多配偶制
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多重配偶制(希腊语:πολυγαμία[1][2][3][4],英语:Polygamy),简称多偶制,是指在婚姻里至少一方有多于一个配偶的制度,与单偶制相对。依据各方人数可分为单复制与双复制,单复制依据性别可分为一夫多妻制与一妻多夫制。多偶通常指事实上的婚姻关系,无论法律或当局是否承认。多偶制有时也被其支持者称为复合婚姻,但在仅准许单配偶制的社会中,实践多偶制可能会被认定为重婚而遭到起诉。
在容许多偶的社会中,绝大多数只接受一夫多妻制。人类关系区域档案(1988)所记载的1231个社会中,588个常有一夫多妻制,453个偶尔有一夫多妻制,186个为一夫一妻制,4个有一妻多夫制[5]——然而新近研究表明一妻多夫制比此前的认识更为普遍[6]。多偶制在所在文化中的流行通常与社会阶层和社会经济地位相关[7]。
多偶制如今在西非和中非最为普遍,主要体现为一夫多妻制。世界上多偶制最盛行的国度据估计是布基纳法索、马里、冈比亚、尼日尔和尼日利亚。[8]
形式
[编辑]概念区分
[编辑]多偶制(Polygamy)常与非一对一伴侣关系(Non-monogamy)混淆并用。多偶制专指配偶,即正式或事实上的结合,包括当局登记承认、社会或身边人共有认知的结合。而非一对一伴侣关系则涵盖正式与非正式、结合与非结合的亲密、恋爱、浪漫或性关系。因而多偶制是非一对一伴侣关系的一个子类。
现况
[编辑]多元之爱
[编辑]2017年,加利福尼亚州首度有三位男子在其婴孩的出生证明上一并登记为父亲[9]。2018年6月,纽芬兰与拉布拉多省一个法庭承认三位未婚的成年人是他们所组成的多元之爱家庭的孩子的合法父母;据信是为加拿大司法首例。此三成年人包括孩子的生母与两位男子。[10]2021年4月,不列颠哥伦比亚省最高法院宣判一位女子是一个三角家庭的第三合法父母[11]。
2020年6月,马萨诸塞州萨默维尔市议会票决承认该市的多元家庭伴侣关系,为全美第一。[12][13][14][15]2021年3月,马萨诸塞州剑桥市议会修改该市法律,规定家庭伴侣关系不必仅限于二位伴侣[16][17][18],次月该州阿灵顿镇亦作同样的批准[19]。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Harper, Douglas. polygamy. Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ πολυγαμία. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ πολυγαμία. Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek. Center for the Greek Language. (原始内容存档于1 February 2016) (希腊语).
- ^ Babiniotis, Georgios. s.v. πολυγαμία. Dictionary of Modern Greek. Lexicology Centre. 2002 (希腊语).
- ^ Ethnographic Atlas Codebook 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期18 November 2012. derived from George P. Murdock's Ethnographic Atlas recording the marital composition of 1231 societies from 1960 to 1980
- ^ Starkweather, Katherine E; Hames, Raymond. A Survey of Non-Classical Polyandry. Human Nature. 2012, 23 (2): 149–172. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.697.138
. PMID 22688804. S2CID 2008559. doi:10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x.
- ^ Golomski, Casey. Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. 6 January 2016 [2022-08-16]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-28) –通过ResearchGate.
- ^ Kramer, Stephanie. Polygamy is rare around the world. Pew Research Center. 2020-12-07 [2022-02-14]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-07).
- ^ Feldman, Jamie. This Throuple Made History With Their First Child. Here's What Their Lives Are Like.. HuffPost. December 23, 2020 [March 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档于March 2, 2021).
- ^ MacDonald, Michael. 3 adults in polyamorous relationship declared legal parents by N. L. court. CBC News. June 14, 2018 [December 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于December 24, 2020).
- ^ Labbé, Stefan. B.C. judge declares woman third legal parent in polyamorous 'triad'. Times Colonist. 2021-04-28 [2021-08-28]. (原始内容存档于August 28, 2021).
- ^ Stening, Tanner. Somerville City Council passes ordinance recognizing polyamorous domestic partnerships. masslive. July 1, 2020 [December 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于July 2, 2020).
- ^ Taliesin, Julia. Somerville votes to recognize polyamorous domestic partnerships. It is one of the first in nation.. MetroWest Daily News, Framingham, MA. [December 24, 2020]. (原始内容存档于July 1, 2020).
- ^ McNamara, Audrey. Massachusetts city officially recognizes polyamorous relationships. CBS News. July 3, 2020 [December 14, 2020]. (原始内容存档于December 3, 2020).
- ^ Greenberg, Zoe. Somerville's new polyamory-friendly policy a 'turning point'. Boston Globe. July 2, 2020 [December 14, 2020]. (原始内容存档于December 3, 2020).
- ^ Brown, Elizabeth Nolan. Cambridge Will Recognize Polyamorous Partnerships and Other Domestic Arrangements With More Than 2 Adults. Reason.com. March 10, 2021 [March 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档于March 10, 2021).
- ^ Cambridge City Council meeting - March 8, 2021 - AGENDA. Cambridge Civic Journal. March 8, 2021 [March 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档于March 8, 2021). This is a publication run by a man named Robert Winters, who is a civic watcher of the Cambridge, MA government.
- ^ Adams, Diana; Chen, Alexander. Cambridge Becomes 2nd US City to Legalize Polyamorous Domestic Partnerships (PDF) (新闻稿). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Polyamory Legal Advocacy Coalition. March 9, 2021 [March 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于March 9, 2021).
- ^ Collings, Jesse. Town Meeting approves domestic partnership for relationships with more than two people. Wicked Local. [May 13, 2021]. (原始内容存档于May 13, 2021).
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