氯化鎵

氯化鎵
別名	氯化鎵(III); 三氯化鎵
識別
CAS編號	13450-90-3
PubChem	26010
ChemSpider	24229
SMILES	Cl[Ga](Cl)Cl;
InChI	1/3ClH.Ga/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3;
InChIKey	UPWPDUACHOATKO-DFZHHIFOAO
RTECS	LW9100000
性質
化學式	GaCl3
摩爾質量	176.073 g/mol g·mol⁻¹
外觀	無色晶體
密度	2.47 g/cm3; 2.053 g/cm3 熔點時
熔點	77.9 °C（351 K）
沸點	201 °C（474 K）
溶解性（水）	極易溶
溶解性	可溶於苯、CCl4、CS2
磁化率	−63.0·10−6 cm3/mol
危險性
NFPA 704	0 3 1
閃點	不可燃
	致死量或濃度：
LD50（中位劑量）	4700 mg/kg (大鼠, 口服)
相關物質
其他陰離子	氟化鎵; 溴化鎵; 碘化鎵
其他陽離子	氯化鋁; 三氯化銦; 三氯化鉈
	若非註明，所有數據均出自標準狀態（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。

氯化鎵是一種無機化合物，化學式GaCl₃，固態的氯化鎵以二聚體形式Ga₂Cl₆存在。^[1]它是無色或白色的固體，可溶於大部分溶劑，甚至能溶於烷烴，這一溶解特性在金屬鹵化物里很罕見。它的路易斯酸性比氯化鋁弱。^[2]

製備[編輯]

氯化鎵可由金屬鎵在氯氣加熱反應，然後用升華提純而得到。^[3]

2 Ga + 3 Cl₂ → 2 GaCl₃

它也可以由氧化鎵與氯化亞碸反應而成：^[4]

Ga₂O₃ + 3 SOCl₂ → 2 GaCl₃ + 3 SO₂

它的水溶液在加熱（170 °C）蒸乾時，只能得到Ga(OH)Cl₂·H₂O，而非GaCl₃。^[5]

反應[編輯]

氯化鎵和二甲氨基鋰反應，可以得到Ga[N(CH₃)₂]₃或ClGa[N(CH₃)₂]₂，二甲氨基鋰過量時，可以得到LiGa[N(CH₃)₂]₄；它和二(三甲基矽基)氨基鈉反應，可以得到Ga{N[Si(CH₃)₃]₂}₃。^[6]在鋰存在下，它和三甲基氯矽烷反應，可以得到Ga[Si(CH₃)₃]₃。^[7]

它和三甲基矽基二三級丁基銻反應，可以得到含Ga₃Sb₃環的化合物{Cl₂GaSb[C(CH₃)₃]₂}₃。^[8]它可以和[PCl₂N]₃形成加合物[PCl₂N]₃·GaCl₃，其中N參與配位。^[9]

它和六氧化二氯反應，可以得到高氯酸鎵。^[10]它和金屬鎵加熱反應，可以得到二氯化鎵。^[11]它在加熱時也可以被鋁還原，得到Ga[AlCl₄]。^[12]它和氯化亞銅反應，可以得到CuGaCl₄。^[13]它在加熱下可以和氧化鋰或硫屬化鋰發生放熱反應：^[14]

3 GaCl₃ + 5 Li₂O → 9 LiCl + LiGaO₂ + Ga₂O₃

3 GaCl₃ + 3 Li₂E → 6 LiCl + Li₂E₃ （E=S, Se, Te）

參考文獻[編輯]

^ Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
^ Timoshkin, Alexey Y.; Bodensteiner, Michael; Sevastianova, Tatiana N.; Lisovenko, Anna S.; Davydova, Elena I.; Scheer, Manfred; Graßl, Christian; Butlak, Alina V. Do Solid-State Structures Reflect Lewis Acidity Trends of Heavier Group 13 Trihalides? Experimental and Theoretical Case Study. Inorganic Chemistry. 9 October 2012, 51 (21): 11602–11611. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 23043542. doi:10.1021/ic301507c. eISSN 1520-510X.
^ Richards, Theodore W.; Craig, W. M.; Sameshima, J. THE PURIFICATION BY SUBLIMATION AND THE ANALYSIS OF GALLIUM CHLORIDE.. Journal of the American Chemical Society. February 1919, 41 (2): 131–132 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01459a001. eISSN 1520-5126. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-19）.
^ Georg Brauer, Gallium(III)-chlorid, Handbuch der Präparativen Anorganischen Chemie. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag: pp. 635f （德文）
^ Ivanov, M. G.; Vashchenko, S. D.; Denisova, T. A.; Kalinichenko, I. I. Preparation and study of properties of gallium hydroxide chloride (Ga(OH)Cl₂) and bromide (Ga(OH)Br₂) monohydrates. Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii. 1989, 34 (2): 329–331. ISSN 0044-457X （俄語）. CODEN ZNOKAQ
^ Noeth, H.; Konrad, P. Preparation, structure, and some reactions of tris(dimethylamino)gallane. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, Teil B: Anorganische Chemie, Organische Chemie. 1975, 30B (9-10): 681–687. ISSN 0340-5087 （德語）. CODEN ZNBAD2.
^ Roesch, Lutz; Neumann, Heinrich. Synthesis and properties of the first organosilylgallium compounds. Angewandte Chemie. 1980, 92 (1): 62–63. ISSN 0044-8249 （德語）.
^ Cowley, Alan H.; Jones, Richard A.; Kidd, Kenneth B.; Nunn, Christine M.; Westmoreland, Donald L. The conformations of six-membered indium-arsenic and gallium-antimony rings. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. March 1988, 341 (1–3): C1–C5 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0022-328X. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(88)89111-3. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-27）.
^ Heston, Amy J.; Panzner, Matthew J.; Youngs, Wiley J.; Tessier, Claire A. Lewis Acid Adducts of [PCl₂N]₃. Inorganic Chemistry. 16 August 2005, 44 (19): 6518–6520 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 16156607. doi:10.1021/ic050974y. eISSN 1520-510X. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-19）.
^ Chaabouni, Moncef; Pascal, Jean L.; Pavia, Andre C.; Potier, Jacqueline; Potier, Antoine. Tris(perchlorato)gallium, Ga(ClO₄)₃; synthesis and molecular structure. Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses. 1977, (3): 80–81. ISSN 0308-2342. CODEN JRPSDC
^ Beamish, J. C.; Wilkinson, M.; Worrall, I. J. Facile synthesis of the lower valent halides of gallium, Ga₂X₄ (X = chloride, bromide, iodide) and tetragallium hexaiodide. Inorganic Chemistry. 1 July 1978, 17 (7): 2026–2027 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0020-1669. doi:10.1021/ic50185a069. eISSN 1520-510X. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-19）.
^ Staffel, Thomas; Meyer, Gerd. The distinction of gallium(I) tetrachloroaluminate, Ga[AlCl₄], from gallium dichloride. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. September 1987, 552 (9): 108–112 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0044-2313. doi:10.1002/zaac.19875520912. eISSN 1521-3749. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-19）.
^ Hönle, W. Crystal structure of copper(I) tetrachlorogallate, CuGaCl₄. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. January 1990, 191 (1–2): 141–142 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0044-2968. doi:10.1524/zkri.1990.191.1-2.141. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-19）.
^ Fitzmaurice, J. C.; Parkin, I. P. SELF PROPAGATING ROUTES TO GALLIUM AND INDIUM CHALCOGENIDES. Main Group Metal Chemistry. January 1994, 17 (7) [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0792-1241. doi:10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.7.481. eISSN 2191-0219. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-19）.

拓展閱讀[編輯]

Amemiya, Ryo; Yamaguchi, Masahiko. GaCl₃ in Organic Synthesis. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 28 November 2005, 2005 (24): 5145–5150 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 1434-193X. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200500512. eISSN 1099-0690. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-19）.

[1] Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.

[2] Timoshkin, Alexey Y.; Bodensteiner, Michael; Sevastianova, Tatiana N.; Lisovenko, Anna S.; Davydova, Elena I.; Scheer, Manfred; Graßl, Christian; Butlak, Alina V. Do Solid-State Structures Reflect Lewis Acidity Trends of Heavier Group 13 Trihalides? Experimental and Theoretical Case Study. Inorganic Chemistry. 9 October 2012, 51 (21): 11602–11611. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 23043542. doi:10.1021/ic301507c. eISSN 1520-510X.

[3] Richards, Theodore W.; Craig, W. M.; Sameshima, J. THE PURIFICATION BY SUBLIMATION AND THE ANALYSIS OF GALLIUM CHLORIDE.. Journal of the American Chemical Society. February 1919, 41 (2): 131–132 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01459a001. eISSN 1520-5126. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-19）.

[4] Georg Brauer, Gallium(III)-chlorid, Handbuch der Präparativen Anorganischen Chemie. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag: pp. 635f （德文）

[5] Ivanov, M. G.; Vashchenko, S. D.; Denisova, T. A.; Kalinichenko, I. I. Preparation and study of properties of gallium hydroxide chloride (Ga(OH)Cl₂) and bromide (Ga(OH)Br₂) monohydrates. Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii. 1989, 34 (2): 329–331. ISSN 0044-457X （俄語）. CODEN ZNOKAQ

[6] Noeth, H.; Konrad, P. Preparation, structure, and some reactions of tris(dimethylamino)gallane. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, Teil B: Anorganische Chemie, Organische Chemie. 1975, 30B (9-10): 681–687. ISSN 0340-5087 （德語）. CODEN ZNBAD2.

[7] Roesch, Lutz; Neumann, Heinrich. Synthesis and properties of the first organosilylgallium compounds. Angewandte Chemie. 1980, 92 (1): 62–63. ISSN 0044-8249 （德語）.

[8] Cowley, Alan H.; Jones, Richard A.; Kidd, Kenneth B.; Nunn, Christine M.; Westmoreland, Donald L. The conformations of six-membered indium-arsenic and gallium-antimony rings. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. March 1988, 341 (1–3): C1–C5 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0022-328X. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(88)89111-3. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-27）.

[9] Heston, Amy J.; Panzner, Matthew J.; Youngs, Wiley J.; Tessier, Claire A. Lewis Acid Adducts of [PCl₂N]₃. Inorganic Chemistry. 16 August 2005, 44 (19): 6518–6520 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 16156607. doi:10.1021/ic050974y. eISSN 1520-510X. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-19）.

[10] Chaabouni, Moncef; Pascal, Jean L.; Pavia, Andre C.; Potier, Jacqueline; Potier, Antoine. Tris(perchlorato)gallium, Ga(ClO₄)₃; synthesis and molecular structure. Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses. 1977, (3): 80–81. ISSN 0308-2342. CODEN JRPSDC

[11] Beamish, J. C.; Wilkinson, M.; Worrall, I. J. Facile synthesis of the lower valent halides of gallium, Ga₂X₄ (X = chloride, bromide, iodide) and tetragallium hexaiodide. Inorganic Chemistry. 1 July 1978, 17 (7): 2026–2027 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0020-1669. doi:10.1021/ic50185a069. eISSN 1520-510X. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-19）.

[12] Staffel, Thomas; Meyer, Gerd. The distinction of gallium(I) tetrachloroaluminate, Ga[AlCl₄], from gallium dichloride. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. September 1987, 552 (9): 108–112 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0044-2313. doi:10.1002/zaac.19875520912. eISSN 1521-3749. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-19）.

[13] Hönle, W. Crystal structure of copper(I) tetrachlorogallate, CuGaCl₄. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. January 1990, 191 (1–2): 141–142 [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0044-2968. doi:10.1524/zkri.1990.191.1-2.141. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-19）.

[14] Fitzmaurice, J. C.; Parkin, I. P. SELF PROPAGATING ROUTES TO GALLIUM AND INDIUM CHALCOGENIDES. Main Group Metal Chemistry. January 1994, 17 (7) [2022-07-19]. ISSN 0792-1241. doi:10.1515/MGMC.1994.17.7.481. eISSN 2191-0219. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-19）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]