苯巴比妥
| 臨床資料 | |
|---|---|
| 商品名 | Luminal、Sezaby及其他 |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682007 |
| 核准狀況 | |
| 懷孕分級 |
|
| 依賴性 | High[1] |
| 给药途径 | 口服給藥, 直腸給藥, 非消化道給藥[2][3] |
| 藥物類別 | 巴比妥類藥物 |
| ATC碼 | |
| 法律規範狀態 | |
| 法律規範 |
|
| 藥物動力學數據 | |
| 生物利用度 | >95% |
| 血漿蛋白結合率 | 20 - 45% |
| 药物代谢 | 肝臟 (大部分經由CYP2C19) |
| 藥效起始時間 | 在5五分鐘內(靜脈注射),30分鐘(口服)[6] |
| 生物半衰期 | 53–118小時 |
| 作用時間 | 4小時 – 2天[6][7] |
| 排泄途徑 | 腎臟及糞便 |
| 识别信息 | |
| |
| CAS号 | 50-06-6 |
| PubChem CID | |
| IUPHAR/BPS | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.007 |
| 化学信息 | |
| 化学式 | C12H12N2O3 |
| 摩尔质量 | 232.24 g·mol−1 |
| 3D模型(JSmol) | |
| |
| |
苯巴比妥(INN:phenobarbital,又稱為phenobarbitone,或是phenobarb),以Luminal等品牌名稱於市場上銷售,是一種巴比妥類藥物。[6]世界衛生組織 (WHO) 建議開發中國家用它來治療特定類型的癲癇。[8]它在已開發國家通常用於治療新生兒癲癇發作,[9]而對年齡較大的兒童和成人的癲癇發作則普遍使用其他藥物來治療。[10]此藥物也用於獸醫學用途。[11]
給藥途徑有透過靜脈注射(緩慢輸注)、肌肉注射,或是口服。不建議用皮下注射給藥。[6]如果使用其他藥物治療癲癇重積狀態未能達到令人滿意的效果,可改用此藥物(靜脈注射或肌肉注射)。[6]苯巴比妥偶爾也用於治療失眠、焦慮和苯二氮平類藥物戒斷症候群 (以及在特定情況下與某些其他藥物有關的戒斷症狀),或在手術進行前用作抗焦慮藥和誘導鎮靜。[6]靜脈注射給藥通常在五分鐘內開始發揮作用,口服給藥則在半小時內開始發揮。[6]藥效持續時間在4小時到兩天之間。[6][7]
潛在的嚴重副作用有意識水平下降和呼吸抑制。[6]長期使用後有潛在的濫用和戒斷風險。[6]此藥物也可能增加自殺的風險。[6]
澳大利亞將其歸類為懷孕分級D類,表示在個體在懷孕期間服用,可能會對胎兒造成傷害。[6][12]如果個體在母乳哺育期間使用,可能會導致嬰兒嗜睡。[13]苯巴比妥的作用方式為增強體內抑制性神經傳導物質γ-胺基丁酸的活性。[6]
苯巴比妥於1912年被發現,是現今仍普遍使用的最古老抗癲癇藥物。[14][15]它已名列世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單中。[16]
醫學用途
[编辑]苯巴比妥用於治療所有類型的癲癇發作,而失神性癲癇除外。[17][18]它控制癲癇發作的效力不亞於苯妥英,但人體對苯巴比妥的耐受性較差。[19]苯巴比妥對於治療傑克遜癲癇(部分性發作),可能比卡馬西平具有臨床優勢。而對於全身強直陣攣發作 ,卡馬西平的效力則會優於苯巴比妥的。[20]
治療癲癇重積狀態的首選藥物是苯二氮平類藥物,例如勞拉西泮、氯硝西泮 、咪達唑侖或地西泮 。如果這些藥物無效,則可使用苯妥英,在美國,苯巴比妥是一個替代選項 (尤其針對嬰兒),但它在英國僅被列為三線用藥。[21]如果前述治療均告失敗,唯一的治療方法就是在重症加護病房進行麻醉。[18][22]世界衛生組織 (WHO) 建議在開發中國家將苯巴比妥作為一線用藥,它已在這些地區受廣泛使用。[8][23]
苯巴比妥是治療新生兒癲癇發作的首選藥物。[24][25][26][27]由於大多數醫師擔憂新生兒癲癇發作本身可能有害,會採取積極的治療方法。然而,目前並沒可靠的證據支持這種做法。[28]
因苯巴比妥具有鎮靜和抗驚厥特性,有時會被用於酒精解毒和苯二氮平類藥物解毒。不過苯二氮平類藥物氯氮䓬 (商品名稱Librium) 和奧沙西泮 (商品名稱Serax) 在解毒方面已很大程度上取代苯巴比妥。[29]
苯巴比妥對治療失眠和焦慮有療效。[30]
其他用途
[编辑]苯巴比妥所具的特性可有效地減輕與苯二氮平類藥物突然戒斷相關的震顫和癲癇發作。
苯巴比妥偶爾被開立低劑量處方,以幫助患有第二型克果納傑氏症[31]或吉爾波特症候群[32]的患者進行膽紅素結合,而更有效地降低血液中的膽紅素水平,減輕黃疸症狀。對於疑似患有新生兒膽道閉鎖的嬰兒,苯巴比妥可用於準備進99mTc-IDA肝膽掃描研究,以將閉鎖、肝炎或是膽汁淤積作區分。
苯巴比妥會被開立大劑量給末期病人,經由協助自殺方式來結束其生命。[33]
苯巴比妥與其他巴比妥類藥物一樣,可作娛樂性用藥,[34]但據報導,這種情況相對不常見。[35]
科學家已成功描述苯巴比妥與其光控類比物 (簡稱DASA-barbital) 的合成方法,目的在於將其用作光藥理學領域的研究化合物。[36]
副作用
[编辑]鎮靜和催眠作用是苯巴比妥的主要副作用(有時也是預期的效果)。它對中樞神經系統的影響,例如頭暈、眼球震顫和共濟失調,也同樣常見。它可能在老年患者中引起興奮和精神錯亂,而在兒童中,則可能導致反常性多動症.[37]
苯巴比妥是一種細胞色素P450肝酶的誘導劑。它會與轉錄因子受體結合,而激活細胞色素P450的轉錄,進而增加其數量和活性。[38]用於兒童時應謹慎。在抗驚厥藥物中,氯硝西泮和苯巴比妥最常導致行為反常。[39]
禁忌症
[编辑]罹患急性間歇性紫質症、對任何巴比妥類藥物過敏、先前對巴比妥類藥物有依賴史、嚴重呼吸功能不全 (如慢性阻塞性肺病所致)、嚴重肝衰竭、懷孕和哺乳,均是苯巴比妥的禁忌症。[37]
用藥過量
[编辑]苯巴比妥會抑制身體系統,主要影響中樞神經系統和周圍神經系統。因此苯巴比妥過量的主要特徵是身體功能"減慢",包括意識下降(甚至昏迷)、心跳過緩、呼吸過緩、體溫過低和低血壓 (在嚴重過量時)。過量也可能因休克導致肺水腫和急性腎衰竭,而可能導致死亡。
服用苯巴比妥過量患者的腦電圖可能會顯示電活動顯著下降,甚至達到模擬腦死的程度。這是由於中樞神經系統受到深度抑制所致,通常為可逆。[40]
苯巴比妥過量的治療屬於支持性療法,主要包括:維持氣道通暢 (通過氣管插管和機械換氣)、糾正心跳過緩和低血壓 (必要時使用靜脈輸液和升壓藥),以及盡可能從體內清除藥物。由於苯巴比妥在體內會發生腸肝循環,因此採取多次劑量活性炭灌服是主要的治療方法。尿液鹼化 (通過碳酸氫鈉實現) 可增強腎臟排泄。血液透析在清除體內苯巴比妥方面有其效用,可將其生物半衰期縮短多達90%。[40]目前沒有針對巴比妥類藥物中毒的特效解毒劑。[41]
作用機制
[编辑]苯巴比妥是一種異位調節劑,通過與GABAA受體亞基相互作用,延長氯離子通道的開放時間,而增加流入神經元的氯離子流量,因而降低突觸後神經元的興奮性。這種使突觸後膜超極化的作用,導致突觸後神經元的一般興奮方面減弱。由於使得神經元更難去極化 ,突觸後神經元的動作電位閾值將會提高。[42]
科學家們認為苯巴比妥的催眠和抗驚厥作用,除增強γ-胺基丁酸(GABA)活性的主要機制之外,也歸因於它能直接阻斷穀氨酸能的AMPA受體和Kainate受體。[43][44]
藥代動力學
[编辑]口服苯巴比妥的生物利用度約為90%。在口服給藥後的8到12小時達到血漿濃度峰值。它是目前可用的巴比妥類藥物中作用時間最長之一 - 它在體內停留時間非常久 (生物半衰期為2到7天),且蛋白質結合率非常低 (20%至45%)。苯巴比妥在肝臟中代謝,主要透過羥基化和葡萄醣醛酸化,並能誘導細胞色素P450系統中的多種同工酶。苯巴比妥在肝臟裡發揮作用時,會特別透過一個稱為CAR/RXR的核受體,而促使肝臟大量製造CYP2B6。此藥物主要經由腎臟排泄。[45]
歷史
[编辑]第一種巴比妥類藥物是巴比妥 ,由德國化學家赫爾曼·埃米爾·費雪和約瑟夫·馮·梅林於1902年合成,並首先由拜耳以品牌名稱Veronal上市。到1904年,費雪又合成幾種相關藥物,包括苯巴比妥。苯巴比妥於1912年由拜耳以品牌名稱Luminal上市。在1960年代苯二氮平類藥物問世之前,它一直是一種常用的鎮靜劑和催眠藥。[46]
苯巴比妥在1912年因其鎮靜和催眠特性而聞名,但其作為抗驚厥藥物的潛力尚未被發現。一位年輕的美國醫師阿爾弗雷德·豪普特曼於20世紀初偶然將其用於癲癇患者作為鎮靜劑時,觀察到它對癲癇發作有療效,隨後進行深入研究,發現苯巴比妥比當時主流的癲癇藥物 - 副作用嚴重且療效有限的溴化鉀效果更佳。[47]同時苯巴比妥在患者身上能顯著減少癲癇發作的頻率和嚴重程度,部分患者得以停止發作,甚至能離開收容機構,重返社會。雖然苯巴比妥不是根治癲癇的方法(停藥會導致癲癇復發),但它迅速被公認為第一種廣泛有效的抗驚厥藥物,標誌著癲癇治療的重大進步。第一次世界大戰曾延遲其在美國的推廣,其臨床價值很快得到確立。[48]
Luminal曾被納粹德國用於非自願安樂死。一名五個月大的殘疾男嬰於1939年被注射足夠的Luminal劑量而死後,希特勒隨即指示精神病學家啟動秘密非自願安樂死計畫。[49][50]
於1940年,在德國安斯巴赫的一家診所,約五十名智力障礙兒童被注射Luminal而遭殺害。這種非自願安樂死計畫持續存在,直到至少1943年。[51][52]
苯巴比妥曾被用於治療新生兒黃疸,其作用是藉由增加肝臟代謝,而降低膽紅素水平。當光照治療在1950年代被發現,便取代苯巴比妥成為主要的治療手段。[53]
苯巴比妥曾被用於預防性治療熱性痙攣,時間長達二十五年以上。[54]此藥物在預防熱性痙攣復發方面是有效的療法,但它對患者的預後或發生癲癇的風險並沒有正面影響,因此目前已不再推薦。[55][56]
社會與文化
[编辑]名稱
[编辑]Phenobarbital是國際非專有藥名(INN),而phenobarbitone則是英國核准名稱 (BAN)。
合成
[编辑]


法規
[编辑]苯巴比妥在美國依據《受管制物質法案》被列為附表IV非麻醉性鎮靜劑.。然而由於其劑量低或與其他低濃度管制藥物結合,仍享有豁免處方藥地位. 它曾於過去存在於一種現已受到更嚴格管制的豁免非處方藥的複方藥中,該藥物含有麻黃鹼。[57]在這類麻黃鹼片劑中,苯巴比妥的含量雖然低於治療劑量,其作用是為抵消麻黃鹼過量可能引起的中樞過度刺激和癲癇發作。這些含麻黃非處方藥或受監控的前體,或列為從附表II到V不等的處方管制藥物。最寬鬆的管制(附表V豁免非處方藥)也要求進行購買者身份驗證及取得簽名,藥劑師有拒絕銷售的權利。[58]
著名過量案例
[编辑]苯巴比妥曾與幾起著名死亡事件相關。一位被稱為伊斯達爾女子的神秘女子在1970年在挪威被發現死亡,死因涉及燒傷、一氧化碳中毒與苯巴比妥,其身份至今成謎,被懷疑是間諜。[59]
此外,英國獸醫唐納德·辛克萊爾 (即《萬物有靈(系列)》書中所描述的齊格弗里德·法農(Siegfried Farnon)) ,於84歲時注射過量苯巴比妥自殺。美國政治和社會運動人物艾比·霍夫曼則在1989年將苯巴比妥與酒精混合服用自殺,驗屍時發現他體內有約一百五十顆藥丸的殘留。[60]
美國邪教天堂之門的39名成員於1997年3月集體自殺。他們飲下致死劑量的苯巴比妥和伏特加,"隨後躺下等死",希望他們的靈魂能被太空船接走,進入一個更高的、非人類的進化層次。[61]
獸醫用途
[编辑]苯巴比妥是治療狗和貓癲癇的首選一線藥物之一。[11]
當抗強迫症療法對治療貓感覺過敏症無效時,可使用此藥物。[62]
當苯二氮平類藥物對馬的癲癇發作治療失敗,或是有禁忌症時,也可使用苯巴比妥來治療。[63]
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