性別滅絕

性別滅絕（Gendercide）指針對特定性別的人系統地、有計劃地屠殺的行為。^[1]

屠殺女性[編輯]

屠殺女性（Gynocide或Femicide）一詞出現於十九世紀20年代^[2]，其定義為針對女性的系統的、有計劃的屠殺。發生這種現象的原因往往與文化有關。屠殺女性通常被視為性別犯罪（英語：gender crime）。

最普遍的屠殺女性的形式是針對胎兒性別進行的選擇性溺嬰及墮胎，這一現象常出現在有重男輕女思想的文化中，女性主義者指出這會同時傷害女性與男性（男性因為更難娶到老婆而心理痛苦，女性則面臨更高的性犯罪、人口販賣等）。如中國1980年起實施的一胎化政策中，中國傳統的父系社會體系往往驅使一對夫妻力求生養男丁以「傳香火」，進而變相殺死女嬰；後來當局曾明文規定禁止實施超音波掃描、精蟲分離等性別篩檢方法以保障女嬰存活，而各地方的非法醫療院所仍暗地進行戕害女性胎兒的勾當。而台灣方面指出2010年有約三千名女嬰遭墮胎，引起台灣衛生署高度關切並介入調查。^[3]根據聯合國人口基金會指出，亞洲地區由於超音波科技的普遍加上傳統的重男輕女觀念，導致亞洲短少了一億女性出生人口，尤其是中印兩國最為嚴重。^[4]

瓜地馬拉和墨西哥^[5]都曾有屠殺女性的報導。根據報導，在華雷斯城謀殺案（英語：Female homicides in Ciudad Juárez）（又名las muertas de Juárez）和瓜地馬拉市的屠殺女性行為中，地方當局都沒有介入。大多數被害女性都被姦殺、斷肢、拷打甚至肢解。據女同性戀者權益保護組織Lesbiradas稱，在瓜地馬拉市2004、2005年發生的屠殺女性事件中，超過500名被害女性中有20%是因為與其他女性有過「親密關係」而被成對殺害的。

屠殺男性[編輯]

屠殺男性（英語：Androcide）被定義為針對男性的系統的、有計劃的屠殺。發生這種現象的原因往往與文化有關。屠殺男性通常被視為性別犯罪（英語：gender crime）。與屠殺女性（Gynocide）不同的是，屠殺男性的行為很可能在戰時發生，其目的是削減敵軍的潛在兵源。

有文字記載的歷史上最早的屠殺男性行為，可能出現在公元前600年，當時愛奧尼亞海盜對米利都城的男人進行了大屠殺，並強迫米利都婦女們與自己結婚，通過這種方式取代原住民在米利都定居下來。^[6]

西方文學中最廣為人知的男性屠殺的例子是《新約》中《馬太福音》一章所記載的希律王發動的大屠殺（諸聖嬰孩慶日），有現代學者認為這一歷史事件是虛構的。^[7]

“

希律見自己被博士愚弄，就大大發怒，差人將伯利恆城裡，並四境所有的男孩，照著他向博士仔細查問的時候，凡兩歲以里的，都殺盡了。

”

——《馬太福音》 2:16

在13世紀左右，蒙古人四處征伐時，也曾經實行過男性屠殺政策。具體政策為：凡是高過馬車車輪的男子，均被殺戮^{[來源請求]}。

滿清時期，大批中國東南沿海移民移入台灣，加上清廷禁止男子攜家帶眷入台以防叛亂，而這些孑然一身的來台男丁被稱為「羅漢腳（意近於光棍）」。而這些漢人移民為了墾荒，便與台灣原住民發生一連串衝突，加上身邊沒有妻小的關係，故與當地原住民通婚；有的以「和親」的方式同原住民聯姻並結盟，而有的則訴諸武力，血洗原住民部落，除了殲滅部落內的男丁外，順便擄走女性族人充當配偶。

巴基斯坦1971年曾在東巴地區（現今孟加拉國）曾經將男性知識分子作為消滅的目標。^[8]

波爾布特在柬埔寨也曾大肆屠殺男性，導致此後女性在當地人口中的比例激增。^[9]

在1984年的反錫克教暴動中，男性普遍被鎖定為攻擊目標。^[9]

其它例子如1988年的安法爾行動^[10]^[11]^[12]（薩達姆針對伊拉克北部庫德人進行的種族滅絕計劃，詳見1988 Anfal campaign）和1995年7月12日發生在波士尼亞的斯雷布雷尼察屠殺Srebrenica massacre（英語：斯雷布雷尼察屠杀Srebrenica massacre）。^[13]^[14]

參考書目[編輯]

^ Coined by Mary Anne Warren in her 1985 book Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection[1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
^ 2006 Random House Unabridged Dictionary
^ 去年疑墮掉3000女嬰　衛生署：加強稽查性別篩選. [2011-10-17]. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-19）.
^ 濫用超音波亞洲短缺1.17億名女性^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Femicide and Gender Violence in Mexico （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, retrieved on May 28, 2007.
^ 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-11-13.
^ Robert Eisenman, James The Brother of Jesus, 1997, I.3 "Romans, Herodians and Jewish sects" discusses Mariamne, the last representative of the Maccabean line, by whom Herod had two sons, whom he put to death. "Here Herod really did kill all the Jewish children who sought to replace him, as Matthew 2:17 would have it, but these were rather his own children with Maccabean blood!" (p. 49); see also E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, 87-88
^ Rounaq Jahan, "Genocide in Bangladesh", in Samuel Totten et al., eds., Century of Genocide, p298. R.J. Rummel writes: "By November [1971], the rebel guerrillas ... had wrested from the army control over 25 percent of East Pakistan, a success that led the Pakistan army to seek out those especially likely to join the resistance -- young boys. Sweeps were conducted of young men who were never seen again. Bodies of youths would be found in fields, floating down rivers, or near army camps. As can be imagined, this terrorized all young men and their families within reach of the army. Most between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five began to flee from one village to another and toward India. Many of those reluctant to leave their homes were forced to flee by mothers and sisters concerned for their safety." Rummel, Death By Government (New Brunswick, USA: Transaction Publishers, 1994), p329.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Jones, Adam. Gendercide and Genocide. Journal of Genocide Research. June 2000, 2 (2): 185 – 211.
^ The Crimes of Saddam Hussein. [2009-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-07）.
^ Koreme Before The Anfal Campaign. [2009-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-28）.
^ Gendercide Watch: The Anfal Campaign (Iraqi Kurdistan), 1988. [2009-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-13）.
^ Srebrenica Timeline. [2009-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2008-07-23）.
^ Serbians Still Divided Over Srebrenica Massacre. [2009-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-09）.

外部連結[編輯]

Femicide in Guatemala--Guernica Magazine (guernicamag.com)
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Situation of the Rights of Women in Ciudad Juárez （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (2002) — Report by OAS human rights agency.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Graduate Research " Juarez Mothers Fight Femicide Documentary" (March 2005)
The Economist - No place for your daughters （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (November 24, 2005)
Lourdes Portillo Video, Señorita Extraviada ISDN 0807861731 2001

[1] Coined by Mary Anne Warren in her 1985 book Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection[1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[2] 2006 Random House Unabridged Dictionary

[3] 去年疑墮掉3000女嬰　衛生署：加強稽查性別篩選. [2011-10-17]. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-19）.

[4] 濫用超音波亞洲短缺1.17億名女性^{[永久失效連結]}

[5] Femicide and Gender Violence in Mexico （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, retrieved on May 28, 2007.

[6] 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-11-13.

[7] Robert Eisenman, James The Brother of Jesus, 1997, I.3 "Romans, Herodians and Jewish sects" discusses Mariamne, the last representative of the Maccabean line, by whom Herod had two sons, whom he put to death. "Here Herod really did kill all the Jewish children who sought to replace him, as Matthew 2:17 would have it, but these were rather his own children with Maccabean blood!" (p. 49); see also E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, 87-88

[8] Rounaq Jahan, "Genocide in Bangladesh", in Samuel Totten et al., eds., Century of Genocide, p298. R.J. Rummel writes: "By November [1971], the rebel guerrillas ... had wrested from the army control over 25 percent of East Pakistan, a success that led the Pakistan army to seek out those especially likely to join the resistance -- young boys. Sweeps were conducted of young men who were never seen again. Bodies of youths would be found in fields, floating down rivers, or near army camps. As can be imagined, this terrorized all young men and their families within reach of the army. Most between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five began to flee from one village to another and toward India. Many of those reluctant to leave their homes were forced to flee by mothers and sisters concerned for their safety." Rummel, Death By Government (New Brunswick, USA: Transaction Publishers, 1994), p329.

[Jones-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Jones, Adam. Gendercide and Genocide. Journal of Genocide Research. June 2000, 2 (2): 185 – 211.

[10] The Crimes of Saddam Hussein. [2009-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-07）.

[11] Koreme Before The Anfal Campaign. [2009-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-28）.

[12] Gendercide Watch: The Anfal Campaign (Iraqi Kurdistan), 1988. [2009-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-13）.

[13] Srebrenica Timeline. [2009-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2008-07-23）.

[14] Serbians Still Divided Over Srebrenica Massacre. [2009-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-09）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]