虾类养殖

南韩的虾池

海虾养殖是水产养殖的一形式，以放养具经济价值的虾类为主。

商业海虾养殖场开始于20世纪70年代，饲养海虾以供人食用。海虾生产量急剧增长以满足市场的需求──尤其是美国、日本和西欧的市场。在2003年，全球生产的养殖虾超过160万吨，价值近九十亿美元。约75％养殖虾由亚洲国家生产，中国和泰国是最大的生产国。其馀25％由拉丁美洲国家生产，巴西是最大的生产国。最大的出口国是泰国。

历史和地理

数百年来，亚洲使用传统的低密度方法养虾；印尼的咸水池塘可以追溯至十五世纪。有些小规模渔塘只单独养虾，有一些则连同其他物种，如虱目鱼一起饲养。有些虾则养在旱季的稻田里，与水稻轮作──因为旱季不能种植稻米。传统的小规模养殖场，多数在沿岸地区或河滨。因为红树林地区有丰富的野生虾，所以是最理想的养虾场。野生虾苖被困在渔塘，以天然的水中生物为生，当长到理想的大小时，虾农捞捕虾获。

工业虾养殖的起源，可追溯到20世纪30年代，当时日本首次培育日本对虾（Penaeus japonicus）。到了60年代，日本已经出现小规模的虾养殖业。商业养虾业开始于20世纪60年代末和70年代初。由于技术进步，养虾密度得以增加；另一面，市场对虾的需求日益增长，导致虾养殖场遍布世界各地。虾养殖场主要集中在热带和亚热带地区。1980年代初期，海虾的需求日益增长，与此同时，野生虾渔获郤不能增加，这为海虾养殖业创造一个理想的发展环境，造就它的繁荣。

台湾是其中一个早期的参与者，在上世纪80年代是主要的养虾生产地。然而由于管理不善和疾病，台湾的虾养殖工业从1988年开始崩塌。从1985年开始，大型的高密度虾养殖场在泰国迅速扩展。厄瓜多尔率先在南美开发养虾业，并且从1978年开始急剧发展。 自1974年以来，巴西的养虾业一直活跃，但是虾贸易到了20世纪90年代，才真正蓬勃发展，令到该国在数年之内，成为主要养虾生产国。到了今天，拥有海虾养殖场的国家多达50多个。

养殖方法

在1970年代，野生海虾捕捞业能供应的海虾产量，不足以满足消费者对海虾的需求，因此海虾养殖成为一个经济上可行的替代方法，以满足市场日益增长的需求。旧式的自给自足的养殖方法（又称少有馀粮的农场经营、糊口农业），迅速被淘汰，取而代之的是以出口为主的高密度养虾工业。工业养虾最初仍沿用传统的养殖方法，不过工业养虾场的面积比旧式养虾鱼塘大得多，以弥补低密度海虾的单位面积产量。旧式养虾鱼塘一般只有几公顷大，而在一些地方的工业养虾场的大小，却能达100公顷（1平方公里）。

参考

• 各国捕捞与养殖水产品产量列表
• FAO Land and Water Development Division: Bio-Physical, Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Salt-affected Soils （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 2000. URL last accessed 2005-08-23.
• Barraclough, S.; Finger-Stich, A.: Some Ecological and Social Implications of Commercial Shrimp Farming in Asia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Discussion Paper #74, 1996.
• Bondad-Reantaso, M. G.; McGladdery, S. E.; East, I.; Subasinghe, R. P. (eds.): Asia Diagnostic Guide to Aquatic Animal Diseases, chapter 4 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 402/2, NACA/FAO 2001. ISBN 92-5-104620-4.
• Boyd, C. E.; Hargreaves, J. A.; Clay, J. R.: Codes of Practice for Marine Shrimp Farming （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, World Bank/NACA/WWF/FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment, 2002.
• Chautard, P. (ed.); Avalle, O.; Millous, O.; Vimaux, J.-F.: L’élevage de la crevette en zone tropicale ("Shrimp farming in the tropical zone"), Centre pour le Développement de l’Entreprise, Brussels, Belgium; November 2003. In French. URL last accessed November 22, 2006.
• Consortium: Draft report of the Consortium Programme Shrimp Farming and the Environment （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, World Bank/NACA/WWF/FAO, June 21, 2002.
• DeWalt, B. R.: Social and Environmental Aspects of Shrimp Aquaculture in Coastal Mexico, paper presented at the Mangrove 2000 conference in Recife, Brazil, May 2000.
• Data extracted from the FAO Fisheries Global Aquaculture Production Database （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） for the seven commonly farmed species plus Pennaeus spp. The most recent data sets are for 2006 and sometimes contain estimates. Last accessed 2008-07-03.
• Data extracted from the FAO Fisheries Global Aquaculture Production Database （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） for freshwater crustaceans. The most recent data sets are for 2003 and sometimes contain estimates. Last accessed 2005-06-28.
• FAO: GLOBEFISH Shrimp Market Reports （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; FAO GlobeFish; 2003 – 2005.
• Fitzpatrick, R.; Powell, B.; Marvanek, S.: Coastal Acid Sulphate Soils: National Atlas and Future Scenarios, CSIRO, 2006. Presented at the 18^th World Congress of Soil Science (WCSS), June 9–15, 2006. URL last accessed 2007-10-12.
• FoodMarket: Shrimp Production; data from GlobeFish, 2001. URL last accessed 2005-06-23.
• Funge-Smith, S.; Briggs, M.: Introductions and movement of Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus stylirostris in Asia and the Pacific, FAO RAP publication 2004/10. A PDF （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） file of an abridged version presented at the workshop for "International Mechanisms for the Control and Responsible Use of Alien Species in Aquatic Ecosystems", Jinghong, Xishuangbanna, PRC; August 26 – 29, 2003, also exists.
• Global Aquaculture Alliance: Responsible Aquaculture Program. URl last accessed 2005-08-19.
• Global Aquaculture Alliance: Antidumping. URL last accessed 2005-08-23.
• Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission: Non-Native Species Summaries: Yellowhead Virus（YHV）, 2003. URl last accessed 2005-06-23.
• Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission: Non-Native Species Summaries: White Spot Syndrome Baculovirus Complex（WSBV）, 2003. URL last accessed 2005-06-23.
• Hempel, E.; Winther, U.; Hambrey, J.: Can Shrimp Farming Be Undertaken Sustainably? , World Bank/NACA/FAO/WWF Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment, 2002.
• Hossain, Md. Z., Lin, C.K., 2001. Diversified Uses of Abandoned Shrimp Ponds - A Case Study in the Upper Gulf of Thailand. ITCZM Monograph No. 5, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand; 2001. URL last accessed 2007-02-15.
• Indian Aquaculture Authority: Shrimp Aquaculture and the Environment - An Environment Impact Assessment Report, ch. 2; IAA report, April 2001.
• Indian Aquaculture Authority: Shrimp Aquaculture and the Environment - An Environment Impact Assessment Report, ch. 6; IAA report, April 2001.
• International Shrimp Action Network: Prawn to Trade, Prawn to Consume, 2000. URL last accessed 2007-08-20.
• Josueit, H.: An Overview on the World Shrimp Market, FAO GlobeFish. Presentation given at World Shrimp Markets 2004, Madrid, Spain; October 26/27, 2004.
• Kumaran, M.; Ravichandran, P.; Gupta, B.P.; Nagavel, A.: Shrimp Farming Practices and its Socio-Economic Consequences in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India – A Case Study （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Aquaculture Asia 8(3), September 2003.
• Lewis, R. R.; Philipps, M. J.; Clough, B.; Macintosh, D. J.: Thematic Review on Coastal Wetland Habitats and Shrimp Aquaculture （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, World Bank/NACA/WWF/FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment, 2003.
• McClennan, C.: White Spot Syndrome Virus – The Economic, Environmental and Technical Implications of the Development of Latin American Shrimp Farming, Master's Thesis, Tufts University, 2004.
• NACA: Codes and Certification （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific（NACA）. URL last accessed 2005-08-19.
• NACA/MPEDA: Shrimp Health Management Extension Manual （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) and Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA), India; 2003.
• Novelli, Y.: Brazil's Shrimp Farming History, E-Mail, 2003.
• World Organization for Animal Health（OIE）: Aquatic Manual, 4th Ed., 2003. ISBN 92-9044-563-7.
• Owen, J.: Shrimp's Success Hurts Asian Environment, Group Says, in National Geographic News, June 21, 2004; updated December 20, 2004. URL last accessed 2007-08-20.
• Pérez Farfante, I.; Kensley, B. F.: Penaeoid and Sergestoid Shrimps and Prawns of the World（Keys and Diagnoses for the Families and Genera）; Editions du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle #175; Paris, 1997. ISBN 2-85653-510-0.
• Rönnbäck, P. (2001): Shrimp aquaculture - State of the art. Swedish EIA Centre, Report 1. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala; 2001. ISBN 91-576-6113-8. URL last accessed 2007-08-20.
• Rönnbäck, P. (2003): Critical Analysis of Certified Organic Shrimp Aquaculture in Sidoarjo, Indonesia, Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC), 2003. URL last accessed 2007-08-20.
• Rosenberry, B.: About Shrimp Farming, ShrimpNews, August 2004. URL last accessed 2005-06-28.
• Rosenberry, B.: Species of Farm-Raised Shrimp, ShrimpNews, August 2004. Archived URL last accessed 2007-02-15.
• Rosenberry, B.: Shrimp Feeds, ShrimpNews, August 2004. URL last accessed 2005-06-28.
• Rosenberry, B.: The Rise and Fall of Chloramphenicol, ShrimpNews, May 2005. Archived URL last accessed 2007-02-15.
• Rosenberry, B.: USA Shrimp Fishermen Dump Their Case on the World's Shrimp Farmers, ShrimpNews, January 2005. Archived URL last accessed 2007-02-15.
• Tacon, A. G. J.: Thematic Review of Feeds and Feed Management Practices in Shrimp Aquaculture （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, World Bank/NACA/WWF/FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment, 2002.
• Tanavud, Ch.; Yongchalermchai, Ch.; Bennui, A.; Densrisereekul, O.: "The Expansion of Inland Shrimp Farming and Its Environmental Impacts in Songkla Lake Basin", Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 35, pp. 326–343; 2001. URL last accessed 2007-10-12.
• Thai Farmers Research Center: U.S. Bans Shrimp: Thailand Must Adjust. URL last accessed 2005-08-19.
• Valiela, I.; Bowen, J. L.; York, J. K.: Mangrove forests: One of the world's threatened major tropical environments. Bioscience 51(10), pp. 807 – 815, 2001.
• van Wyk, P.; Davis-Hodgkins, M.; Laramore, R.; Main, K.L.; Mountain, J.; Scarpa, J.: Farming Marine Shrimp in Recirculating Freshwater Systems, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution（HBOI）Manual, 1999.
• Wilkinson, S.: "The use of lime, gypsum, alum and potassium permanganate in water quality management （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Aquaculture Asia 2(2), April–June 2002; pp. 12-14. ISSN 0859-600X. URL last accessed 2007-10-12.
• World Rainforest Movement: Unsustainable versus sustainable shrimp production, WRM Bulletin 51, October 2001.

外部链接

• FAO Fisheries Department: Review of the State of World Aquaculture, FAO Fisheries Circular 886, Rev. 1; FAO, 1997. ISSN 0429-9329.
• Holthuis, L. B.: FAO Species Catalogue, Vol. I: Shrimps and Prawns of the World, FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125, Vol. 1.; FAO, 1980. ISBN 92-5-100896-5.
• McQuaid, J.: Thailand transformed by shrimp boom （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, March 28, 1996. Part of a series for which the newspaper The Times-Picayune, New Orleans, won the 普利策奖in the category "public service" in 1997.
• Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） has many of the World Bank et al. reports and a lot of current information about shrimp farming in Asia.
• Scampi.nu is a Swedish web site critical of shrimp farming that has many excellent links to English articles.
• Mai Po gei wai is a WWF-managed extensive shrimp farm in Hong Kong.
• 蒙特雷湾水族馆'Seafood Guide' offers good information on choosing Sea food that is caught using sustainable and environmentally aware methods.
• Shrimp farming, from 绿色和平。