3-磷酸甘油酸
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3-磷酸甘油酸 | |
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IUPAC名 (2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-phosphonooxypropanoic acid | |
識別 | |
CAS號 | 820-11-1 ![]() |
PubChem | 439183 |
ChemSpider | 388326 |
SMILES |
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ChEBI | 17794 |
性質 | |
化學式 | C3H7O7P |
摩爾質量 | 186.06 g·mol−1 |
若非註明,所有數據均出自標準狀態(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。 |
3-磷酸甘油酸(英語:3-phosphoglycerate, 3PG或glycerate 3-phosphate GP)是生物細胞中常見的分子之一,也是糖解作用與卡爾文循環過程裏的中間產物。(註:在卡爾文循環當中簡寫為PGA)
在糖解作用中,3-磷酸甘油酸是由1,3-雙磷酸甘油酸在磷酸甘油酸激酶(Phosphoglycerate kinase)的催化中產生的。每一分子3-雙磷酸甘油酸會使一分子的ADP轉變成為的ATP,原理是接在1,3-雙磷酸甘油酸上的兩個磷酸根,其中有一個轉移到ADP之上。這個反應需要鎂離子(Mg2+)的幫助。
接下來3-磷酸甘油酸將會在磷酸甘油酸變位酶(Phosphoglycerate)的催化下生成2-磷酸甘油酸,在此反應中,原本接在3-磷酸甘油酸,即己催化,下生成2-磷酸甘油酸的碳上的磷酸根,將會轉移到變位酶上;然後原本在變位酶上的磷酸根,則會接到3-磷酸甘油酸的碳上,反應前後的變位酶整體結構沒有變化。與上一步驟相同,此反應同樣需要Mg2+
糖酵解
[編輯]在糖酵解途徑中,1,3-二磷酸甘油酸在偶聯反應中去磷酸化形成 3-磷酸甘油酸,通過底物水平磷酸化產生兩個ATP 。 [1] 然後,3-PGA 分子上留下的單個磷酸基團從末端碳移動到中心碳,產生 2-磷酸甘油酸酯。這種磷酸基重定位由磷酸甘油酸變位酶催化,該酶也催化逆反應。 [2]
卡爾文-本森循環
[編輯]在不依賴於光的反應(也稱為卡爾文-本森循環)中,合成了兩個 3-磷酸甘油酸分子。 RuBP是一種 5 碳糖,在rubisco酶的催化下進行碳固定,變成不穩定的 6 碳中間體。 然後,該中間體被裂解成兩個獨立的 3-碳 3-PGA 分子。 [3] 所得 3-PGA 分子之一繼續通過 Calvin-Benson 循環再生為 RuBP,而另一個則通過兩個步驟還原形成一分子甘油醛 3-磷酸(G3P):將 3-PGA磷酸化為1, 3-二磷酸甘油酸通過磷酸甘油酸激酶(與糖酵解中的反應相反)生成,隨後由甘油醛 3-磷酸脫氫酶催化生成 G3P。 [4] [5] [6] G3P 最終反應形成糖,如葡萄糖或果糖或更複雜的澱粉。 [7] :156[4] [5]
氨基酸合成
[編輯]3-磷酸甘油酯(由 3-磷酸甘油酸形成)也是絲氨酸的前體,絲氨酸反過來又可以通過同型半胱氨酸循環產生半胱氨酸和甘氨酸。 [8] [9] [10]
測量
[編輯]3-磷酸甘油酸可以使用紙色譜[11]以及柱色譜和其他色譜分離方法來分離和測量。 [12] 它可以使用氣相色譜法和液相色譜質譜法進行鑑定,並已針對使用串聯質譜技術的評估進行了優化。 [13] [14] [15]
參考文獻
[編輯]
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- ^ Rye, Connie; Wise, Robert; Jurukovski, Vladimir; DeSaix, Jean; Choi, Jung; Avissar, Yael. https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/7-2-glycolysis
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缺少標題 (幫助). Glycolysis. OpenStax College. 2016 [2023-08-28]. (原始內容存檔於2014-05-30).Rye, Connie; Wise, Robert; Jurukovski, Vladimir; DeSaix, Jean; Choi, Jung; Avissar, Yael (2016). "Glycolysis" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Biology (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). OpenStax College. - ^ Rose, Z.B.; Dube, S. Rates of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of phosphoglycerate mutase and bisphosphoglycerate synthase. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1976, 251 (16): 4817–4822. PMID 8447. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33188-5
.Rose, Z.B.; Dube, S. (1976). "Rates of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of phosphoglycerate mutase and bisphosphoglycerate synthase". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 251 (16): 4817–4822. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33188-5. PMID 8447 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館).
- ^ Andersson, I. Catalysis and regulation in Rubisco. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2008, 59 (7): 1555–1568. PMID 18417482. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern091
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- ^ 5.0 5.1 Pettersson, G.; Ryde-Pettersson, Ulf. A mathematical model of the Calvin photosynthesis cycle. European Journal of Biochemistry. 1988, 175 (3): 661–672. PMID 3137030. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14242.x.Pettersson, G.; Ryde-Pettersson, Ulf (1988). "A mathematical model of the Calvin photosynthesis cycle". European Journal of Biochemistry. 175 (3): 661–672. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14242.x. PMID 3137030 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館).
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- ^ Leegood, R.C.; Sharkey, T.D.; von Caemmerer, S. (編). Photosynthesis: Physiology and Metabolism. Advances in Photosynthesis 9. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2000. ISBN 978-0-7923-6143-5. doi:10.1007/0-306-48137-5.Leegood, R.C.; Sharkey, T.D.; von Caemmerer, S., eds. (2000). Photosynthesis: Physiology and Metabolism. Advances in Photosynthesis. Vol. 9. Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi:10.1007/0-306-48137-5. ISBN 978-0-7923-6143-5.
- ^ Igamberdiev, A.U.; Kleczkowski, L.A. The Glycerate and Phosphorylated Pathways of Serine Synthesis in Plants: The Branches of Plant Glycolysis Linking Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018, 9 (318): 318. PMC 5861185
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- ^ Hanford, J.; Davies, D.D. Formation of Phosphoserine from 3-Phosphoglycerate in Higher Plants. Nature. 1958, 182 (4634): 532–533. Bibcode:1958Natur.182..532H. S2CID 4192791. doi:10.1038/182532a0.Hanford, J.; Davies, D.D. (1958). "Formation of Phosphoserine from 3-Phosphoglycerate in Higher Plants". Nature. 182 (4634): 532–533. Bibcode:1958Natur.182..532H (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). doi:10.1038/182532a0. S2CID 4192791.
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