蝦類養殖
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商業海蝦養殖場開始於20世紀70年代,飼養海蝦以供人食用。海蝦生產量急劇增長以滿足市場的需求──尤其是美國、日本和西歐的市場。在2003年,全球生產的養殖蝦超過160萬噸,價值近九十億美元。約75%養殖蝦由亞洲國家生產,中國和泰國是最大的生產國。其餘25%由拉丁美洲國家生產,巴西是最大的生產國。最大的出口國是泰國。
歷史和地理
[編輯]數百年來,亞洲使用傳統的低密度方法養蝦;印尼的鹹水池塘可以追溯至十五世紀。有些小規模漁塘只單獨養蝦,有一些則連同其他物種,如虱目魚一起飼養。有些蝦則養在旱季的稻田裏,與水稻輪作──因為旱季不能種植稻米[1]。傳統的小規模養殖場,多數在沿岸地區或河濱。因為紅樹林地區有豐富的野生蝦,所以是最理想的養蝦場。野生蝦苖被困在漁塘,以天然的水中生物為生,當長到理想的大小時,蝦農撈捕蝦穫。
工業蝦養殖的起源,可追溯到20世紀30年代,當時日本首次培育日本對蝦(Penaeus japonicus)。到了60年代,日本已經出現小規模的蝦養殖業[2]。商業養蝦業開始於20世紀60年代末和70年代初。由於技術進步,養蝦密度得以增加;另一面,市場對蝦的需求日益增長,導致蝦養殖場遍佈世界各地。蝦養殖場主要集中在熱帶和亞熱帶地區。1980年代初期,海蝦的需求日益增長,與此同時,野生蝦漁獲郤不能增加,這為海蝦養殖業創造一個理想的發展環境,造就它的繁榮。
台灣是其中一個早期的參與者,在上世紀80年代是主要的養蝦生產地。然而由於管理不善和疾病,台灣的蝦養殖工業從1988年開始崩塌[3]。從1985年開始,大型的高密度蝦養殖場在泰國迅速擴展[4]。厄瓜多爾率先在南美開發養蝦業,並且從1978年開始急劇發展[5]。 自1974年以來,巴西的養蝦業一直活躍,但是蝦貿易到了20世紀90年代,才真正蓬勃發展,令到該國在數年之內,成為主要養蝦生產國[6]。到了今天,擁有海蝦養殖場的國家多達50多個。
養殖方法
[編輯]在1970年代,野生海蝦捕撈業能供應的海蝦產量,不足以滿足消費者對海蝦的需求,因此海蝦養殖成為一個經濟上可行的替代方法,以滿足市場日益增長的需求。舊式的自給自足的養殖方法(又稱少有餘糧的農場經營、餬口農業),迅速被淘汰,取而代之的是以出口為主的高密度養蝦工業。工業養蝦最初仍沿用傳統的養殖方法,不過工業養蝦場的面積比舊式養蝦魚塘大得多,以彌補低密度海蝦的單位面積產量。舊式養蝦魚塘一般只有幾公頃大,而在一些地方的工業養蝦場的大小,卻能達100公頃(1平方公里)。
註釋
[編輯]參考
[編輯]- 各國捕撈與養殖水產品產量列表
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- Indian Aquaculture Authority: Shrimp Aquaculture and the Environment - An Environment Impact Assessment Report, ch. 2; IAA report, April 2001.
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- Lewis, R. R.; Philipps, M. J.; Clough, B.; Macintosh, D. J.: Thematic Review on Coastal Wetland Habitats and Shrimp Aquaculture (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), World Bank/NACA/WWF/FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment, 2003.
- McClennan, C.: White Spot Syndrome Virus – The Economic, Environmental and Technical Implications of the Development of Latin American Shrimp Farming, Master's Thesis, Tufts University, 2004.
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- Tanavud, Ch.; Yongchalermchai, Ch.; Bennui, A.; Densrisereekul, O.: "The Expansion of Inland Shrimp Farming and Its Environmental Impacts in Songkla Lake Basin", Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 35, pp. 326–343; 2001. URL last accessed 2007-10-12.
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- World Rainforest Movement: Unsustainable versus sustainable shrimp production, WRM Bulletin 51, October 2001.
外部連結
[編輯]- FAO Fisheries Department: Review of the State of World Aquaculture[失效連結], FAO Fisheries Circular 886, Rev. 1; FAO, 1997. ISSN 0429-9329.
- Holthuis, L. B.: FAO Species Catalogue, Vol. I: Shrimps and Prawns of the World, FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125, Vol. 1.; FAO, 1980. ISBN 92-5-100896-5.
- McQuaid, J.: Thailand transformed by shrimp boom (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), March 28, 1996. Part of a series for which the newspaper The Times-Picayune, New Orleans, won the 普利策獎in the category "public service" in 1997.
- Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) has many of the World Bank et al. reports and a lot of current information about shrimp farming in Asia.
- Scampi.nu is a Swedish web site critical of shrimp farming that has many excellent links to English articles.
- Mai Po gei wai is a WWF-managed extensive shrimp farm in Hong Kong.
- 蒙特雷灣水族館'Seafood Guide' offers good information on choosing Sea food that is caught using sustainable and environmentally aware methods.
- Shrimp farming, from 綠色和平。
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