乙琥胺

Ethosuximide
臨床資料
商品名（英语：Drug nomenclature）	Zarontin, others
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a682327
核准狀況	美 DailyMed: Ethosuximide;
懷孕分級	澳: D ; ;
给药途径	口服(膠囊劑, 溶液)
ATC碼	N03AD01 (WHO) ;
法律規範狀態
法律規範	歐：Rx-only; 美：处方药（℞-only）; 处方药（℞-only）;
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度	93%
药物代谢	肝臟 (CYP3A4, CYP2E1（英语：CYP2E1）)
生物半衰期	53 小時
排泄途徑	腎 (20%)
识别信息
	IUPAC命名法 (RS)-3-Ethyl-3-methyl-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione; ;
CAS号	77-67-8
PubChem CID	3291;
IUPHAR/BPS	7182;
DrugBank	DB00593 ;
ChemSpider	3175 ;
UNII	5SEH9X1D1D;
KEGG	D00539 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:4887 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL696 ;
CompTox Dashboard（英语：CompTox Chemicals Dashboard） (EPA)	DTXSID7023019 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.954
化学信息
化学式	C7H11NO2
摩尔质量	141.17 g·mol−1
3D模型（JSmol（英语：JSmol））	交互式图像;
手性	外消旋體
熔点	64至65 °C（147至149 °F）
	SMILES O=C1NC(=O)CC1(C)CC;
	InChI InChI=1S/C7H11NO2/c1-3-7(2)4-5(9)8-6(7)10/h3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9,10) ; Key:HAPOVYFOVVWLRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;

乙琥胺是治疗失神性癲癇（英语：Absence seizure）的口服药物^[4]。可以单独使用，也可以与其他抗癲癇藥品（英语：Anticonvulsant）（如：丙戊酸）併用^[4]。

副作用一般很小^[5]。常见的副作用包括食欲不振、腹痛、腹泻和疲倦^[4]。严重的副作用包括自殺想法（英语：Suicidal ideation）、血球减少（英语：Cytopenia）和红斑狼疮^[4] ^[5]。目前寫的怀孕期或 3 岁以下的安全仍不清楚^[4]。乙琥胺属于丁二酰亚胺类药物。確定的作用機轉並不清楚^[4]。

乙琥胺于 1960 年在美国取得医疗許可^[4]。名列世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单^[6]。已有學名藥流通於市^[4]。截至 2004 年，世界上大多数地区都已普遍可得^[7]。但至 2019 年，由于美国的統一定價（英语：Price fixing）或价格操纵的問題，這個药物在许多国家的取得都受到限制^[8] ^[9] ^[10]。

參見

参考文獻

^ List of nationally authorised medicinal products (PDF). European Medicines Agency.
^ Patsalos PN. Properties of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. November 2005,. 46 Suppl 9 (s9): 140–8. PMID 16302888. S2CID 19462889. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00326.x .
^ Anvisa. RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control]. Diário Oficial da União（英语：Diário Oficial da União）. 2023-03-31 (2023-04-04) [2023-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-03）（巴西葡萄牙语）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 ^4.7 Ethosuximide. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [8 December 2016]. （原始内容存档于21 December 2016）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 World Health Organization. WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. 2009: 69, 74–75. ISBN 9789241547659.
^ World Health Organization. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
^ Shorvon, Simon; Perucca, Emilio; Fish, David; Dodson, W. E. The Treatment of Epilepsy. John Wiley & Sons. 2004: 147 [2020-03-30]. ISBN 978-0-470-75245-6. （原始内容存档于2021-08-28）（英语）.
^ Hempel, Georg. Methods of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Including Pharmacogenetics. Elsevier. 2019: 241 [2020-04-05]. ISBN 978-0-444-64067-3. （原始内容存档于2021-08-28）（英语）.
^ Attorney General Tong leads 44-state coalition in antitrust lawsuit against Teva Pharmaceuticals, 19 other generic drug manufacturers, 15 individuals in conspiracy to fix prices and allocate markets for more than 100 different generic drugs (新闻稿). Office of the Attorney General of the State of Connecticut. 12 May 2019 [5 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于20 April 2020）.
^ States sue generic drug makers, claiming a conspiracy to fix prices. consumeraffairs.com. 14 May 2019 [5 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于25 April 2020）（英语）.

[1] List of nationally authorised medicinal products (PDF). European Medicines Agency.

[bioavailability-2] Patsalos PN. Properties of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. November 2005,. 46 Suppl 9 (s9): 140–8. PMID 16302888. S2CID 19462889. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00326.x .

[3] Anvisa. RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control]. Diário Oficial da União（英语：Diário Oficial da União）. 2023-03-31 (2023-04-04) [2023-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-03）（巴西葡萄牙语）.

[AHFS2016-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 ^4.7 Ethosuximide. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [8 December 2016]. （原始内容存档于21 December 2016）.

[WHO2008-5] 5.0 ^5.1 World Health Organization. WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. 2009: 69, 74–75. ISBN 9789241547659.

[WHO21st-6] World Health Organization. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

[Sh2008-7] Shorvon, Simon; Perucca, Emilio; Fish, David; Dodson, W. E. The Treatment of Epilepsy. John Wiley & Sons. 2004: 147 [2020-03-30]. ISBN 978-0-470-75245-6. （原始内容存档于2021-08-28）（英语）.

[Hem2019-8] Hempel, Georg. Methods of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Including Pharmacogenetics. Elsevier. 2019: 241 [2020-04-05]. ISBN 978-0-444-64067-3. （原始内容存档于2021-08-28）（英语）.

[9] Attorney General Tong leads 44-state coalition in antitrust lawsuit against Teva Pharmaceuticals, 19 other generic drug manufacturers, 15 individuals in conspiracy to fix prices and allocate markets for more than 100 different generic drugs (新闻稿). Office of the Attorney General of the State of Connecticut. 12 May 2019 [5 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于20 April 2020）.

[CA2019-10] States sue generic drug makers, claiming a conspiracy to fix prices. consumeraffairs.com. 14 May 2019 [5 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于25 April 2020）（英语）.

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