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慢性阻塞性肺病:修订间差异

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| causes = [[吸菸]]、[[空氣污染]]、[[遗传学|基因遺傳]]<ref name=Lancet2012/>
| causes = [[吸菸]]、[[空氣污染]]、[[遗传学|基因遺傳]]<ref name=Lancet2012/>
| risks =
| risks =
| diagnosis = {{tsl|en|pulmonary function test||Lung function test}}s<ref name=Nathell/>
| diagnosis = {{tsl|en|pulmonary function test|肺功能測試}}<ref name=Nathell/>
| differential = [[哮喘]]<ref name=WHO2015/>
| differential = [[哮喘]]<ref name=WHO2015/>
| prevention = Improving indoor and outdoor [[空氣污染|air quality]]<ref name=WHO2015/>
| prevention = 改善室內及戶外[[空氣污染|空氣品質]]<ref name=WHO2015/>
| treatment = [[戒烟]]、{{tsl|en|respiratory rehabilitation|呼吸復健}}、{{tsl|en|lung transplantation|肺臟移植}}<ref name=Lancet2012/>
| treatment = [[戒烟]]、{{tsl|en|respiratory rehabilitation|呼吸復健}}、{{tsl|en|lung transplantation|肺臟移植}}<ref name=Lancet2012/>
| medication = [[疫苗接種]]、吸入式[[支气管扩张药]]、[[皮質類固醇|類固醇]]、{{tsl|en|oxygen therapy|氧氣治療|長期氧氣治療}}<ref name=Lancet2012/><ref name=GOLD2007/>
| medication = [[疫苗接種]]、吸入式[[支气管扩张药]]、[[皮質類固醇|類固醇]]、{{tsl|en|oxygen therapy|氧氣治療|長期氧氣治療}}<ref name=Lancet2012/><ref name=GOLD2007/>
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'''慢性阻塞性肺病'''({{lang-en|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}},[[缩写]]为'''{{lang|en|COPD}}'''),常简称为'''慢阻肺'''。COPD是{{link-en|阻塞性肺病|Obstructive lung disease}}的一种,主要表现为持续性的气流受限<ref name=GOLD2017Chp1>{{cite book | last=Algusti | first=Alvar G. et al.| title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD|year=2017 | publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) | pages=6–17 | chapter=Definition and Overview | url=http://goldcopd.org/download/326/}}</ref><!--p. 6--><ref name=Roversi2017>{{cite journal | last1=Roversi| first1=Sara| last2=Corbetta| first2=Lorenzo| last3=Clini|first3=Enrico |title=GOLD 2017 recommendations for COPD patients: toward a more personalized approach|date=5 May 2017 |journal=COPD Research and Practice |volume=3 |doi=10.1186/s40749-017-0024-y}}</ref>,病情会随着时间推移而加重<!--<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1/>-->。COPD的主要症状包括[[呼吸短促]]、[[咳嗽]]和{{link-en|喀痰|Sputum}}<ref name=GOLD2017Chp1/><!--pp. 25–26-->。許多[[慢支气管炎]]的人同时也是患有慢性阻塞性。<ref name=Harr2012/>
'''慢性阻塞性肺病'''({{lang-en|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}},[[缩写]]为'''{{lang|en|COPD}}'''),常简称为'''慢阻肺'''。COPD是{{link-en|阻塞性肺病|Obstructive lung disease}}的一种,主要表现为持续性的气流受限<ref name="GOLD2017Chp12">{{cite book|url=http://goldcopd.org/download/326/|title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD|last=Algusti|first=Alvar G. et al.|publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD)|year=2017|pages=6–17|chapter=Definition and Overview}}</ref><!--p. 6--><ref name="Roversi20172">{{cite journal|title=GOLD 2017 recommendations for COPD patients: toward a more personalized approach|first1=Sara|last2=Corbetta|first2=Lorenzo|date=5 May 2017|journal=COPD Research and Practice|doi=10.1186/s40749-017-0024-y|volume=3|last3=Clini|first3=Enrico|last1=Roversi}}</ref>。症状包括[[呼吸短促]]、[[咳嗽]]和{{link-en|喀痰|Sputum}}<ref name="GOLD2017Chp12" /><!--pp. 25–26-->。COPD是一種{{Le|進行|progressive disease}},說病情會隨時間逐漸惡化<ref name="GOLD2013Chp12">{{cite book|url=http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201204-0596PP#.V5Fh3_mANBc|title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease|last=Vestbo|first=Jørgen|publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease|year=2013|pages=1–7|chapter=Definition and Overview}}</ref>,最後連走路、著衣等日常活動都難以進行<ref name="WHO2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Fact sheet N°315|accessdate=4 March 2016|date=January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082716/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs315/en/|archivedate=4 March 2016|website=WHO|deadurl=no|df=}}</ref>。 過去學界會將COPD分為'''慢性支氣管炎'''(Chronic bronchitis)和'''氣腫'''(emphysema)兩型<ref name="WHO2015" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=li1VCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA913|title=Ferri's netter patient advisor|first1=John A.|date=2012|publisher=Saunders|isbn=9781455728268|edition=2nd|page=913|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185428/https://books.google.com/books?id=li1VCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA913|archivedate=2017-09-08|deadurl=no|last1=Craig|df=}}</ref>慢性支氣管炎一詞現今則用於描述「連續兩年痰咳三個月以上」的症狀<ref name="GOLD2017Chp12" /><!--pp. 6–7-->。


[[吸烟]]是导致慢性阻塞性肺病的主要原因。其他相对次要的因素包括[[空气污染]]、[[二手菸]]和[[遗传]]等<ref name=Lancet2012>{{cite journal |author=Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M |title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9823 |pages = 1341–51 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22314182 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9}}</ref>。在[[发展中国家]],导致空气污染最常见的原因是[[烹调|烹煮]]及[[供暖]]炉火的通風不良。长期暴露在这样的環境下,会使肺部产生[[炎症|炎症反应]],并导致气流通道变窄及肺组织功能障碍,即'''[[肺气肿]]'''。<ref name=GOLD2007>{{cite journal | author = Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J | title = Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary | journal = Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. | volume = 176 | issue = 6 | pages = 532–55 |date = September 2007 | pmid = 17507545 | doi = 10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO | url = http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/176/6/532.long }}</ref>这一诊断是以{{link-en|肺功能测试|Pulmonary function tsting}}所给出的空气流通不良為準<ref name=Nathell>{{cite journal | author = Nathell L, Nathell M, Malmberg P, Larsson K | title = COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques | journal = Respir. Res. | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | page = 89 | year = 2007 | pmid = 18053200 | pmc = 2217523 | doi = 10.1186/1465-9921-8-89 }}</ref>。肺气肿与[[哮喘]]有所不同:哮喘可透過药物治疗改善而肺肿即使在物治疗的帮助下气流减少也不会有明显改善。
[[吸烟]]是导致慢性阻塞性肺病的主要原因。其他相对次要的因素包括[[空气污染]]和[[遗传]]等<ref name="Lancet20122">{{cite journal|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|date=April 2012|journal=Lancet|issue=9823|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9|volume=379|pages=1341–51|pmid=22314182|vauthors=Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M}}</ref>。在[[发展中国家]],导致空气污染最常见的原因是[[烹调|烹煮]]及[[供暖]]炉火的通風不良<ref name="WHO2015" />。长期暴露在这样的環境下,会使肺部产生[[炎症|炎症反应]],并导致气流通道变窄及肺组织功能障碍<ref name="GOLD20072">{{cite journal|title=Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary|url=http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/176/6/532.long|date=September 2007|journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.|issue=6|doi=10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO|volume=176|pages=532–55|pmid=17507545|vauthors=Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J}}</ref>这一诊断是以{{link-en|肺功能测试|Pulmonary function tsting}}所给出的空气流通不良為準<ref name="Nathell2">{{cite journal|title=COPD diagnosis related to different guidelines and spirometry techniques|journal=Respir. Res.|issue=1|doi=10.1186/1465-9921-8-89|year=2007|volume=8|page=89|pmc=2217523|pmid=18053200|vauthors=Nathell L, Nathell M, Malmberg P, Larsson K}}</ref>。COPD與[[哮喘]]不同的是前者在使用[[支管扩张]]之後,改善效果不若後者<ref name="WHO2015" />


尽量减少暴露于诱发性的环境可有效预防慢性阻塞性肺病。这包括尽可能地减少吸烟频率和改善室内外的空气质量。慢性阻塞性肺病的治疗方式包括[[戒烟]]、接种[[疫苗]]、{{link-en|肺康复治疗|Pulmonary rehabilitation}},以及常用的各种吸入性[[支气管扩张药]]和[[皮質類固醇]]。有些患者还需要长期供氧或{{link-en|肺移植|Lung transplantation}}<ref name=GOLD2007/>在遇到急性发作的患者时,可采取加大药物用量以及[[住院]]治疗的方式。
减少{{Le|風險因子|risk factors}}的暴露可有效预防大多數慢性阻塞性肺病<ref name="Piro2012">{{cite journal|title=Smoking cessation and environmental hygiene|date=July 2012|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|issue=4|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2012.04.014|volume=96|pages=849–67|pmid=22793948|vauthors=Pirozzi C, Scholand MB}}</ref>。这包括尽可能地减少吸烟频率和改善室内外的空气质量<ref name="WHO2015" />。慢性阻塞性肺病的治疗方式包括[[戒烟]]、接种[[疫苗]]、{{link-en|肺康复治疗|Pulmonary rehabilitation}},以及常用的各种吸入性[[支气管扩张药]]和[[皮質類固醇]]<ref name="Lancet20122" />。有些患者还需要长期供氧或{{link-en|肺移植|Lung transplantation}}<ref name="GOLD20072" />在遇到急性发作的患者时,可采取加大药物用量以及[[住院]]治疗的方式<ref name="Lancet20122" />


世界慢性阻塞性肺病的患者,有大3亿2900万,换句话说全世界百分之五的人患有此病。2012的统计显示,慢性阻塞性肺病是导致死亡的第三大病症死亡数超过300万。<ref>{{cite web |title=The 10 leading causes of death in the world, 2000 and 2011 |date=July 2013 |publisher=World Health Organization |url=http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/ |accessdate=November 29, 2013}}</ref>这样死亡率是由于吸烟数的陡增以及某些国家的人口老龄问题。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mathers CD, Loncar D |title=Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030 |journal=PLoS Med. |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e442 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17132052 |pmc=1664601 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442 |url=http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442}}</ref>2010年,慢性阻塞性肺病导致了2.1万亿美元的经济损失<ref name=Cost2013>{{cite book|last=Lomborg|first=Bjørn |title=Global problems, local solutions : costs and benefits|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Pres|ISBN = 978-1-107-03959-9|page=143 |url = http://books.google.ca/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143}}</ref>
2015年,球COPD的患者约有1.74億人(2.4%)<ref name="GBD2015Pre" />,主要影響40歲以上的人口<ref name="WHO2015" />,男女罹風險相當<ref name="WHO2015" />1990,COPD共約造成240萬人死亡;到了2015年數字則攀升至320萬人<ref name="GBD2015De" /><ref name="GDB2013">{{cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|first1=Collaborators|date=17 December 2014|journal=Lancet|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|pages=117–171|pmc=4340604|pmid=25530442|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death}}</ref>。約90%的死亡人數分布於開發中國<ref name="WHO2015" />,可能肇因於較高吸菸率<ref>{{cite journal|title=Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030|url=http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442|date=November 2006|journal=PLoS Med.|issue=11|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442|volume=3|pages=e442|pmc=1664601|pmid=17132052|vauthors=Mathers CD, Loncar D}}</ref>2010年,慢性阻塞性肺病导致了21亿美元的经济损失<ref name="Cost20132">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|title=Global problems, local solutions : costs and benefits|last=Lomborg|first=Bjørn|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-107-03959-9|page=143|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517163338/https://books.google.com/books?id=cRZaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|archivedate=2016-05-17|deadurl=no|df=}}</ref>


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== 病情征兆和症状 ==
== 病情征兆和症状 ==
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慢性阻塞性肺病最常见的症状是多痰、[[呼吸困难|呼吸短促]]和持续地[[咳嗽]]<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=9–17 |chapter=Diagnosis and Assessment |chapterurl=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234113/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#26 |archivedate=2013-10-04 }}</ref>,这三种症状还会持续很长一段时间<ref name=Harr2012>{{cite book |first1=John J. |last1=Reilly |first2=Edwin K. |last2=Silverman |first3=Steven D. |last3=Shapiro |chapter=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |pages=2151–9 |editor1-first=Dan |editor1-last=Longo |editor2-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Fauci |editor3-first=Dennis |editor3-last=Kasper |editor4-first=Stephen |editor4-last=Hauser |editor5-first=J. |editor5-last=Jameson |editor6-first=Joseph |editor6-last=Loscalzo |year=2011 |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |edition=18th |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=978-0-07-174889-6}}</ref>,并会随着时间流逝病情加重<ref name=GOLD2007/>。目前还不清楚是否存在不同类型的慢性阻塞性肺病<ref name=Lancet2012/>。根据以往的记录,慢性阻塞性肺病分为肺气肿和慢性支气管炎两种,然而,肺气肿更多的是对肺部功能变化的阐述而不是一种疾病;慢性支气管炎仅仅只是一个症状的参照体,它可能诱发于慢性阻塞性肺病<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=1–7 |chapter=Definition and Overview |chapterurl=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234113/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#18 |archivedate=2013-10-04 }}</ref>。
慢性阻塞性肺病最常见的症状是多痰、[[呼吸困难|呼吸短促]]和持续地[[咳嗽]]<ref name=GOLD2013Chp2>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=9–17 |chapter=Diagnosis and Assessment |chapterurl=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234113/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#26 |archivedate=2013-10-04 }}</ref>,这三种症状还会持续很长一段时间<ref name=Harr2012>{{cite book |first1=John J. |last1=Reilly |first2=Edwin K. |last2=Silverman |first3=Steven D. |last3=Shapiro |chapter=Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |pages=2151–9 |editor1-first=Dan |editor1-last=Longo |editor2-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Fauci |editor3-first=Dennis |editor3-last=Kasper |editor4-first=Stephen |editor4-last=Hauser |editor5-first=J. |editor5-last=Jameson |editor6-first=Joseph |editor6-last=Loscalzo |year=2011 |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |edition=18th |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=978-0-07-174889-6}}</ref>,并会随着时间流逝病情加重<ref name="GOLD2007">{{cite journal|title=Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary|author=Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J|url=http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/176/6/532.long|date=September 2007|journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.|issue=6|doi=10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO|volume=176|pages=532–55|pmid=17507545}}</ref>。目前还不清楚是否存在不同类型的慢性阻塞性肺病<ref name="Lancet2012">{{cite journal|title=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|author=Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M|date=April 2012|journal=Lancet|issue=9823|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9|volume=379|pages=1341–51|pmid=22314182}}</ref>。根据以往的记录,慢性阻塞性肺病分为肺气肿和慢性支气管炎两种,然而,肺气肿更多的是对肺部功能变化的阐述而不是一种疾病;慢性支气管炎仅仅只是一个症状的参照体,它可能诱发于慢性阻塞性肺病<ref name=GOLD2013Chp1>{{cite book |last=Vestbo |first=Jørgen |title=Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |year=2013 |publisher=Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease |pages=1–7 |chapter=Definition and Overview |chapterurl=http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234113/http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf#18 |archivedate=2013-10-04 }}</ref>。


===咳嗽===
===咳嗽===

2018年5月25日 (五) 16:39的版本

慢性阻塞性肺病
病理解剖英语Gross pathology樣本得肺部顯示有吸菸造成的小葉中心性(centrilobular-type)肺氣腫。肺的切面出現了許多有黑碳的孔洞。
症状呼吸短促咳嗽且有英语sputum生成[1]
併發症慢性阻塞性肺病急性惡化英语Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[2]
起病年龄40歲後[3]
病程長期[3]
类型阻塞性肺炎[*]疾病
病因吸菸空氣污染基因遺傳[2]
診斷方法肺功能測試英语pulmonary function test[4]
鑑別診斷哮喘[3]
預防改善室內及戶外空氣品質[3]
治療戒烟呼吸復健英语respiratory rehabilitation肺臟移植英语lung transplantation[2]
藥物疫苗接種、吸入式支气管扩张药類固醇長期氧氣治療[2][5]
患病率1.75億(2015年)[6]
死亡數320萬(2015年)[7]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科胸腔醫學
ICD-11CA22
ICD-10J44
ICD-9-CM496、​490-496.99
OMIM606963
DiseasesDB2672
MedlinePlus000091
eMedicine807143、​297664
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

慢性阻塞性肺病(英語:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease缩写COPD),常简称为慢阻肺。COPD是阻塞性肺病英语Obstructive lung disease的一种,主要表现为持续性的气流受限[8][9]。症状包括呼吸短促咳嗽喀痰英语Sputum[8]。COPD是一種進行性疾病英语progressive disease,也就是說病情會隨時間逐漸惡化[10],最後連走路、著衣等日常活動都難以進行[3]。 過去學界會將COPD分為慢性支氣管炎(Chronic bronchitis)和肺氣腫(emphysema)兩型[3][11]。慢性支氣管炎一詞現今則用於描述「連續兩年痰咳三個月以上」的症狀[8]

吸烟是导致慢性阻塞性肺病的主要原因。其他相对次要的因素包括空气污染遗传[12]。在发展中国家,导致空气污染最常见的原因是烹煮供暖炉火的通風不良[3]。长期暴露在这样的環境下,会使肺部产生炎症反应,并导致气流通道变窄及肺组织功能障碍[13]。这一诊断是以肺功能测试所给出的空气流通不良為準[14]。COPD與哮喘不同的是,前者在使用支气管扩张药之後,改善效果不若後者[3]

减少風險因子英语risk factors的暴露可有效预防大多數慢性阻塞性肺病[15]。这包括尽可能地减少吸烟频率和改善室内外的空气质量[3]。慢性阻塞性肺病的治疗方式包括戒烟、接种疫苗肺康复治疗英语Pulmonary rehabilitation,以及常用的各种吸入性支气管扩张药皮質類固醇[12]。有些患者还需要长期供氧或肺移植[13]。在遇到急性发作的患者时,可采取加大药物用量以及住院治疗的方式[12]

2015年,全球COPD的患者约有1.74億人(2.4%)[6],主要影響40歲以上的人口[3],男女罹病風險相當[3]。1990年,COPD共約造成240萬人死亡;到了2015年,數字則攀升至320萬人[7][16]。約90%的死亡人數分布於開發中國家[3],可能肇因於較高的吸菸率[17]。2010年,慢性阻塞性肺病导致了21亿美元的经济损失[18]

病情征兆和症状

慢性阻塞性肺病最常见的症状是多痰、呼吸短促和持续地咳嗽[19],这三种症状还会持续很长一段时间[20],并会随着时间流逝病情加重[5]。目前还不清楚是否存在不同类型的慢性阻塞性肺病[2]。根据以往的记录,慢性阻塞性肺病分为肺气肿和慢性支气管炎两种,然而,肺气肿更多的是对肺部功能变化的阐述而不是一种疾病;慢性支气管炎仅仅只是一个症状的参照体,它可能诱发于慢性阻塞性肺病[21]

咳嗽

慢性阻塞性肺病通常的第一个症状就是持续性的咳嗽。当这种症状持续两年,并且每年持续咳嗽的频率超过3个月,并伴有多痰,又找不到其它解释,那么这就是理论上的慢性支气管炎。在慢性阻塞性肺病完全暴露出来以前,上述的症状极有可能发生。咳嗽的带痰量在一天之中也会有所变化。有些患者甚至不咳嗽,或只是偶尔咳嗽,并且咳嗽的频率也不高。有些慢性阻塞性肺病的患者的咳嗽还会被误认为「吸烟者的咳嗽」。由于社会和不同文化的影响,患者会吞痰或吐痰。剧烈的咳嗽还有可能导致肋骨骨折暂时失去知觉。通常慢性阻塞性肺病的咳嗽都有一个长期患普通感冒的病史。 [19]

呼吸短促

呼吸短促是最困扰慢性阻塞性肺病患者的症状[22]。患者通常这样描述它:“我的呼吸太费劲儿了”、“我喘不过气了”又或者“我不能呼吸到足够的氧气”。[23]不同的文化有不同的说法。[19]呼吸短促加剧的情况主要发生在需要长时间用力时,并随时间病情加重。[19]在慢性阻塞性肺病的后期,呼吸短促在休息时也会出现。[24][25]出现这种情况的慢性阻塞性肺病的患者,通常都有焦虑的性格和低质量的生活水准。[19]许多慢性阻塞性肺病的后期患者都通过噘唇呼吸英语Pursed lip breathing,然而这会加剧某些患者的呼吸急促症状。[26][27]

其它病征

对慢性阻塞性肺病患者而言,有可能呼气需要的时间比吸气要长。[28]在这种情况下会产生胸闷。[19]但这并不多见,而且其他病也可导致胸闷。[22]那些有阻塞性气流问题的患者可能会伴有喘鳴或者在用聽診器检查患者胸部时,会听到患者吸气减少的声音。[28]虽然桶状胸英语Barrel chest是慢性阻塞性肺病的一个征兆,但这种情况也并不常见。[28]随着病情加重,某些患者呼吸不得不采用三脚架姿势英语Tripod position[20]

慢性阻塞性肺病的后期会导致肺部高压,这将引起心脏右心室[5][29][30]这即是肺心病英语Pulmonary heart disease,会导致腿肿[19]颈部血管突出英语Jugular venous pressure[5]与其他肺部的疾病比,慢性阻塞性肺病是诱发肺心病的主因。[29]自从大量使用氧气疗法后,肺心病发病率有显著减少。[20]

由于其他诱因存在,慢性阻塞性肺病通常都不会单独发作。[2]这些带危险性的诱因包括:缺血性心脏病高血压糖尿病肌肉萎缩骨质疏松症肺癌焦虑症哮喘抑郁症[2]那些重度患者还会常常觉得[19]手指甲杵状英语Nail clubbing不是慢性阻塞性肺病特有的症状,相反,更应考虑是潜伏的肺癌的征兆。[31]

病情发作

急性慢性阻塞性肺病从理论上定义为,已患有慢性阻塞性肺病的患者出现的加剧的呼吸短促、咳痰量剧增、痰的颜色改变(从无色变至绿色或黄色)或是加剧的咳嗽等等附加症状。[28]急性慢性阻塞性肺病也可同时与加强的呼吸征兆同时出现。比如呼吸急促心跳加剧流汗呼吸肌肉英语Muscles of respiration明显运动,發紺以及神经错乱英语Mental confusion或者在病情严重时的一系列的呼吸挣扎行为。[28][32]在用听诊器检查患者时,还有可能听到肺部的撕裂英语Crackles声。[33]

发病原因

引发慢性阻塞性肺病的主要原因是吸烟,在某些国家,这一主要原因表现为长期暴露于室内炉火的污染源。[21]由后者诱发的慢性阻塞性肺病还会潜伏很多年。[21]基因也会增加患慢性阻塞性肺病的基率。[21]

吸烟

世界卫生组织2008年关于全球烟草流行的报告 - 女性吸烟百分比
世界卫生组织2008年关于全球烟草流行的报告 - 男性吸烟百分比。注意与女性所用的标尺不同。[34]

从全球的范围来看,导致慢性阻塞性肺病的首要罪魁是抽烟[21]约占吸烟总人数百分之20的烟民有很大機率患慢性阻塞性肺病,[35]而其中那些终身烟民,有一半的人都将患慢性阻塞性肺病。[36]在美国和英国,百分之80至95的慢性阻塞性肺病患者都是烟民。他们或正在吸烟,或曾吸烟[35][37][38]。而长期暴露于烟环境则会增加患慢性阻塞性肺病的可能性[39]。需要说明的是,面对吸烟的危害性,妇女比男性更脆弱[38]。在非吸烟者患慢性阻塞性肺病患者中,被动吸烟诱发的慢性阻塞性肺病就占了20%[37]。其他类型的抽烟,像大麻,雪茄及水管烟,也是诱因之一[21]。孕妇抽烟还有可能增加婴儿患慢性阻塞性肺病的风险[21]

治療

慢性阻塞性肺病目前仍然無法根治,現時只能透過改善生活環境和藥物來舒緩患者的病情。

預防

  • 戒菸及避免接觸二手菸可以預防絕大多數的COPD病例,廚房油煙、燃金紙的煙霧也會減低肺功能。
  • 礦場等高粉塵場所,雇主必須改善環境以減少粉塵吸入,並定期檢查工作者的肺功能。
  • 整體社會對空氣污染的控制意願越強,患病率越少。

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外部連結

台灣相關學會、病友會、基金會及其他支援團體