說明:德語國際音標
 | 這頁是維基百科的德語國際音標發音指南。 |
下表為德語發音在維基百科中用國際音標（IPA）表示的方式。另請參閱德語音系。
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| 元音 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 標準德語 | 奧地利德語 | 瑞士德語 | 舉例 | 英語近似發音 | 華語近似發音 |
| 單元音 | |||||
| a | alles[6] | art (no r-colouring) | ㄚ | ||
| aː | aber, sah[6] | father | |||
| ɛ | Ende, hätte | bet | yuan | ||
| ɛː | spät, wählen[7] | bed | |||
| eː | eben, gehen | pays (Scottish) | hei | ||
| ɪ | ist, bitte | sit | ya 舌中部抬高 | ||
| iː | viel, Berlin | tea | ㄧ | ||
| ɔ | Osten, kommen | lot (RP and Australian) | ㄛ | ||
| oː | oder, hohe | law (RP and Australian) | |||
| œ | öffnen | roughly like hurt (no r-colouring) | 粵語：長 / cheung4 | ||
| øː | Österreich | roughly like herd (no r-colouring) | 似粵語：長 / cheung4 | ||
| ʊ | und | took (Australian) | 介於ㄛ和ㄨ，且開口大 | ||
| uː | Hut | pool | ㄨ | ||
| ʏ | müssen | roughly like Scottish shoot | ㄩ | ||
| yː | über | roughly like Scottish shoes | |||
| 雙元音 | |||||
| aɪ | ein | bite | ㄞ | ||
| aʊ | auf | shout | ㄠ | ||
| ɔʏ | ɔɪ | Euro, Häuser | loiter | 無（ㄛ+∣或ㄛ+ㄩ） | |
| 元音弱化 | |||||
| ɐ | ər | immer[3] | DE, AT: roughly like fun CH: butter (Scottish) |
粵語: 賓 / ban1 | |
| ə | Name | ago | 近似於ㄝ | ||
| 半元音 | |||||
| ɐ̯ | r | Uhr[3] | DE, AT: roughly like idea CH: far (Scottish) |
無 | |
| i̯ | Studie | yard | 無 | ||
| u̯ | aktuell | would | 無 | ||
| 外來元音 | |||||
| ãː | Gourmand[8] | chanson (French pron., but long) | 帶鼻音的ㄚ | ||
| ɛ̃ː | Pointe[8] | vingt-et-un (French pron., but long) | yuan | ||
| õː | Garçon[8] | chanson (French pron., but long) | 帶鼻音的ㄛ | ||
| œ̃ː | Parfum[8] | vingt-et-un (French pron., but long) | 無 | ||
| œːɐ̯ | O2 World[9] | roughly like herd | 無 | ||
| 短元音 | |||||
| a | Kalender[6][10] | art (no r-colouring) | |||
| ã | engagieren[8] | chanson (short [ãː]) | |||
| ɛ̃ | impair[8] | vingt-et-un (short [ɛ̃ː]) | |||
| e | Element[10] | pace (Scottish) | |||
| i | Italien[10] | teach | |||
| o | originell[10] | force (RP and Australian) | |||
| õ | foncé[8] | chanson (short [õː]) | |||
| œ̃ | Lundist[8] | vingt-et-un (short [œ̃ː]) | |||
| ø | Ökonom[10] | roughly like hurt (no r-colouring) | |||
| u | Universität[10] | truth | |||
| y | Psychologie[10] | roughly like Scottish shoot | |||
註釋
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Injavascript:void() German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable. 引用錯誤：帶有name屬性「devoicing」的
<ref>標籤用不同內容定義了多次 - ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker.
- ^ Initial vowels are usually preceded by [ʔ], except in Swiss Standard German.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall (2003:42頁)).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Some scholars write [ɑː] for [aː], and [ɑ] for its shortened counterpart, thus differentiating between regular [a] and shortened [ɑ] (see e.g.
- ^ In Northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ to [eː].
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 The nasal vowels occur in French loans.
- ^ [œːɐ̯] is the German rendering of the English Template:Smallcapital vowel /ɜːr/.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 [a, e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [aː, eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords.