尖角龍屬:修订间差异
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| fossil_range = [[晚白垩世]][[坎帕阶]],{{fossilrange|76.5|75.5}} |
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| taxon = Centrosaurus |
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| fossil_range=[[晚白堊世|白堊紀晚期]] ([[坎帕階]]), |
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{{fossilrange|76.5|75.5}} |
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| image = Centrosaurus apertus skull and jaws, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, Late Cretaceous - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC00078.JPG |
| image = Centrosaurus apertus skull and jaws, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, Late Cretaceous - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC00078.JPG |
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| image_upright = 1.1 |
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| image_caption = 省立恐龍公園頭骨編號ROM 767的尖角龍頭骨 |
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| image_caption = 省立恐龙公园的颅骨标本ROM 767 |
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| authority = [[勞倫斯·賴博|Lambe]], 1904 |
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| display_parents = 3 |
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| type_species = '''腔盾尖角龍<br>''Centrosaurus apertus''''' |
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| taxon = Centrosaurus |
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| authority = [[劳伦斯·赖博|Lambe]], 1904 |
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| type_species = '''腔盾尖角龙<br>''Centrosaurus apertus''''' |
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| type_species_authority = Lambe, 1904 |
| type_species_authority = Lambe, 1904 |
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| synonyms = |
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* 角鼻[[独角龙]] ''Monoclonius nasicornus'' <br />{{Taxobox authority | author = Brown | date = 1917}} |
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* 道氏[[独角龙]] ''Monoclonius dawsoni'' <br />{{Taxobox authority | author = Lambe | date = 1902}} |
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* 长喙[[独角龙]] ''Monoclonius longirostris'' <br />{{Taxobox authority | author = (Sternberg | date = 1940)}} {{Taxobox authority | author = Kuhn | date = 1964}} |
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* 柯氏[[独角龙]] ''Monoclonius cutleri'' <br />{{Taxobox authority | author = Brown | date = 1917}} |
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* 弯角尖角龙 ''Centrosaurus flexus'' <br />{{Taxobox authority | author = (Brown | date = 1914)}} {{Taxobox authority | author = Lambe | date = 1915}} |
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* 腔盾真尖角龙 ''Eucentrosaurus apertus'' <br />{{Taxobox authority | author = (Lambe | date = 1904)}} {{Taxobox authority | author = Chure & McIntosh | date = 1989}} |
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'''尖角 |
'''尖角龙'''([[属名]]:''Centrosaurus'',发音:{{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ɛ|n|t|r|oʊ|ˈ|s|ɔːr|ə|s}} {{respell|SEN|troh|SOR|əs}})是植食性[[角龙科]][[恐龙]]的一个[[属]],生存于[[晚白垩世]]的[[加拿大]],化石在[[恐龙公园组]]发现,地质年龄可追溯到7650至7550万年前。<ref name="ABS09">{{cite journal|last=Arbour, V.M.|first=V. M.|author2=Burns, M. E.|author3=Sissons, R. L.|year=2009|title=A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur ''Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus'' Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=29|issue=4|pages=1117–1135|doi=10.1671/039.029.0405|s2cid=85665879}}</ref> |
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== 发现与命名 == |
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屬名在[[古希臘文]]意指「尖刺[[蜥蜴]]」,'''kentron'''(''κεντρον'')意思是「尖刺的」,而'''sauros'''(''σαυρος'')意為「蜥蜴」。屬名是指牠頭盾周圍的小型角,而非牠鼻端上的角(在命名時仍未知道鼻角的存在)。其屬名易與[[釘狀龍]](''Kentrosaurus'')混淆,兩者來自於相同的希臘文字源,但尖角龍字首改為「C」,以避免混淆。 |
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[[File:Centrosaurus.png|thumb|200px|left|复原图]] |
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首批尖角龙遗骸由古生物学家[[劳伦斯·赖博]](Lawrence Lambe)在[[加拿大]][[阿尔伯塔省]]{{le|红鹿河|Red Deer River}}流域地层中发现。属名意为“尖刺蜥蜴”,取自[[希腊语]]''{{lang|grc-Latn|kentron}}''/{{lang|grc|κέντρον}}(尖刺)及''{{lang|grc-Latn|sauros}}''/{{lang|grc|σαῦρος}}(蜥蜴),指沿颈盾边缘排列的小角而非鼻角(命名时鼻角尚未发现)。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lambe | first1 = L. M. | year = 1904 | title = On the squamoso-parietal crest of the horned dinosaurs ''Centrosaurus apertus'' and ''Monoclonius canadensis'' from the Cretaceous of Alberta | journal = Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada |series =2| volume = 10 | issue = 4| pages = 1–9 }}</ref>其属名易与[[钉状龙]]混淆,两者来自相同的希腊文字源,但尖角龙字首改为“C”以避免混淆。 |
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后来在同样位于[[阿尔伯塔省]]的{{le|恐龙省立公园|Dinosaur Provincial Park}}发现大量尖角龙尸骨层,其中一些延伸数百米,含有数千具年龄及完整程度不同的个体。科学家推测,如果这些恐龙是在渡过泛洪河流时死亡,那么化石密度及数量为何如此之高就能得到解释。<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus"/>[[阿尔伯塔省]]{{le|希尔达 (阿尔伯塔省)|Hilda, Alberta|希尔达}}附近发现数千具尖角龙化石,据信是迄今为止最大的恐龙尸骨层,现被命名为{{le|希尔达大尸骨层|Hilda mega-bonebed}}。<ref>Scientists find dino deathbed, signs of carnage. Edmonton Sun. http://www.edmontonsun.com/news/canada/2010/06/18/14439211.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622053449/http://www.edmontonsun.com/news/canada/2010/06/18/14439211.html |date=2010-06-22 }} 检索于2010-06-18</ref> |
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由于尖角龙物种甚至个体标本间的差异,关于哪些属种有效,尤其是尖角龙/独角龙是有效属、疑名还是两性异形的问题一直争议巨大。1996年,{{le|彼得·多德森|Peter Dodson}}(Peter Dodson)发现尖角龙、戟龙和独角龙之间有足够区别,可以划分为不同属,而且戟龙与尖角龙的相似性比两者任何一种与独角龙的相似性都要高。<ref name="Dodson1"/> |
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[[File:Annual report of the American Museum of Natural History for the year (1916) (17810089074).jpg|thumb|left|“角鼻[[独角龙]]”骨骼]] |
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多德森认为独角龙物种之一的角鼻独角龙(''Monoclonius nasicornus'')实际上可能是雌性戟龙。<ref name="Dodson1">Dodson, P. (1996). ''The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History''. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 197–199. {{ISBN|0-691-02882-6}}.</ref>该结论得到部分支持,而一些研究者反对将角鼻种视为雌性戟龙,也不认为独角龙是有效属。<ref name=RE05>{{cite book |last=Ryan |first=Michael J. |author2=Evans, David C. |editor=Currie, Phillip J. |editor2=Koppelhus, Eva |title=Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed |chapter=Ornithischian Dinosaurs |year=2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dinosaurprovinci0000unse/page/312 312–348] |isbn=0-253-34595-2 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaurprovinci0000unse/page/312 }}</ref>尽管目前已知基干角龙类[[原角龙]]存在[[两性异形]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Dodson | first = P | title = Quantitative aspects of relative growth and sexual dimorphism in ''Protoceratops'' | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 50 | pages = 929–940 }}</ref>但尚未发现来自任何角龙科的确凿证据。<ref name = "Forster90">Forster, C. A. (1990). The cranial morphology and systematics of ''Triceratops'', with a preliminary analysis of ceratopsian phylogeny. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 227 pp.</ref><ref name="TML98">{{cite journal|last=Lehman|first=T. M.|year=1998|title=A gigantic skull and skeleton of the horned dinosaur ''Pentaceratops sternbergi'' from New Mexico|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=72|issue=5|pages=894–906|doi=10.1017/S0022336000027220}}</ref><ref name=SRT97>{{cite journal |last=Sampson |first=S. D. |author2=Ryan, M.J. |author3= Tanke, D.H. |year=1997 |title=Craniofacial ontogeny in centrosaurine dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae): taphonomic and behavioral phylogenetic implications |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=293–337 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00340.x|doi-access=free }}</ref>其他人则认为角鼻独角龙是腔盾尖角龙(''C. apertus'')的异名<ref>M.J. Ryan and D.C. Evans, 2005, "Ornithischian dinosaurs". In: P.J. Currie and E.B. Koppelhus (eds.), ''Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed''. Indiana University Press, Bloomington pp 312-348</ref>或尖角龙的一个种:角鼻尖角龙。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Russell | first1 = L.S. | year = 1930 | title = Upper Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of North America | journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society | volume = 69 | issue = 4| pages = 133–159 }}</ref>也有人视之为戟龙的直系祖先。<ref>Paul, G.S., 2010, ''The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs'', Princeton University Press p. 261</ref>2014年,一项关于尖角龙生长变化的研究得出结论称角鼻种是腔盾种的[[次异名]],代表该属的生长阶段中期。<ref name=centrosaurus_ontogeny_2014/> |
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2005年描述的新种布氏尖角龙(''C. brinkmani'')于2012年建立新属[[冠饰角龙]]。<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ryan | first1 = M. J. | last2 = Evans | first2 = D. C. | last3 = Shepherd | first3 = K. M. | last4 = Sues | first4 = H. | title = A new ceratopsid from the Foremost Formation (middle Campanian) of Alberta | doi = 10.1139/e2012-056 | journal = Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume = 49 | issue = 10 | pages = 1251 | year = 2012 | bibcode = 2012CaJES..49.1251R }}</ref> |
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== 描述 == |
== 描述 == |
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[[File:Centrosaurus. |
[[File:Centrosaurus Scale.svg|thumb|left|与人类的体型比较]] |
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尖角龙的巨大躯干由强健的四肢支撑,尽管高达{{convert|5.5|m|ft}},但并非特别大的恐龙。<ref name=GSP10>{{cite book|last=Paul|first=Gregory S.|title=Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs|url=https://archive.org/details/princetonfieldgu0000paul|url-access=registration|year=2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13720-9}}</ref>和其它尖角龙亚科一样,尖角龙鼻部有一巨角,<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus"/>该角前弯还是后弯取决于个体年龄。颅骨装饰随动物年龄增长而减少。<ref name=centrosaurus_ontogeny_2014>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.7717/peerj.252| title = Craniofacial ontogeny in ''Centrosaurus apertus''| journal = PeerJ| volume = 2| pages = e252| year = 2014| last1 = Frederickson | first1 = J. A. | last2 = Tumarkin-Deratzian | first2 = A. R. | pmid=24688836 | pmc=3933270}}</ref>与颅骨总长相比,颈盾相对较短,在年龄最大的成体中可长到{{convert|0.5|m|ft}}长。<ref name=centrosaurus_ontogeny_2014/> |
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尖角龍是種中型恐龍,身長約6公尺,身體由結實的四肢來支撐。如同其他的[[尖角龍族]],尖角龍的鼻端有一大型鼻角<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus" />。隨着[[物種]]的不同,鼻角可能是向前、或向後彎曲。在[[眼睛]]上也有一對小型額角。尖角龍的特徵是頭盾頂端,有兩個向前的小角,''C. apertus''的額角是向上彎曲的。尖角龍的頭盾是普通地長,上有大型洞孔,頭盾周圍則有小型的角<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus" />。 |
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尖角龙拥有两只向前钩住颈盾的弯角,眼睛上方还有一对向上指的小角,颈盾长度中等,拥有相当大的{{le|窗 (解剖学)|Fenestra (anatomy)|窗}}和沿颈盾排列的小角。<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus"/> |
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== 歷史 == |
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尖角龍的化石最初是由古生物學家[[勞倫斯·賴博]](Lawrence Lambe)所發現,發現於[[加拿大]][[亞伯達省]]的[[紅鹿河]]流域。之後,亞伯達省的[[恐龍省立公園]]發現許多尖角龍的[[屍骨層]]。某些大規模的屍骨層,面積廣達數百平方公尺,具有數千個化石,有不同年齡的尖角龍個體。科學家推測這些高密集的屍骨層,是因為尖角龍群體行動時,遭到洪水或其它自然災害而被集體掩埋<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus"/>。近年在亞伯達省南部的Hilda鎮附近,發現一個有近千個尖角龍化石的屍骨層,是已知最大型的恐龍化石聚集處<ref>Scientists find dino deathbed, signs of carnage. Edmonton Sun. http://www.edmontonsun.com/news/canada/2010/06/18/14439211.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.edmontonsun.com/news/canada/2010/06/18/14439211.html |date=20100622053449 }} retrieved 18 06 2010</ref>。 |
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== 分类 == |
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在2005年命名的第二個種[[布瑪尼尖角龍]](''C. brinkmani''),化石被發現於加拿大亞伯達省的[[老人組]](Oldman Formation)。在2012年被建立為新屬,[[冠飾角龍屬]](''Coronosaurus'')<ref>Ryan, M. J.; Evans, D. C.; Shepherd, K. M.; Sues, H. (2012). "A new ceratopsid from the Foremost Formation (middle Campanian) of Alberta". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49 (10): 1251. {{doi|10.1139/e2012-056}}</ref>。 |
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[[File:Centrosaurus parietal hook by Nick Longrich.jpg|thumb|尖角龙颈盾背面的大角。这些角是该属的一个鉴别特征]] |
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[[File:Centrosaurus skulls.png|thumb|upright|按[[个体发生学|个体发育]]顺序排列的完整头骨]] |
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尖角龙是命名尖角龙亚科(Centrosaurinae)的词源。其最近的近亲可能是[[戟龙]]和[[独角龙]],且与后者非常相似,以至于一些古生物学家怀疑两者是同种动物。<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus"/>尖角龙亚科[[演化支]]的其他成员包括[[厚鼻龙]]、<ref name="Dodson90"/><ref name="RyanRussell05">{{cite journal| last =Ryan| first =M.J.|author2=A.P. Russell| title =A new centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation of Alberta and its implications for centrosaurine taxonomy and systematics| journal =Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume =42| issue =7| pages =1369–1387| year =2005| doi =10.1139/e05-029| bibcode =2005CaJES..42.1369R| hdl =1880/47001| hdl-access =free}}</ref>[[爱氏角龙]]、<ref name="Dodson90">{{cite book |last=Dodson |first=P. |year=1990 |chapter=On the status of the ceratopsids ''Monoclonius'' and ''Centrosaurus'' |editor=Carpenter, K. |editor2=Currie, P.J. |title=Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches |url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaursystemat00carp |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dinosaursystemat00carp/page/n259 231]–243 |isbn=0-521-36672-0}}</ref>[[野牛龙]]、<ref name="RyanRussell05"/><ref name="Ryan07"/>[[阿尔伯塔角龙]]<ref name="Ryan07">{{cite journal| last =Ryan| first =M.J.| title =A new basal centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation, southeastern Alberta| journal =Journal of Paleontology| volume =81| issue =2| pages =376–396 | doi =10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[376:ANBCCF]2.0.CO;2| year =2007 }}</ref>及[[河神龙]]。<ref name="RyanRussell05"/> |
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Chiba等人(2017年)系统发育分析的[[分支图]]如下所示:<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Kentaro Chiba |author2=Michael J. Ryan |author3=Federico Fanti |author4=Mark A. Loewen |author5=David C. Evans |year=2018 |title=New material and systematic re-evaluation of ''Medusaceratops lokii'' (Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Judith River Formation (Campanian, Montana) |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=in press |issue= 2|pages= 272–288|doi=10.1017/jpa.2017.62 |s2cid=134031275 }}</ref> |
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== 分類 == |
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[[File:Centrosaurus apertus skull ROM.png|right|thumb|尖角龍的頭顱骨,位於[[皇家安大略博物館]]]] |
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尖角龍屬於[[角龍科]]的[[尖角龍亞科]],也是尖角龍亞科的名稱來源。尖角龍亞科是群大型角龍類恐龍,分佈於[[北美洲]],具有突出的鼻角、不明顯的額角、短頭盾與短[[鱗骨]]、高長的臉部、以及往後方延伸的鼻部洞孔<ref name="Tweet">{{cite web|last=Tweet |first=J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |script-title=en: Centrosaurinae |work=Thescelosaurus |publisher=Qwest.net |year=2007 |url=http://www.thescelosaurus.com/centrosaurinae.htm |doi= |accessdate=2009-05-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208104359/http://www.thescelosaurus.com/centrosaurinae.htm |archivedate=2009-12-08 |language=en}}</ref>。牠的近親有[[戟龍]]及[[獨角龍]]。由於尖角龍、獨角龍相當類似,有古生物學家提出尖角龍、獨角龍其實是同種動物<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus"/>。 |
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尖角龍亞科[[演化支]]的其他物種有:[[厚鼻龍]]<ref name="Dodson90"/><ref name="RyanRussell05">{{cite journal| last =Ryan| first =M.J.| authorlink =| coauthors =A.P. Russell|script-title=en:A new centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation of Alberta and its implications for centrosaurine taxonomy and systematics| journal =Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences | volume =42| issue =| pages =1369–1387| publisher =| year =2005| doi =10.1139/e05-029|language=en}}</ref>、[[愛氏角龍]]<ref name="Dodson90">{{cite book |last=Dodson |first=P. |year=1990 |chapter=On the status of the ceratopsids ''Monoclonius'' and ''Centrosaurus'' |editor=Carpenter, K.; and Currie, P.J. (eds.) |script-title=en:Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches |url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaursystemat00carp |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dinosaursystemat00carp/page/231 231]–243 |isbn=0-521-36672-0|language=en}}</ref>、[[野牛龍]]<ref name="RyanRussell05"/><ref name="Ryan07"/>、[[亞伯達角龍]]<ref name="Ryan07">{{cite journal| last =Ryan| first =M.J.| authorlink =| coauthors =| script-title=en:A new basal centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation, southeastern Alberta| journal =Journal of Paleontology| volume =81| issue =2| pages =376–396 | publisher =| url =| doi =10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[376:ANBCCF]2.0.CO;2| id =| accessdate =| year =2007 |language=en}}</ref>、[[河神龍]]<ref name="RyanRussell05"/>、可能還有[[短角龍]]<ref name="Dino2">Dodson, P., Forster, C. A, and Sampson, S. D. (2004) ''Ceratopsidae''. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.), ''The Dinosauria'' (second edition). University of California Press:Berkeley, pp. 494–513. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.</ref>,但短角龍是[[疑名]]。因為尖角龍亞科的不同種、甚至不同個體的差異性,所以一直有爭論哪些屬、種是有效的;尤其是尖角龍與獨角龍是否有效屬,還是相同物種的不同性別。在1996年,[[彼得·達德森]](Peter Dodson)發現尖角龍、戟龍、獨角龍之間有足夠的差異性可成立獨立的屬,而戟龍與尖角龍的關係較親近,而離獨角龍關係較遠。達德森認為獨角龍中的角鼻獨角龍(''M. nasicornis'')可能是雌性戟龍<ref name="Dodson1">Dodson, P. (1996). ''The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History''. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 197–199. ISBN 978-0-691-02882-8.</ref>。他的論點只有部分人採納,其他研究人員並不接受角鼻獨角龍是雌性戟龍的觀點,或獨角龍為有效屬<ref name=RE05>{{cite book |last=Ryan |first=Michael J. |coauthors=and Evans, David C. |editors=Currie, Phillip J., and Koppelhus, Eva |script-title=en:Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed |url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaurprovinci0000unse |chapter=Ornithischian Dinosaurs |year=2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dinosaurprovinci0000unse/page/312 312]–348 |isbn=0-253-34595-2 |language=en}}</ref>。較早的角龍類恐龍[[原角龍]]被假設具有[[兩性異形]]<ref>{{cite journal | last = Dodson | first = P | script-title=en: Quantitative aspects of relative growth and sexual dimorphism in ''Protoceratops'' | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 50 | pages = 929–940 | doi =|language=en}} |
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|label1=[[尖角龙亚科]] Centrosaurinae |
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</ref>,但沒有證據顯示角龍科恐龍為兩性異形<ref name = "Forster90">Forster, C. A. (1990). The cranial morphology and systematics of ''Triceratops'', with a preliminary analysis of ceratopsian phylogeny. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 227 pp.</ref><ref name="TML98">{{cite journal|last=Lehman|first=T. M.|year=1998|title=A gigantic skull and skeleton of the horned dinosaur ''Pentaceratops sternbergi'' from New Mexico|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-paleontology_1998-09_72_5/page/894|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=72|issue=5|pages=894–906}}</ref><ref name=SRT97>{{cite journal |last=Sampson |first=S. D. |coauthors=Ryan, M.J.; and Tanke, D.H. |year=1997 |script-title=en: Craniofacial ontogeny in centrosaurine dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae): taphonomic and behavioral phylogenetic implications |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=121 |pages=293–337 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00340.x |language=en}}</ref>。 |
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|1={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=伊氏[[恶魔角龙]] ''Diabloceratops eatoni'' |
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|2=克罗诺斯[[弯剑角龙]] ''Machairoceratops cronusi'' }} |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1={{le|大鼻角龙族|Nasutoceratopsini}} Nasutoceratopsini |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=拉氏[[爱氏角龙]] ''Avaceratops lammersi''(ANSP 15800) |
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|2=MOR 692 |
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|3=CMN 8804 |
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|4=提氏[[大鼻角龙]] ''Nasutoceratops titusi'' |
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|5=马耳他的新分类单元 }} |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=福莫斯特[[异角龙]] ''Xenoceratops foremostensis'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=诸城[[中国角龙]] ''Sinoceratops zhuchengensis'' |
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|2=宾霍恩[[温氏角龙]] ''Wendiceratops pinhornensis'' }} |
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|2=纳氏[[阿尔伯塔角龙]] ''Albertaceratops nesmoi'' |
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|3=洛奇[[梅杜莎角龙]] ''Medusaceratops lokii'' |
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|label4={{le|真尖角龙类|Eucentrosaura}} Eucentrosaura |
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|4={{clade |
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|label1={{le|尖角龙族|Centrosaurini}} Centrosaurini |
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|1={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=卵圆[[刺丛龙]] ''Rubeosaurus ovatus'' |
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|2=阿尔伯塔[[戟龙]] ''Styracosaurus albertensis'' }} |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=布氏[[冠饰角龙]] ''Coronosaurus brinkmani'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|2=斯氏[[棘面龙]] ''Spinops sternbergorum'' |
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|1='''腔盾尖角龙 ''Centrosaurus apertus''''' }} }} }} |
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|label2={{le|厚鼻龙族|Pachyrhinosaurini}} Pachyrhinosaurini |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=前弯角[[野牛龙]] ''Einiosaurus procurvicornis'' |
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|label2={{le|厚鼻龙类|Pachyrostra}} Pachyrostra |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=霍氏[[河神龙]] ''Achelousaurus horneri'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=加拿大[[厚鼻龙]] ''Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=拉氏[[厚鼻龙]] ''Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai'' |
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|2=佩氏[[厚鼻龙]] ''Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |
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== 古生物 |
== 古生物学 == |
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[[File:Centrosaurus. |
[[File:Centrosaurus.JPG|thumb|left|AMNH 5427铸模,位于{{le|维多利亚博物馆|Museum of Victoria}}]] |
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与其它[[角龙科]]一样,尖角龙下颚适合切割坚硬植物材料。加拿大发现的大片尖角龙尸骨层表明它们是群居动物,可以成群迁徙。<ref name="ageofdinosaurscentrosaurus">"Centrosaurus." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. ''The Age of Dinosaurs''. Publications International, LTD. p. 135. {{ISBN|0-7853-0443-6}}.</ref>阿尔伯塔省的[[恐龙公园组]]也有一个由尖角龙和戟龙遗骸组成的尸骨层。<ref name=EG05>{{cite book |last=Eberth |first=David A. |author2=Getty, Michael A. |editor=Currie, Phillip J. |editor2=Koppelhus, Eva |title=Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed |chapter=Ceratopsian bonebeds: occurrence, origins, and significance |year=2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dinosaurprovinci0000unse/page/501 501–536] |isbn=0-253-34595-2 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaurprovinci0000unse/page/501 }}</ref>另一种可能是,尖角龙并非群居动物,这次大规模死亡是由干旱期间动物聚集在水坑周围造成。<ref name=RR90>{{cite journal|last=Rogers|first=R. R.|year=1990|title=Taphonomy of three dinosaur bone beds in the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation, northwestern Montana: Evidence for drought-related mortality|journal=PALAIOS|volume=5|pages=394–41|doi=10.2307/3514834|issue=5|publisher=SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology|jstor=3514834|bibcode=1990Palai...5..394R}}</ref>发现尖角龙的地层比戟龙更深,表明前者随环境变化而被后者取代。<ref name="RE05"/> |
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[[File:Centrosaurus skin.jpg|thumb|尖角龍的皮膚痕跡]] |
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角龍類的大型鼻角與頭盾,是恐龍之中最特殊的面部特徵之一。自從首次被發現有角恐龍之後,牠們的角與頭盾功能長久以來都是爭論的主題之一。常見的理論有:抵抗掠食動物的武器、物種內打鬥的工具、視覺上的辨識物。2009年的一份研究,比較了[[三角龍]]與尖角龍的顱骨損傷,提出這些損傷應該是物種內打鬥行為留下的,由抵抗掠食動物造成的可能性較小。尖角龍的頭盾太薄,無法有效抵抗掠食動物;而三角龍的頭盾較厚、實心無洞孔,具保護頸部的可能性較大。尖角龍的顱骨較少損傷,顯示頭盾與角較常充當視覺辨識功能<ref name="Farkeetal2009">Farke, A.A., Wolff, E.D.S., and Tanke, D.H. (2009) "[http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004252 Evidence of Combat in ''Triceratops''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004252 |date=20090608130216 }}". PLoS ONE 4(1): e4252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004252</ref>。 |
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[[File:Centrosaurus herd.jpg|thumb|游泳的尖角龙兽群的复原图,基于对{{le|希尔达大尸骨层|Hilda mega-bonebed}}的假设]] |
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==古生態學== |
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古生物學家Thomas M. Lehman發現,尖角龍化石都發現於亞伯達省南部,是[[茱蒂斯河]]流域最常發現的恐龍之一<ref name="lehman" />。Lehman提出假設,在白堊紀晚期的北美洲,大型草食性恐龍有明顯的地域差異,不同種類的草食性恐龍,棲息於各別的有限地理範圍內<ref name="lehman" />。至於現代大型草食性哺乳動物,大都廣泛分布於不同地理區,與前者有非常大的不同<ref name="lehman">Lehman, T. M., 2001, Late Cretaceous dinosaur provinciality: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 310-328.</ref>。 |
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角龙科的大型颈盾和鼻角是所有恐龙中最独特的面部装饰之一。自第一只有角恐龙发现以来,其功能一直是争论的话题,常见理论包括抵御捕食者、种内争斗和视觉展示。2009年,一项关于[[三角龙]]和尖角龙颅骨损伤的研究发现,颅骨上的损伤更可能是由种内战斗引起,而非由掠食者攻击所致。尽管三角龙厚且坚固的颈盾可能是为保护颈部而进化出来,但尖角龙颈盾太薄,无法抵御捕食者,因此最可能用于物种识别或其他形式的视觉展示。<ref name="Farkeetal2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Farke | first1 = A.A. | author-link3 = Darren Tanke | last2 = Wolff | first2 = E.D.S. | last3 = Tanke | first3 = D.H. | year = 2009 | title = ''Evidence of Combat in ''Triceratops | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 1| page = e4252 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0004252 | pmid=19172995 | pmc=2617760| bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.4252F | doi-access = free }}</ref> |
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== 參考文獻 == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== |
===古病理学=== |
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省立恐龙公园1989年出土的一具尖角龙标本,在其右腓骨中发现了严重的{{le|骨肉瘤|Osteosarcoma}},对骨内癌变情况的检查表明[[癌症]]已经达到晚期。癌症可以致残,使尖角龙更容易被捕食。然而,该个体实际上是兽群成员之一,使其存活时间比预期要长得多,据信是在山洪暴发时溺水身亡,而这场洪水也形成了发现该化石的尸骨层。该标本仍是少数患有严重癌症的恐龙标本之一。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ekhtiari|first1=S.|last2=Chiba|first2=K.|last3=Popovic|first3=S.|last4=Crowther|first4=R.|last5=Wohl|first5=G.|last6=Wong|first6=A. K. O.|last7=Tanke|first7=D. H.|last8=Dufault|first8=D. M.|last9=Geen|first9=O. D.|last10=Parasu|first10=N.|last11=Crowther|first11=M. A.|last12=Evans|first12=D. C.|date=2020|title=First case of osteosarcoma in a dinosaur: a multimodal diagnosis|journal=The Lancet Oncology|volume=21|issue=8|pages=1021−1022|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30171-6|pmid=32758461|s2cid=225473251}}</ref> |
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{{Commons+cat|Category:Centrosaurus}} |
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{{Wikispecies|Centrosaurus}} |
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{{Portal box|生物學|恐龙}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070528035758/http://www.dinosaur.net.cn/museum/Centrosaurus.htm 恐龍博物館有關尖角龍的資料] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211838/http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6315&Itemid=67 尖角龍] Dinodata{{en icon}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091208104359/http://www.thescelosaurus.com/centrosaurinae.htm 尖角龍亞科] The Thescelsosaurus{{en icon}} |
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{{頭飾龍類|T.}} |
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{{Taxonbar}} |
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== 古生物地理学 == |
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[[File:Centrosaurus skin.jpg|thumb|AMNH 5427的皮肤印痕]] |
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托马斯·勒曼(Thomas M. Lehman)观察到,在[[阿尔伯塔省]]南部以外地区尚未发现尖角龙化石,尽管它们是该地区化石最丰富的{{le|朱迪斯阶|Judithian}}恐龙之一。<ref name="lehman" />大型植食动物如生活在晚白垩世北美的角龙科,尽管体型大、迁徙能力强,但分布区域却非常小。<ref name="lehman" />这种有限分布与现代[[哺乳动物]]区系形成强烈对比,后者通常跨洲分布。<ref name="lehman">Lehman, T. M., 2001, Late Cretaceous dinosaur provinciality: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 310-328.</ref> |
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== 参见 == |
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* {{le|角龙类研究历史|Timeline of ceratopsian research}} |
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== 参考资料 == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== 外部链接 == |
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{{Commons|Centrosaurus}} |
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{{Wikispecies|Centrosaurus}} |
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* 恐龙图片资料库上的[http://dinosaurpictures.org/Centrosaurus-pictures 尖角龙] |
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* 伊利诺伊大学香槟分校恐龙百科全书上的[https://web.archive.org/web/20050215224946/http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/dinos/de_4/5a7939c.htm 尖角龙] |
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{{Marginocephalia|T.}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q131589}} |
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[[Category:尖角龍亞科|J]] |
[[Category:尖角龍亞科|J]] |
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[[Category:上白堊紀恐龍|J]] |
[[Category:上白堊紀恐龍|J]] |
2022年5月14日 (六) 07:01的版本
尖角龙属 | |
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省立恐龙公园的颅骨标本ROM 767 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 蜥形纲 Sauropsida |
总目: | 恐龍總目 Dinosauria |
目: | †鸟臀目 Ornithischia |
科: | †角龙科 Ceratopsidae |
亚科: | †尖角龍亞科 Centrosaurinae |
族: | †尖角龙族 Centrosaurini |
属: | †尖角龙属 Centrosaurus Lambe, 1904 |
模式種 | |
腔盾尖角龙 Centrosaurus apertus Lambe, 1904
| |
異名 | |
尖角龙(属名:Centrosaurus,发音:/ˌsɛntroʊˈsɔːrəs/ SEN-troh-SOR-əs)是植食性角龙科恐龙的一个属,生存于晚白垩世的加拿大,化石在恐龙公园组发现,地质年龄可追溯到7650至7550万年前。[1]
发现与命名
首批尖角龙遗骸由古生物学家劳伦斯·赖博(Lawrence Lambe)在加拿大阿尔伯塔省红鹿河流域地层中发现。属名意为“尖刺蜥蜴”,取自希腊语kentron/κέντρον(尖刺)及sauros/σαῦρος(蜥蜴),指沿颈盾边缘排列的小角而非鼻角(命名时鼻角尚未发现)。[2]其属名易与钉状龙混淆,两者来自相同的希腊文字源,但尖角龙字首改为“C”以避免混淆。
后来在同样位于阿尔伯塔省的恐龙省立公园发现大量尖角龙尸骨层,其中一些延伸数百米,含有数千具年龄及完整程度不同的个体。科学家推测,如果这些恐龙是在渡过泛洪河流时死亡,那么化石密度及数量为何如此之高就能得到解释。[3]阿尔伯塔省希尔达附近发现数千具尖角龙化石,据信是迄今为止最大的恐龙尸骨层,现被命名为希尔达大尸骨层。[4]
由于尖角龙物种甚至个体标本间的差异,关于哪些属种有效,尤其是尖角龙/独角龙是有效属、疑名还是两性异形的问题一直争议巨大。1996年,彼得·多德森(Peter Dodson)发现尖角龙、戟龙和独角龙之间有足够区别,可以划分为不同属,而且戟龙与尖角龙的相似性比两者任何一种与独角龙的相似性都要高。[5]
多德森认为独角龙物种之一的角鼻独角龙(Monoclonius nasicornus)实际上可能是雌性戟龙。[5]该结论得到部分支持,而一些研究者反对将角鼻种视为雌性戟龙,也不认为独角龙是有效属。[6]尽管目前已知基干角龙类原角龙存在两性异形,[7]但尚未发现来自任何角龙科的确凿证据。[8][9][10]其他人则认为角鼻独角龙是腔盾尖角龙(C. apertus)的异名[11]或尖角龙的一个种:角鼻尖角龙。[12]也有人视之为戟龙的直系祖先。[13]2014年,一项关于尖角龙生长变化的研究得出结论称角鼻种是腔盾种的次异名,代表该属的生长阶段中期。[14]
2005年描述的新种布氏尖角龙(C. brinkmani)于2012年建立新属冠饰角龙。[15]
描述
尖角龙的巨大躯干由强健的四肢支撑,尽管高达5.5米(18英尺),但并非特别大的恐龙。[16]和其它尖角龙亚科一样,尖角龙鼻部有一巨角,[3]该角前弯还是后弯取决于个体年龄。颅骨装饰随动物年龄增长而减少。[14]与颅骨总长相比,颈盾相对较短,在年龄最大的成体中可长到0.5米(1.6英尺)长。[14]
尖角龙拥有两只向前钩住颈盾的弯角,眼睛上方还有一对向上指的小角,颈盾长度中等,拥有相当大的窗和沿颈盾排列的小角。[3]
分类
尖角龙是命名尖角龙亚科(Centrosaurinae)的词源。其最近的近亲可能是戟龙和独角龙,且与后者非常相似,以至于一些古生物学家怀疑两者是同种动物。[3]尖角龙亚科演化支的其他成员包括厚鼻龙、[17][18]爱氏角龙、[17]野牛龙、[18][19]阿尔伯塔角龙[19]及河神龙。[18]
Chiba等人(2017年)系统发育分析的分支图如下所示:[20]
尖角龙亚科 Centrosaurinae |
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古生物学
与其它角龙科一样,尖角龙下颚适合切割坚硬植物材料。加拿大发现的大片尖角龙尸骨层表明它们是群居动物,可以成群迁徙。[3]阿尔伯塔省的恐龙公园组也有一个由尖角龙和戟龙遗骸组成的尸骨层。[21]另一种可能是,尖角龙并非群居动物,这次大规模死亡是由干旱期间动物聚集在水坑周围造成。[22]发现尖角龙的地层比戟龙更深,表明前者随环境变化而被后者取代。[6]
角龙科的大型颈盾和鼻角是所有恐龙中最独特的面部装饰之一。自第一只有角恐龙发现以来,其功能一直是争论的话题,常见理论包括抵御捕食者、种内争斗和视觉展示。2009年,一项关于三角龙和尖角龙颅骨损伤的研究发现,颅骨上的损伤更可能是由种内战斗引起,而非由掠食者攻击所致。尽管三角龙厚且坚固的颈盾可能是为保护颈部而进化出来,但尖角龙颈盾太薄,无法抵御捕食者,因此最可能用于物种识别或其他形式的视觉展示。[23]
古病理学
省立恐龙公园1989年出土的一具尖角龙标本,在其右腓骨中发现了严重的骨肉瘤,对骨内癌变情况的检查表明癌症已经达到晚期。癌症可以致残,使尖角龙更容易被捕食。然而,该个体实际上是兽群成员之一,使其存活时间比预期要长得多,据信是在山洪暴发时溺水身亡,而这场洪水也形成了发现该化石的尸骨层。该标本仍是少数患有严重癌症的恐龙标本之一。[24]
古生物地理学
托马斯·勒曼(Thomas M. Lehman)观察到,在阿尔伯塔省南部以外地区尚未发现尖角龙化石,尽管它们是该地区化石最丰富的朱迪斯阶恐龙之一。[25]大型植食动物如生活在晚白垩世北美的角龙科,尽管体型大、迁徙能力强,但分布区域却非常小。[25]这种有限分布与现代哺乳动物区系形成强烈对比,后者通常跨洲分布。[25]
参见
参考资料
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外部链接
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