦在印度的位置
北方邦在印度的位置
北方邦地圖
北方邦地圖
坐標 （勒克瑙）：26°50′49″N 80°56′49″E / 26.847°N 80.947°E / 26.847; 80.947
國家 印度
建立時間現代：1805年（作為割讓和占領的省）
歷史
摘要
  • 1805年：割讓和占領的省
  • 1834年11月14日：阿格拉管區
  • 1836年1月1日：西北省
  • 1858年4月3日：阿約提亞被英國控制，德里從西北省分里出來，併入英屬旁遮普省
  • 1871年4月1日：阿傑梅爾, Merwara和凱克里作為獨立專區
  • 1877年2月15日：阿約提亞併入西北省
  • 1902年3月22日：更名為阿格拉和阿約提亞聯合省
  • 1921年1月3日：更名為英屬印度聯合省
  • 1937年4月1日：更名為聯合省
  • 1946年4月1日：授予自治地位
  • 1947年8月15日：成為獨立印度的一部分
  • 1950年1月16日：更名為北方邦
  • 2009年11月9日：北安查爾邦從北方邦析出，現在叫做北阿坎德邦
首府勒克瑙
縣75 [1]
政府
 • 行政機構印度政府，北方邦政府
 • 立法機關兩院制（404 + 108席）
 • 人民院選區80
 • 高等法院安拉阿巴德高等法院
面積
 • 總計243,286 平方公里（93,933 平方英里）
面積排名第4位
人口（2021年）[1]
 • 總計241,066,874人
 • 排名第1位
 • 密度991人/平方公里（2,566人/平方英里）
居民稱謂Uttarpradeshi
時區IST（UTC+05:30）
UN/LOCODEIN-UP
ISO 3166碼IN-UP
車輛號牌UP 01—XX
HDI▲ 0.596（低）
HDI rank第35位（2018年）
識字率67.68%
77.28%（男性）
57.18%（女性）
官方語言印地語
英語
烏爾都語
網站upgov.nic.in
Module:Mapframe第384行Lua錯誤：attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'lat_d' (a nil value)

北方邦（印地語：उत्तर प्रदेश，羅馬化：Uttar Pradesh），印度北部的邦，有2.41億人口，是印度人口最多的邦，亦是世界人口最多的一級行政區[2]。和尼泊爾接壤，毗鄰國內的北阿坎德邦、喜馬偕爾邦、哈里亞納邦、拉賈斯坦邦、中央邦以及比哈爾邦。北方邦面積243,286平方公里，佔印度的7.34%，面積上是印度第四大邦。該邦分為18個分區和70個縣，首府為勒克瑙。印地語和烏爾都語是北方邦最廣泛使用的語言，也是官方語言。

北方邦成立於1937年4月1日，當時是英治期間的阿格拉和烏德聯合省，並於1950年更名為北方邦。北方邦是印度的農業大邦，該邦的可耕地面積占總面積的82%，淨播種面積占可耕地面積的68.5%[3]。歷史上，北方邦曾以蔗糖種植業聞名，而如今的經濟格局則以服務業為主導，包括旅遊業、酒店業、不動產業、保險業、財務諮詢業等。北方邦的國內生產總值排名印度第三位[4]。

北方邦是印度歷史上多個主要王朝的發源地，包括孔雀王朝、戒日王朝、笈多王朝、波羅王朝、德里蘇丹國、莫臥兒帝國，有著深厚的歷史文化積澱。恆河及其支流亞穆納河在北方邦的普拉亞格拉吉交匯，是為印度教的聖地之一。全邦四分之三的人口為印度教徒，伊斯蘭教為第二大教。北方邦有數座印度教聖城，以及負有盛名的歷史名城，包括阿格拉、阿里格爾、阿約提亞、巴雷利、戈勒克布爾、坎普爾、拘屍那揭羅、勒克瑙、馬圖拉、密拉特、普拉亞格拉吉、瓦拉納西、沃林達文。邦內共有三處世界遺產：泰姬陵、阿格拉堡、法泰赫普爾西克里。

歷史[編輯]

史前時期[編輯]

自8.5萬年前至7.2萬年前，早期現代人在今日北方邦定居，以狩獵採集為生[5][6][7][8]，邦內的普拉塔普加爾城一帶存有舊石器時代中期至晚期和中石器時代的狩獵採集文明史跡遺存，距今已有2.1萬至3.1萬年歷史[9]。早在公元前6000年，就出現了馴養牛羊的村落，兼有農業生產的跡象，這些村落在之後的公元前4000年到公元前1500年之間逐漸發展，經歷了印度河流域文明和吠陀文化，一直延續到鐵器時代[10][11][12]。

遠古至古典時代[編輯]

鹿野苑的答枚克佛塔（英語：Dhamekh Stupa）是釋迦牟尼初轉法輪之地

在印度列國時代的十六大國中，領土完全位於今日北方邦內的就有七國之多[13][14]。史詩《羅摩衍那》中，拘薩羅國神王羅摩的都城阿約提亞[15]，以及史詩《摩訶婆羅多》的英雄黑天的出生地馬圖拉，都位於北方邦境內[14]。

在印度歷史上，控制恆河平原是各大王朝統治印度的必需之舉，如孔雀王朝（前320–前200年）、貴霜帝國（100年–250年）、笈多王朝（350年–600年）、瞿折羅-普臘蒂哈臘王朝（650年–1036年）[16]。6世紀，嚈噠推翻笈多王朝，曲女城（根瑙傑）崛起為恆河平原的重鎮[17]，為戒日王朝（590年–647年）都城[17]，其領土北達旁遮普，西至古吉拉特，東及孟加拉，南抵奧迪沙[14][18]。今日許多社群都自稱是曲女城人的後裔[19]。戒日王駕崩後，戒日王朝即告分裂，恆河平原轉由瞿折羅-普臘蒂哈臘王朝統治，和孟加拉的波羅王朝形成對抗之勢[18]。

北方邦大部地區由德里蘇丹國統治了320年，又可分為庫特布沙希王朝、卡爾吉王朝、圖格魯克王朝、薩義德王朝和洛迪王朝[20][21]。

德里的首位蘇丹庫特布丁·艾伊拜克治下征服了今日北方邦的部分地區，包括密拉特、阿里格爾、埃塔瓦等地。伊勒杜迷失攻克曲女城，並且征服了北方邦的大部領地。巴勒班治下遭遇多次民眾起事，但都悉數平息下來。阿拉烏丁·卡爾吉（英語：Alauddin Khilji）征服了瓦拉納西和普拉亞格拉吉等多地。此外，蘇非主義亦在這期間在北方邦生根發芽，誕生如尼扎穆丁·奧利亞（英語：Nizamuddin Auliya）、庫特布丁·巴赫蒂亞爾·卡基（英語：Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki）等影響深遠的蘇非聖人。這一時期亦有許多著名的清真寺和陵墓建築留存至今，如江布爾的阿塔拉清真寺（英語：Atala Masjid）、法泰赫普爾西克里的賈瑪清真寺、圖格魯卡巴德（英語：Tughlaqabad）的圖格魯卡巴德城堡（英語：Tughlaqabad Fort）等[22][23]。

中世至近世[編輯]

16世紀，來自中亞費爾干納盆地的巴布爾率軍自開伯爾山口南下，建立莫臥兒帝國，征服了今日的阿富汗、印度大部、巴基斯坦和孟加拉國[24]，今日的北方邦一帶充當了帝國的腹地[19][25][26]。巴布爾和胡馬雍兩位皇帝定都在德里[25][26]，1540年，舍爾沙起兵擊敗胡馬雍[27]，建立蘇爾王朝，統治北方邦地區[28]。第二次帕尼帕特戰役後，莫臥兒皇帝阿克巴收復北方邦地區[29]，定都在阿格拉和法泰赫普爾西克里[30]。

18世紀起，莫臥兒帝國步入衰落，馬拉塔帝國崛起併入侵北方邦地區，原本在該地掌權的羅希拉人（英語：Rohilla）遭馬拉地人驅逐。1803年至1804年，英國東印度公司和馬拉地人爆發第二次英國-馬拉地戰爭（英語：Second Anglo-Maratha War），由英國人取勝告終，進而統治北方邦的大部分地區[31]。

英治時期[編輯]

自18世紀下半葉起，英國東印度公司經連年征戰，逐漸控制今日的北方邦諸地[32]，連同阿傑梅爾和齋浦爾的部分領地一起，成立西北省（英語：North-Western Provinces）管轄，其面積在當時的英屬印度領地下並不算大[33]。其首府曾在阿格拉和安拉阿巴德之間兩度遷移[34]。

1857年，印度土兵譁變，引起印度民族起義，始於北方邦境內的密拉特[35]。起義最終失敗，於是英國人重劃省份，以分治起義故地，奧德土邦劃入西北省，改為阿格拉和奧德省（通稱聯合省[36][37]），德里劃出至旁遮普省，阿傑梅爾-馬瓦爾（英語：Marwar）地區併入拉傑普塔納（英語：Rajputana）[38]。

1920年，省治由安拉阿巴德遷至勒克瑙[39]，但高等法院仍留在安拉阿巴德[40]。安拉阿巴德如今仍是北方邦的行政重鎮，設有多個部門總部[41]。這一時期的北方邦地區仍是印度政治的中心，並且是印度獨立運動的溫床。這裡集結了阿里格爾穆斯林大學（英語：Aligarh Muslim University）、貝那拉斯印度教大學（英語：Banaras Hindu University）、德奧班德神學院（英語：Darul Uloom Deoband）等現代高等院校，拉姆·普拉薩德·比斯米爾（英語：Ram Prasad Bismil）、錢德拉·謝卡爾·阿扎德等知名民族主義人物，以及如莫逖拉爾·尼赫魯、賈瓦哈拉爾·尼赫魯、馬丹·莫漢·馬拉威亞（英語：Madan Mohan Malaviya）、戈溫德·巴拉布·潘特（英語：Govind Ballabh Pant）等國大黨領袖，都活躍在北方邦。1936年4月11日，全印農民協會（英語：All India Kisan Sabha）成立于勒克瑙，選舉薩哈賈南德·薩拉斯瓦蒂（英語：Sahajanand Saraswati）為首任主席[42]，他長期領導農民反抗扎明達爾地主特權，是印度農民運動的重要領袖[43]。1942年退出印度運動期間，巴利亞鎮曾推翻英國當局，建立獨立政府[44]。

獨立後[編輯]

印度獨立後的1950年1月24日，聯合省改為北方邦，仍以UP為縮寫[45][46][47]。有九位總理出身於北方邦，為印度諸邦之首。北方邦也是印度人民院議員席位最多的邦。儘管長期為印度政治重地，但該邦長期存在治理不善的問題，經濟相對落後，犯罪和腐敗問題嚴重。該邦屢屢發生種姓暴力（英語：Caste-related violence in India）和社區暴力罪案[48]。1992年12月，阿約提亞爆發巴布里清真寺拆除事件，引發全國廣泛的暴力爭端[49]。2000年，北方邦部分地區分置為北阿坎德邦[50]。

地理[編輯]

恆河平原

北方邦面積為240,928平方公里（93,023平方英里），排名印度第四，約等於英國的面積。位於印度北部邊界，和尼泊爾接壤，北部邊界抵達喜馬拉雅山區[51]，絕大部分領土是平原[52]。北部以印度河-恆河平原為主，包括恆河-亞穆納河間地區（英語：Doab）、加格拉河平原、恆河平原和特萊平原[53]，南部有溫迪亞山脈和高原地帶[54]。喜馬拉雅山脈南緣的西瓦利克山脈和平原區的石床交界區稱為巴伯爾（英語：Bhabar）地區[55]，這裡森林密布，溪流密集，季風季節就會匯成洶湧的洪流[56]。這裡長滿高大的象草，森林茂密，其間夾雜著草沼和樹沼[57][58]。

北方邦的耕作活動密集[59]，橫跨三個農業氣候區，包括中部恆河平原地區（地區四）、上恆河平原地區（地區五）和中部高原丘陵地區（地區八）[60]。河谷土地較為肥沃，因此開墾有大量梯田，但灌溉不足[61]。整個沖積平原分為三個次區域[62]。東部地區有14個縣，洪旱災害頻仍，較為缺水，人口密度最高，人均土地最少，而中部和西部地區情況相對好，有著發達的灌溉系統[63][64]。有多於32條大小河流流經該邦，較知名的有恆河、亞穆納河、薩拉斯瓦蒂河、薩拉尤河（英語：Sarayu）、貝特瓦河、加格拉河，這些河流在印度教中都有崇高地位[65]。

氣候[編輯]

Uttar Pradesh has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons.[66] The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September.[67] Summers are extreme with temperatures fluctuating anywhere between 0—50 °C（32—122 °F） in parts of the state coupled with dry hot winds called the Loo（英語：Loo (wind)）.[68] The Gangetic plain varies from semiarid to sub-humid.[67] The mean annual rainfall ranges from 650 mm（26英寸） in the southwest corner of the state to 1,000 mm（39英寸） in the eastern and south eastern parts of the state.[69] Primarily a summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian monsoon（英語：Monsoon of India） is the major bearer of rain in most parts of state. After summer it is the southwest monsoon which brings most of the rain here, while in winters rain due to the western disturbances（英語：western disturbances） and north-east monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of the state.[66][70]

Monsoon clouds over Indirapuram（英語：Indirapuram）
北方邦
月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年
平均高溫 °C（°F） 29.9
(85.8) 		31.9
(89.4) 		35.4
(95.7) 		37.7
(99.9) 		36.9
(98.4) 		31.7
(89.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		29.4
(84.9) 		31.4
(88.5) 		30.1
(86.2) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.6
(88.9)
平均低溫 °C（°F） 11.0
(51.8) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		19.9
(67.8) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.8
(69.4) 		18.5
(65.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		11.5
(52.7) 		17.8
(64.0)
平均降水量 mm（英寸） 0
(0) 		3
(0.1) 		2
(0.1) 		11
(0.4) 		40
(1.6) 		138
(5.4) 		163
(6.4) 		129
(5.1) 		155
(6.1) 		68
(2.7) 		28
(1.1) 		4
(0.2) 		741
(29.2)
平均降水天數 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 3.3 10.9 17.0 16.2 10.9 5.0 2.4 0.3 67.8
月均日照時數 291.4 282.8 300.7 303.0 316.2 186.0 120.9 111.6 177.0 248.44 270.0 288.3 2,896.34
資料來源：[71]

The rain in Uttar Pradesh can vary from an annual average of 170 cm（67英寸） in hilly areas to 84 cm（33英寸） in Western Uttar Pradesh（英語：Western Uttar Pradesh）.[66] Given the concentration of most of this rainfall in the four months of the monsoon, excess rain can lead to floods and shortage to droughts. As such, these two phenomena, floods and droughts, commonly recur in the state. The climate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between 1,000、1,200 mm（39和47英寸）, most of which comes during the monsoon.[67] Typical summer months are from March to June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30—38 °C（86—100 °F）. There is a low relative humidity of around 20% and dust-laden winds blow throughout the season. In summer, hot winds called loo（英語：loo (wind)） blow all across Uttar Pradesh.[66]

Flora and fauna[編輯]

參見：Pilibhit Tiger Reserve和Dudhwa National Park
State symbols of Uttar Pradesh[72][73]
State animal Swamp deer (Rucervus duvaucelii)
State bird Sarus crane (Antigone antigone)
State tree Ashoka (Saraca asoca)
State flower Palash (Butea monosperma)
State dance Kathak（英語：Kathak）
State sport Field hockey

Uttar Pradesh has an abundance of natural resources.[74] In 2011, the recorded forest area in the state was 16,583 km2（6,403 sq mi） which is about 6.9% of the state's geographical area.[75] In spite of rapid deforestation and poaching of wildlife, a diverse flora and fauna continue to exist in the state. Uttar Pradesh is a habitat for 4.2% of all species of Algae recorded in India, 6.4% of Fungi, 6.0% of Lichens, 2.9% of Bryophytes, 3.3% of Pteridophytes, 8.7% of Gymnosperms, 8.1% of Angiosperms.[76] Several species of trees, large and small mammals, reptiles, and insects are found in the belt of temperate upper mountainous forests. Medicinal plants are found in the wild[77] and are also grown in plantations. The Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands（英語：Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands） support cattle. Moist deciduous trees grow in the upper Gangetic plain, especially along its riverbanks. This plain supports a wide variety of plants and animals. The Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of large and small reptiles, amphibians, fresh-water fish, and crabs. Scrubland trees such as the Babool (Vachellia nilotica) and animals such as the Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) are found in the arid Vindhyas.[78][79] Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains. Since much sunlight reaches the ground, shrubs and grasses are also abundant.[80] Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cultivation. Tropical thorny forests, consisting of widely scattered thorny trees, mainly babool are mostly found in the southwestern parts of the state.[81]

Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive avifauna.[82] The most common birds which are found in the state are doves, peafowl, junglefowl, black partridges, house sparrows, songbirds, blue jays, parakeet（英語：parakeet）s, quails, bulbuls, comb ducks, kingfishers, woodpeckers, snipe（英語：snipe）s, and parrots. Bird sanctuaries in the state include Bakhira Sanctuary（英語：Bakhira Sanctuary）, National Chambal Sanctuary（英語：National Chambal Sanctuary）, Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary（英語：Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary）, Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary（英語：Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary）, Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary（英語：Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary）, and Okhla Sanctuary（英語：Okhla Sanctuary）.[83][84][85][86][87][88]

Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards, cobra（英語：cobra）s, kraits, and gharials. Among the wide variety of fishes, the most common ones are mahaseer（英語：Mahseer） and trout. Some animal species have gone extinct in recent years, while others, like the lion from the Gangetic Plain, the rhinoceros from the Terai region, Ganges river dolphin（英語：South Asian river dolphin） primarily found in the Ganges have become endangered.[89] Many species are vulnerable to poaching despite regulation by the government（英語：Government of Uttar Pradesh）.[90]

行政區劃[編輯]

主條目：北方邦行政區劃
參見：北方邦西部（英語：Western Uttar Pradesh）、北方邦東部（英語：Eastern Uttar Pradesh）和阿瓦德
"Administrative Divisions"
北方邦的18個專區

北方邦分為18個專區（division），下轄共75個縣（district）[91]。

專區 首府 縣
阿格拉專區（英語：Agra division） 阿格拉
阿里格爾專區（英語：Aligarh division） 阿里格爾
阿約提亞專區（英語：Ayodhya division） 阿約提亞
阿澤姆格爾專區（英語：Azamgarh division） 阿澤姆格爾
巴雷利專區（英語：Bareilly division） 巴雷利
伯斯蒂專區（英語：Basti division） 伯斯蒂
奇特拉庫特專區（英語：Chitrakoot division） 班達（英語：Banda, Uttar Pradesh）
代維帕坦專區（英語：Devipatan division） 貢達（英語：Gonda, Uttar Pradesh）
戈勒克布爾專區（英語：Gorakhpur division） 戈勒克布爾
占西專區（英語：Jhansi division） 占西
坎普爾專區（英語：Kanpur division） 坎普爾
勒克瑙專區（英語：Lucknow division） 勒克瑙
密拉特專區 密拉特
莫拉達巴德專區（英語：Moradabad division） 莫拉達巴德
普拉亞格拉吉專區（英語：Prayagraj division） 普拉亞格拉吉
薩哈蘭普爾專區（英語：Saharanpur division） 薩哈蘭普爾
瓦拉納西專區（英語：Varanasi division） 瓦拉納西
米爾扎布爾專區（英語：Mirzapur division） 米爾扎布爾

社會[編輯]

人口[編輯]

北方邦宗教人口分布（2011年）[92]

  印度教（79.73%）
  伊斯蘭教（19.26%）
  錫克教（0.32%）
  基督教（0.18%）
  佛教（0.10%）
  耆那教（0.11%）
  其他（0.01%）
  未說明（0.29%）

北方邦母語人口分布（2011年）[93]

  印地語（80.16%）
  博杰普爾語（10.93%）
  烏爾都語（5.42%）
  阿瓦德語（1.9%）
  旁遮普語（0.3%）
  孟加拉語（0.1%）
  其他（1.19%）

北方邦人口眾多，人口增長率高。從1991年到2001年，人口增長26%以上。[94]北方邦是印度人口最多的邦，2011年即已接近2億人，[95]佔印度人口的16.2%。人口密度為每平方公里828人，也是印度人口最稠密的邦。[96]北方邦擁有印度最大的表列種姓和表列部落。[97][98]

2011年的性別比例為912名女性對1000名男性，低於全國943的數字。[99]該州2001-2011年的十年人口增長率為20.1%，高於全國的17.64%。[100][101]人口中有許多仍生活在貧困線以下。[102]根據世界銀行2016年文件，該州的減貧步伐慢於全國其他地區。[103]印度儲備銀行發布的2011-12年度估計顯示，北方邦有5900萬人處於貧困線以下，為全印度最多。[102][104]尤其是中部和東部地區的貧困比例非常高。根據印度政府計劃執行部的統計報告（2020年1月7日發布），該州人均收入低於每年8,000盧比（110美元）。[105]

2011年的人口普查顯示，印度人口最多的北方邦是印度教徒和穆斯林人數最多的邦。[106]按宗教劃分，2011年印度教徒佔79.7%，穆斯林占19.3%，錫克教徒佔0.3%，基督宗教 徒佔0.2%，耆那教徒佔0.1%，佛教徒佔0.1%，其他佔0.3%。[107]國家統計局(NSO)調查報告顯示，北方邦的識字率為73%，低於77.7%的全國平均水平。該州農村地區男性識字率為80.5%，女性為60.4%，而城市地區男性識字率為86.8%，女性為74.9%。[108]

印地語是北方邦的官方語言，大多數人口（80.16%）都使用印地語。[109]但大多數人用地方語言。其中包括在北方邦中部的阿瓦德說的阿瓦德語，在北方邦東部的普萬查爾說的博傑普里語，以及在北方邦西部的布拉吉地區說的布拉吉巴沙語。烏爾都語被賦予第二官方語言的地位，有5.4%的人口使用。[109][110]該州其他語言包括旁遮普語（0.3%）和孟加拉語（0.1%）。[110]

治安[編輯]

According to the National Human Rights Commission of India（英語：National Human Rights Commission of India） (NHRC), Uttar Pradesh tops the list of states of encounter killings（英語：Encounter killings by police） and custodial deaths.[111] In 2014, the state recorded 365 judicial deaths out of a total 1,530 deaths recorded in the country.[112] NHRC further said, of the over 30,000 murders registered in the country in 2016, Uttar Pradesh had 4,889 cases.[113] A data from Minister of Home Affairs（英語：Minister of Home Affairs (India)） (MHA) avers, Bareilly recorded the highest number of custodial death at 25, followed by Agra (21), Allahabad (19) and Varanasi (9). National Crime Records Bureau（英語：National Crime Records Bureau） (NCRB) data from 2011 says, the state has the highest number of crimes among any state in India, but due to its high population, the actual per capita crime rate is low.[114] The state also continues to top the list of states with maximum communal violence incidents. An analysis of Ministers of State of Home Affairs states (2014), 23% of all incidents of communal violence in India took place in the state.[115][116] According to a research assembled by State Bank of India, Uttar Pradesh failed to improve its Human Development Index (HDI) ranking over a period of 27 years (1990–2017).[117] Based on sub-national human development index data for Indian states from 1990 to 2017, the report also stated that the value of human development index has steadily increased over time from 0.39 in 1990 to 0.59 in 2017.[118][119][120] The Uttar Pradesh Police（英語：Uttar Pradesh Police）, governed by the Department of Home and Confidential（英語：Department of Home and Confidential）, is the largest police force in the world.[121][122][123]

Uttar Pradesh also reported the highest number of deaths – 23,219 – due to road and rail accidents in 2015, according to NCRB data.[124][125] This included 8,109 deaths due to careless driving.[126] Between 2006 and 2010, the state has been hit with three terrorist attacks, including explosions in a landmark holy place, a court and a temple. The 2006 Varanasi bombings（英語：2006 Varanasi bombings） were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi on 7 March 2006. At least 28 people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured.[127][128]

In the afternoon of 23 November 2007, within a span of 25 minutes, six consecutive serial blasts（英語：2007 Uttar Pradesh bombings） occurred in the Lucknow, Varanasi, and Faizabad courts, in which 28 people were killed.[129][130][131] Another blast occurred on 7 December 2010, the blast（英語：2010 Varanasi bombing） occurred at Sheetla Ghat in Varanasi in which more than 38 people were killed.[132][133] In February 2016, a series of bomb blasts occurred at the Jhakarkati Bus Station in Kanpur, killing 2 people and injuring more than 30.[134]

政治[編輯]

refer caption
勒克瑙立法大樓（英語：Vidhan Bhavan, Lucknow），為兩院所在地

北方邦實行代議民主制和議會制，是印度六個實行兩院制的邦之一，分為和立法院（英語：Vidhan Sabha）（下院）和立法會（英語：Vidhan Parishad）（上院）[135][136]。北方邦立法院有404個議席，議員任期五年。立法會有100個永久議席，議員任期六年，每兩年三分之一的議員離任。北方邦是印度國會議員席位最多的邦[137]，下院人民院占80席，上院聯邦院占31席[138][139]。

北方邦政府為民主選舉產生，邦長為憲政首長，由印度總統任命，任期五年[140]。立法院優勢黨派的黨魁由邦長任命為首席部長，邦部長會議由邦長參照首席部長建議任命。邦長是禮儀性的邦元首，而首席部長和內閣負責日常行政工作。部長會議由內閣部長和國務部長組成，並有邦首席秘書（英語：Chief Secretary (India)）帶領的秘書處協助工作。首席秘書亦是政府的行政首長。部長是各個政府部門的首腦，有首席輔秘或主任秘書（英語：Principal Secretary (India)）協助[141][142]。

北方邦的各個專區的行政長官稱專區專員（英語：Divisional Commissioner）[141][143][144]，各縣的行政長官稱縣長（英語：District collector）[141][145]，負責為轄區提供公共服務、維持法律秩序。

邦的司法機構包括普拉亞格拉吉的高等法院（英語：Allahabad High Court），勒克瑙的高等法院法庭，專區法院、縣法院和鄉法院[141][146]。邦首席法官由印度總統根據聯邦首席法官和北方邦邦長建議任命[141][147]。

北方邦的四大政黨主導著邦內政局：社會黨、大眾社會黨（英語：Bahujan Samaj Party）、印度人民黨、印度國民大會黨[148]。

經濟[編輯]

refer caption
諾伊達的IT產業園區[149]

北方邦2023年的地區生產總值達1800億美元，排在印度第四位（英語：List of Indian states and union territories by GDP）[150]，占印度國內生產總值的8.4%[151]。

北方邦位於肥沃的印度河-恆河平原，農業是邦內就業人口最多的產業。根據印度品牌資產基金會（India Brand Equity Foundation，IBEF）的報告，2014-15年度，北方邦的糧食產量占全國糧食總產量的19%[152]。紡織業和製糖業是北方邦的傳統產業，雇用的勞動力占工廠勞動力總數的很大比例。旅遊業亦為北方邦的經濟數字作出較大貢獻[153]。北方邦是印度最大的蔗糖產地，印度約70%的蔗糖產自北方邦[152]。製造業方面以水泥業為最主要的產業[154]。2009–10年，第三產業占邦內生產總值的44.8%，排名最高，而第一產業占44%，第二產業占11.2%[155][156]。諾伊達、密拉特、阿格拉是人均收入最高的三個縣，勒克瑙和坎普爾則排在第7位和第9位[157]。

邦內的中小規模工業得到了官方於1954年成立的北方邦金融公司（Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation，UPFC）的支持[158]。UPFC還通過單一窗口計劃向有良好記錄的現有單位和新單位提供周轉資金[159]。世界銀行於2016年發布的《印度營商便利度報告》中，北方邦名列前十名，在印度北部各邦中排名第一[160]。根據北方邦預算文件（2019-20年），北方邦的債務負擔占國內生產總值的29.8%[161]。

近年來，北方邦的經濟增長率一直未能達到兩位數[161]。在印度第十一個五年計劃（2007年–2012年）期間，北方邦生產總值的平均增長率為7.3%，低於全國各邦15.5%的平均增長率[162][163]。

根據印度經濟監測中心（Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy，CMIE）調查，2020年4月，北方邦的失業率達到21.5%，增長了11.4個百分點[164]。2011年，北方邦的淨遷出人口為印度最高[165]，2011年人口普查的移民數據顯示，有近 1440萬人（占人口的14.7%）遷出北方邦[166]。婚姻是女性遷出的主要原因，而男性遷出的最重要原因是就業[167]。

Transportation[編輯]

更多資訊：List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh、List of airports in Uttar Pradesh和Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
A section of Delhi–Noida Direct Flyway

The state has the largest railway network in the country but in relative terms has only sixth-highest railway density despite its plain topography and largest population. 截至2015年 (2015-Missing required parameter 1=month!), there were 9,077 km（5,640 mi） of rail in the state.[168][169] The railway network in the state is controlled by two divisions of the Indian Railways viz. North Central Railway and North Eastern Railway. Allahabad is the headquarters of the North Central Railway[170] and Gorakhpur is the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway.[171][172] Lucknow and Moradabad serve as divisional Headquarters of the Northern Railway Division. Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express, the second fastest Shatabdi Express train, connects the Indian capital of New Delhi to Lucknow while Kanpur Shatabdi Express, connects New Delhi to Kanpur Central. This was the first train in India to get the new German LHB coaches.[173] The railway stations of Prayagraj Junction, Agra Cantonment, Lucknow Charbagh, Gorakhpur Junction, Kanpur Central, Mathura Junction and Varanasi Junction are included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world-class railway stations.[174] The Lucknow Metro, along with the Kanpur Metro (Orange line), are rapid transit systems that serve Lucknow and Kanpur, respectively.

The state has a large, multimodal transportation system with the largest road network in the country.[175] It has 42 national highways, with a total length of 4,942 km（3,071英里） comprising 8.9 per cent of the total national highways length in India.[176] The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation was established in 1972 to provide transportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.[177] All cities are connected to state highways, and all district headquarters are being connected with four lane roads which carry traffic between major centres within the state. One of them is Agra–Lucknow Expressway, which is a 302 km（188英里） controlled-access highway constructed by UPEIDA.[178] Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India – 1,027 km（638英里） per 1,000 km2（390平方英里） – and the largest surfaced urban-road network in the country – 50,721 km（31,517英里）.[179]

By passenger traffic in India, Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow and Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport in Varanasi, are the major international airports and the main gateway to the state.[180] Another international airport has been built at Kushinagar. However, since its inauguration, Kushinagar International Airport has not yet seen any outbound flights to international destinations.[181][182] Uttar Pradesh has six domestic airports located at Agra, Allahabad, Bareilly, Ghaziabad, Gorakhpur and Kanpur.[183][184] The state has also proposed creating the Noida International Airport near Jewar in Gautam Buddha Nagar district.[185][186] [187]

Sports[編輯]

參見：Indian Grand Prix和Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association
refer caption
Force India racing at Buddh International Circuit

Traditional sports, now played mostly as a pastime, include wrestling, swimming, kabaddi, and track-sports or water-sports played according to local traditional rules and without modern equipment. Some sports are designed to display martial skills such as using a sword or 'Pata' (stick).[188] Due to a lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports survive mostly as individuals' hobbies or local competitive events. Among modern sports, field hockey is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced top-level players in India, such as Nitin Kumar. and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay.[189]

Recently, cricket has become more popular than field hockey.[190] Uttar Pradesh won its first Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006, beating Bengal in the final.[191] Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex is a newly built international cricket stadium with a capacity of around 20,000 spectators.[192] Wrestling has deep roots in Uttar Pradesh, with many akharas (traditional wrestling schools) spread across the state.[193]

The Uttar Pradesh football team (UPFS) serves as the governing body for football in Uttar Pradesh. It holds authority over the Uttar Pradesh football team and is officially affiliated with the All India Football Federation.[194] The UPFS participates in sending state teams to compete in all National Football Championships organised by the All India Football Federation.[195] Additionally, the UPFS oversees two Mandal Football Associations: the Aligarh Football Association and the Kanpur Football Association.[196] The Uttar Pradesh Badminton Association is a sports body affiliated to Badminton Association of India responsible for overseeing players representing Uttar Pradesh at the national level.[197]

The Buddh International Circuit hosted India's inaugural F1 Grand Prix race on 30 October 2011.[198] Races were only held three times before being cancelled due to falling attendance and lack of government support. The government of Uttar Pradesh considered Formula One to be entertainment and not a sport, and thus imposed taxes on the event and participants.[199]

Education[編輯]

主條目：Education in Uttar Pradesh
參見：List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh
JRHU is a private university for people with disabilities in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh.
Central Drug Research Institute, an autonomous multidisciplinary research institute

Uttar Pradesh has a prolonged tradition of education, although historically it was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools.[200] Sanskrit-based learning formed the major part of education from the Vedic to the Gupta periods. As cultures travelled through the region they brought their bodies of knowledge with them, adding Pali, Persian and Arabic scholarship to the community. These formed the core of Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education until the rise of British colonialism. The present schools-to-university system of education owes its inception and development in the state (as in the rest of the country) to foreign Christian missionaries and the British colonial administration.[201] Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts. Hindi is used as a medium of instruction in most of the schools except those affiliated to the CBSE or the council for ICSE boards.[202] Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education or a central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce, or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programs. Some Uttar Pradesh schools, for example Delhi Public School (Noida), La Martinière Girls' College (Lucknow), and Step by Step School (Noida) have been ranked among the best schools in the country.[203]

Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities,[204] including five central universities, twenty eight state universities, eight deemed universities, two IITs in Varanasi and Kanpur, AIIMS Gorakhpur and AIIMS Rae Bareli, an IIM in Lucknow[205][206]

The Integral University, a state level institution, was established by the Uttar Pradesh Government to provide education in different technical, applied science, and other disciplines.[207] The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies was founded as an autonomous organisation by the national ministry of culture. Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University is the only university established exclusively for the disabled in the world.[208] A large number of Indian scholars are educated at different universities in Uttar Pradesh. Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in the geographic area of the state include Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Motilal Nehru, Harish Chandra and Indira Gandhi.[209]

Tourism[編輯]

主條目：Tourism in Uttar Pradesh
參見：Kumbh Mela和Architecture of Uttar Pradesh
refer caption
Kumbh Mela at Sangam, Allahabad, 2013

Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of India.[210][211] Some 44,000 foreign tourists arrived in the state in 2021, and almost 110 million domestic tourists.[212] The Taj Mahal attracts some 7 million people a year, earning almost 7.8億盧比 (1,211.34萬美元) in ticket sales in 2018–19.[213] The state is home to three World Heritage Sites: the Taj Mahal,[214] Agra Fort,[215] and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri.[216]

Religious tourism plays a significant role in the state's economy. Varanasi is a major religious hub and one of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) in Hinduism and Jainism.[217][218][219] Vrindavan is considered to be a holy place for Vaishnavism.[220][221] Sravasti generally considered as revered sites in Buddhism, believed to be where the Buddha taught many of his Suttas (sermons).[222]

Owing to the belief as to the birthplace of Rama, Ayodhya (Awadh) has been regarded as one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites.[223][224][225] Millions gather at Prayagraj to take part in the Magh Mela festival on the banks of the Ganges.[226] This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbh Mela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world.[227]

Buddhist attractions in Uttar Pradesh include stupas and monasteries. The historically important towns of Sarnath where Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon after his enlightenment and died at Kushinagar; both of which are important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists.[228] Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka, both important archaeological artefacts with national significance. At a distance of 80 km（50英里） from Varanasi, Ghazipur is famous not only for its Ghats on the Ganges but also for the tomb of Lord Cornwallis, the 18th-century Governor of East India Company ruled Bengal Presidency. The tomb is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.[229] Jhansi Fort, located in the city of Jhansi, is closely associated with the "First War of Indian Independence", also known as the "Great Rebellion" or the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[230] The fort is constructed in accordance with medieval Indian military architecture, featuring thick walls, bastions, and various structures within its complex. The architecture reflects a blend of Hindu and Islamic styles.[231]

Healthcare[編輯]

District Hospital, Kanpur Dehat

Uttar Pradesh has a mix of public as well as private healthcare infrastructure. Public healthcare in Uttar Pradesh is provided through a grid of primary health centers, community health centers, district hospitals, and medical colleges. Although an extensive network of public and private sector healthcare providers has been built, the available health infrastructure is inadequate to meet the demand for health services in the state.[232] In 15 years to 2012–13, the population increased by more than 25 per cent. The public health centres, which are the frontline of the government's health care system, decreased by 8 per cent.[233] Smaller sub-centres, the first point of public contact, increased by no more than 2 per cent over the 25 years to 2015, a period when the population grew by more than 51 per cent.[233] The state is also facing challenges such as a shortage of healthcare professionals, increasing cost of healthcare, a lack of essential medicines and equipment, the mushrooming of private healthcare and a lack of planning.[234] 截至2017年 (2017-Missing required parameter 1=month!), the number of government hospital in rural and urban areas of Uttar Pradesh stood at 4,442 with 39,104 beds and 193 with 37,156 beds respectively.[235]

A newborn in Uttar Pradesh is expected to live four years fewer than in the neighbouring state of Bihar, five years fewer than in Haryana and seven years fewer than in Himachal Pradesh. The state contributed to the largest share of almost all communicable and noncommunicable disease deaths, including 48 per cent of all typhoid deaths (2014); 17 per cent of cancer deaths and 18 per cent of tuberculosis deaths (2015).[233] Its maternal mortality ratio is higher than the national average at 258 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births (2017), with 62 per cent of pregnant women unable to access minimum ante-natal care.[236][237] Around 42 per cent of pregnant women, more than 1.5 million, deliver babies at home. About two-thirds (61 per cent) of childbirths at home in the state are unsafe.[238] It has the highest child mortality indicators,[239] from the neonatal mortality rate to the under-five mortality rate of 64 children who die per 1,000 live births before five years of age, 35 die within a month of birth, and 50 do not complete a year of life.[240]

Culture[編輯]

主條目：Culture of Uttar Pradesh

Language and literature[編輯]

主條目：Languages of Uttar Pradesh
The battle of Kurukshetra, folio from the Mahabharata

Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh. Renowned Indian writers who have resided in Uttar Pradesh were Kabir, Ravidas, and Tulsidas, who wrote much of his Ram Charit Manas in Varanasi. The festival of Guru Purnima is dedicated to Sage Vyasa, and also known as Vyasa Purnima as it is the day which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.[241]

Hindi became the language of state administration with the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act of 1951.[242] A 1989 amendment to the act added Urdu, as an additional language of the state.[243] Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central, East-Central, and Eastern zones of the Indo Aryan languages. The major Hindi languages of the state are Awadhi, Bagheli, Bundeli, Braj Bhasha, Kannauji, and Hindustani.[244] Bhojpuri, an Eastern Indo Aryan language, is also spoken in the state.[245]

Music and dance[編輯]

主條目：Music of Uttar Pradesh

With each district of Uttar Pradesh having its unique music and tradition, traditional folk music in Uttar Pradesh has been categorised in three different ways including music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and music performed by custom. During the medieval period, two distinct types of music began to emerge in Uttar Pradesh. One was the courtly music, which received support from cities like Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Lucknow, Jaunpur, Varanasi, and Banda. The other was the religious music stemming from the Bhakti Cult, which thrived in places like Mathura, Vrindavan, and Ayodhya.[246] The popular folk music of Uttar Pradesh includes sohar, which is sung to celebrate the birth of a child. Evolved into the form of semi-classical singing, Kajari sung during the rainy season, and its singing style is closely associated the Benares gharana.[247] Ghazal, Thumri and Qawwali which is a form of Sufi poetry is popular in the Awadh region, Rasiya (especially popular in Braj), which celebrate the divine love of Radha and Krishna. Khayal is a form of semi-classical singing which comes from the courts of Awadh. Other forms of music are Biraha, Chaiti, Chowtal, Alha, and Sawani.[246]

Kathak, a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh.[248] Ramlila is one of the oldest dramatic folk dances; it depicts the life of the Hindu deity Rama and is performed during festivals such as Vijayadashami.[249] Nautanki is a traditional form of folk theatre that originated in Uttar Pradesh. It typically portrays a variety of themes ranging from historical and mythological tales to social and political commentary.[250] In the gharana dance form, both the Lucknow and the Benares gharanas are situated in the state.[251] Charkula is popular dance of the Braj region.[252]

Fairs and festivals[編輯]

Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan, sultani dal, raita, and shahi paneer

Chhath Puja is the biggest festival of eastern Uttar Pradesh.[253] The Kumbh Mela, organised in the month of Maagha (February—March), is a major festival held every twelve years in rotation at Prayagraj on the river Ganges.[254] Lathmar Holi is a local celebration of the Hindu festival of Holi. It takes place well before the actual Holi in the town of Barsana near Mathura.[255] Taj Mahotsav, held annually at Agra, is a colourful display of the culture of the Braj area.[256] Ganga Mahotsav, a festival of Kartik Purnima, is celebrated fifteen days after Diwali.[257]

Cuisine[編輯]

主條目：Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh

Mughlai cuisine is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the imperial kitchens of the Mughal Empire. It represents the cooking styles used in North India, especially Uttar Pradesh, and has been strongly influenced by Central Asian cuisine. Awadhi cuisine from the city of Lucknow consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. It has been greatly influenced by Mughlai cuisine.[258]

Bhojpuri cuisine is a style of food preparation common among the Bhojpuri people of Uttar Pradesh. Bhojpuri foods are mostly mild and tend to be less hot in terms of spices used. The cuisine consists of both vegetable and meat dishes.[來源請求]

See also[編輯]

Explanatory notes[編輯]

References[編輯]

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