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新加坡戰役:修订间差异

坐标01°22′N 103°49′E / 1.367°N 103.817°E / 1.367; 103.817
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维基百科,自由的百科全书
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=== 書籍 ===
=== 書籍 ===
* {{cite book |last=Abshire |first=Jean |title=The History of Singapore |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHF59oExO80C&pg=PA104 |isbn=978-0-313-37743-3 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412085503/https://books.google.com/books?id=AHF59oExO80C&pg=PA104 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Churchill|first=Winston|title=The Second World War|url=https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar0000chur_h4n9| edition=Abridged| publisher=Pimlico| location=London| year=2002| orig-year=1959| isbn=9780712667029 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Corrigan|first=Gordon|title=The Second World War: A Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/secondworldwarmi0000corr|registration=yes|year=2010|publisher=Atlantic Books|location=New York|isbn=9780857891358 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Allen |first=Louis |year=2013 |title=Singapore 1941–1942 |edition=2nd rev. |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-135-19425-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1=Kevin |first2=Karl |last2=Hack |title=Did Singapore Have to Fall? Churchill and the Impregnable Fortress |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0203404408 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUC2qveu-b8C&pg=PA132 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154823/https://books.google.com/books?id=TUC2qveu-b8C&pg=PA132 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book | last = Cull | first = Brian | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2004 | chapter = | title = Hurricanes Over Singapore: RAF, RNZAF and NEI Fighters in Action Against the Japanese Over the Island and the Netherlands East Indies, 1942 | publisher = Grub Street Publishing | location =
* {{cite book |last=Bose |first=Romen |title=The End of the War: Singapore's Liberation and the Aftermath of the Second World War |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |location=Singapore |year=2010 |isbn=978-9-81-443547-5}}
| isbn = 978-1-904010-80-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Colin|title=Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2006|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-101036-6 | ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Boyne |first=Walter |title=Air Warfare: An International Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-57607-729-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Brayley |first=Martin |year=2002 |title=The British Army 1939–45: The Far East |series=Men at Arms |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-84176-238-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cull |first1=Brian |last2=Sortehaug |first2=Paul |year=2004 |title=Hurricanes Over Singapore: RAF, RNZAF and NEI Fighters in Action Against the Japanese Over the Island and the Netherlands East Indies, 1942 |publisher=Grub Street Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-904010-80-7}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Church |editor-first=Peter |title=A Short History of South-East Asia |year=2012 |edition=5th |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Singapore |isbn=978-1-118-35044-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Chung |first=Ong Chit |title=Operation Matador: World War II—Britain's Attempt to Foil the Japanese Invasion of Malaya and Singapore |year=2011 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |location=Singapore |isbn=978-9-81-443544-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston |title=The Second World War |edition=Abridged |publisher=Pimlico |location=London |year=2002|orig-year=1959 |isbn=978-0-7126-6702-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Corrigan |first=Gordon |title=The Second World War: A Military History |url=https://archive.org/details/secondworldwarmi0000corr |url-access=registration |year=2010 |publisher=Atlantic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-85789-135-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Costello |first=John |title=The Pacific War 1941–1945 |year=2009|orig-year=1982 |publisher=Harper Perennial |location=New York |isbn=978-0-688-01620-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Coulthard-Clark |first=Chris |title=The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles |year=2001 |edition=2nd |publisher=Allen and Unwin |location=Crows Nest, New South Wales |isbn=978-1-86508-634-7}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Dennis|2008}}
|last1=Dennis|first1=Peter|last2=Grey|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Morris|first3=Ewan|last4=Prior|first4=Robin|last5=Bou|first5=Jean|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Melbourne|year=2008 |edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-19-551784-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Elphick |first=Peter |title=Singapore: The Pregnable Fortress |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-340-64990-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Farrell |first1=Brian |last2=Pratten |first2=Garth |title=Malaya 1942 |series=Australian Army Campaigns Series–5 |year=2011|orig-year=2009 |publisher=Army History Unit |location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory |isbn=978-0-9805674-4-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Felton |first=Mark |title=The Coolie Generals |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |location=Barnsley |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84415-767-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/cooliegenerals0000felt}}
* {{cite book |last=Gillison |first=Douglas |title=Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942 |series=Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air |volume=I |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian War Memorial |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070209/ |year=1962 |oclc=2000369 |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-date=25 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525001456/http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67912 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Grehan |first1=John |last2=Mace |first2=Martin |title=Disaster in the Far East 1940–1942 |publisher=Pen & Sword |location=Havertown |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4738-5305-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Hall |first=Timothy |title=The Fall of Singapore 1942 |year=1983 |publisher=Methuen |location=North Ryde, New South Wales |isbn=978-0-454-00433-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Hauner |first=Milan |title=Hitler: A Chronology of his Life and Time |publisher=Springer |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-230-58449-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Hopkins |first=William B. |title=The Pacific War: The Strategy, Politics, and Players that Won the War |publisher=Zenith Press |location=Minneapolis |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7603-3435-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Horner |first=David |title=SAS: Phantoms of the Jungle |year=1989 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=St Leonards, New South Wales |isbn=978-1-86373-007-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Joslen |first=H. F. |title=Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945 |orig-year=1960 |year=2003 |publisher=Naval and Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=978-1-84342-474-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Keogh |first=Eustace |title=Malaya 1941–42 |year=1962 |publisher=Printmaster |location=Melbourne |oclc=6213748}}
* {{cite book |last=Keogh |first=Eustace |title=South West Pacific 1941–45 |year=1965 |publisher=Grayflower |location=Melbourne |oclc=7185705}}
* {{cite book |last=Kinvig |first=Clifford |title=River Kwai Railway: The Story of the Burma-Siam Railroad |publisher=Conway |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-84486-021-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Kirby |first=Stanley Woodburn |series=History of the Second World War |title=War Against Japan: The Loss of Singapore |volume=I |publisher=HMSO |year=1954 |oclc=58958687}}
* {{cite book |last=Leasor |first=James |title=Singapore: The Battle That Changed The World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl9tx4MJYf4C&pg=PA246 |publisher=House of Stratus |location=London|orig-year=1968 |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7551-0039-2 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816212016/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl9tx4MJYf4C&pg=PA246 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Lee |first=Edwin |title=Singapore: The Unexpected Nation |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |location=Singapore |year=2008 |oclc=474265624}}
* {{cite book |last=Legg |first=Frank |title=The Gordon Bennett Story: From Gallipoli to Singapore |year=1965 |publisher=Angus & Robertson |location=Sydney, New South Wales |oclc=3193299}}
* {{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Stu |title=The Missing Years: A POW's Story from Changi to Hellfire Pass |year=2012 |publisher=Rosenberg |location=Dural, New South Wales |isbn=978-1-921719-20-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Lodge |first=A.B. |title=The Fall of General Gordon Bennett |year=1986 |publisher=Allen and Unwin |location=Sydney, New South Wales |isbn=0-86861-882-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Mant |first=Gilbert |title=Massacre at Parit Sulong |publisher=Kangaroo Press |location=Kenthurst, New South Wales |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-86417-732-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Moran |first=Charles |title=Churchill Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965 |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=1966 |oclc=1132505204}}
* {{cite book |last=Moreman |first=Tim |title=The Jungle, The Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941–45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare |publisher=Frank Cass |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-4970-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Murfett |first=Malcolm H. |last2=Miksic |first2=John |last3=Farell |first3=Brian |last4=Shun |first4=Chiang Ming |title=Between Two Oceans: A Military History of Singapore from 1275 to 1971 |edition=2nd |publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia |location=Singapore |year=2011 |oclc=847617007 |ref=CITEREFMurfett_et_al2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Owen |first=Frank |title=The Fall of Singapore |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2001 |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-139133-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Perry |first=Roland |title=Pacific 360: Australia's Battle for Survival in World War II |year=2012 |publisher=Hachette Australia |location=Sydney, New South Wales |isbn=978-0-7336-2704-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Powell |first=Alan |year=2003 |title=The Third Force: ANGAU's New Guinea War, 1942–46 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=South Melbourne, Victoria |isbn=978-0-19-551639-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Rai |first=Rajesh |title=Indians in Singapore, 1819–1945: Diaspora in the Colonial Port City |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809929-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Regan |first=Geoffrey |title=The Guinness Book of Military Anecdotes |publisher=Guinness |location=Enfield |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-85112-519-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=Dennis |last2=Saunders |first2=Hilary St. George |title=The Fight Avails |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RAF-II/index.html#contents |series=Royal Air Force 1939–1945 |volume=II |year=1954 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |oclc=64981538 |access-date=8 May 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052814/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RAF-II/index.html#contents |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shores |first1=Christopher F. |last2=Cull |first2=Brian |last3=Izawa |first3=Yasuho |title=Bloody Shambles: The First Comprehensive Account of the Air Operations over South-East Asia December 1941 – April 1942: Drift to War to the Fall of Singapore |volume=I |location=London |publisher=Grub Street Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-948817-50-2 |ref=CITEREFShores_et_al1992}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Colin |title=Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2006 |location=London |isbn=978-0-14-101036-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Peter |title=The Battle for Singapore: The True Story of the Greatest Catastrophe of World War II |publisher=Portrait Books |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=0-7499-5099-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Peter |title=Pacific Fury: How Australia and Her Allies Defeated the Japanese Scourge |publisher=William Heinemann |location=North Sydney |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-74166-708-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Toland |first=John |title=The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/risingsundecline00tola |url-access=registration |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-394-44311-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Toland |first=John |title=The Rising Sun |location=New York |publisher=The Modern Library |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8129-6858-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/risingsundecline00john_1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Toye |first1=Hugh |last2=Mason |first2=Philip |year=2006 |title=Subhash Chandra Bose, (The Springing Tiger): A Study of a Revolution |isbn=81-7224-401-0 |edition=Thirteenth Jaico impression |location=Mumbai |oclc=320977356}}
* {{cite book |last=Warren |first=Alan |year=2007|orig-year=2002 |title=Britain's Greatest Defeat: Singapore 1942 |publisher=Hambeldon Continuum |location=London |isbn=978-1-85285-597-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Warren |first=Alan |year=2002 |title=Singapore: Britain's Greatest Defeat |publisher=Hardie Grant |location=South Yarra, Victoria |isbn=981-0453-205}}
* {{cite book |title=They Dared Mightily |editor-first=Lionel |editor-last=Wigmore |year=1986 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |edition=2nd |location=Canberra |isbn=978-0-642-99471-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Wigmore |first=Lionel |title=The Japanese Thrust |series=Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army |volume=IV |year=1957 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070203/ |oclc=3134219 |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711060223/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070203/ |url-status=live}}


== 外部連結 ==
== 外部連結 ==

2023年11月10日 (五) 12:46的版本

新加坡戰役
馬來亞戰役的一部分

馬來亞英軍總司令白思華在1942年2月15日向日軍投降
日期1942年2月8日-1942年2月15日
地点
新加坡海峽殖民地01°22′N 103°49′E / 1.367°N 103.817°E / 1.367; 103.817
结果 大日本帝國勝利
日本佔領新加坡
参战方

 英国

 大日本帝国
指挥官与领导者
英国 阿奇博爾德·韋維爾
英国 白思華(被俘) 投降
澳大利亚 高登·班涅特英语Gordon Bennett (general)
英国 路易斯·希斯英语Lewis Heath(被俘)
英国 默頓·貝克維斯-史密斯英语Merton Beckwith-Smith (被俘)
英国 弗蘭克·西蒙斯英语Frank Keith Simmons
大日本帝国 山下奉文
大日本帝国 西村琢磨[1]
大日本帝国 牟田口廉也
大日本帝国 松井太久郎
参战单位

马来亚联邦 馬來亞司令部

大日本帝国 大日本帝國陸軍

大日本帝国 大日本帝國海軍
兵力
85,000人
300門火炮
1,800+輛卡車
200輛裝甲車
208門反坦克和高射炮
54門要塞炮
36,000人
440門火炮
3,000輛卡車
伤亡与损失
85,000
5,000人傷亡
80,000人被俘
4,485
1,713人死亡
2,772人受傷[2]

新加坡戰役(英語:Battle of Singapore),也稱為新加坡的陷落(英語:Fall of Singapore),是第二次世界大戰東南亞戰區中的一場關鍵戰役。大日本帝國陸軍在1942年2月8日至15日間攻擊由盟軍守衛、大英帝國所屬的海峽殖民地,最終取得決定性的勝利,成功佔領新加坡島,並成為英國軍事史上最大規模的投降。[3] 此戰,日軍僅以傷亡約4千4百人的代價,斃傷俘了盟軍8萬5千人,可謂以少勝多。新加坡是大英帝國在東南亞最重要的軍事基地和經濟港口,對英國兩次世界大戰期間的防禦戰略至關重要。

戰鬥開始前,日軍3萬人在山下奉文中將的指揮下在馬來亞戰役中沿著馬來亞半島南下,守衛馬來亞和新加坡的盟軍錯誤地認為日軍無法在叢林地形通行,日軍卻迅速前進,盟軍的防禦很快被日軍包抄。盟軍在新加坡有8萬5千人,由英國陸軍馬來亞司令部總司令白思華中將指揮,但許多部隊兵力不足而且缺乏實戰經驗。盟軍兵力雖然超過日軍兵力,但新加坡島上大部分的飲用水是從馬來亞的水庫抽取的。盟軍從馬來亞撤退到新加坡時摧毀了長堤,迫使日軍臨時想辦法渡過柔佛海峽。新加坡的防守對英軍來說非常重要,以致於英國首相溫斯頓·丘吉爾命令白思華無論如何都要守到底。

1942年2月8日,日軍攻擊盟軍在新加坡防禦最弱的西北部莎琳汶沙灘,成功地搶灘並登陸。白思華曾預料日軍會在從北部渡過柔佛海峽,但未能及時增援。盟軍在溝通和領導方面失敗,西北部和北部附近沒有其它防禦陣地或預備軍。日軍繼續前進,盟軍的補給開始耗盡。到了到2月15日,新加坡島上的大約100萬平民為了逃難已擠進盟軍控制的剩餘地區,地面積約全島的1%。日軍戰機不斷轟炸民用供水系統,日軍的補給也逐漸開始耗盡了,山下奉文也希望避免雙方在城鎮裡交戰

自戰鬥開始以來,日軍第二次要求盟軍無條件投降。2月15日下午,白思華向山下奉文投降,大約有8萬名英國、印度、澳洲和當地士兵成為戰俘,加入馬來亞戰役中被俘的5萬名戰俘之中;許多戰俘後來死於照顧不周、虐待或強迫勞動。盟軍投降三天后,日軍進行肅清大屠殺,殺害了數千名平民。日軍佔領新加坡直到戰爭結束。大約4萬名印度士兵(大部分是應徵入伍的)加入了印度國民軍,在緬甸戰役中與日軍並肩作戰。丘吉爾將新加坡的陷落稱為英國軍事史上的“最嚴重災難 ” 。[4]新加坡的陷落、「威爾斯親王號」和「反擊號」被日軍擊沉以及1942年的其它軍事失敗都嚴重損了大英帝國的威望,從而促成​​了戰後英國對該地區殖民統治的結束。

背景

1941年12月,日本陸軍在馬來半島登陸,英國屬下印度軍第3軍團立刻朝著日本陸軍行進。在北部的日本軍隊數量上相差無幾,但是日軍在制空權、戰車、步兵戰術、戰鬥經驗上佔有很大的優勢。

日軍踏著泰國製造的自行車,由泰馬邊境一路追殺敗退的英軍至柔佛海峽,之後英軍退入新加坡,日軍在潮退時進攻新加坡,最後日軍成功登陸並佔領水塘,迫使英軍投降。此役,英軍共有八萬人投降,再加上之前馬來亞戰役中,在吉隆坡投降的五萬人,整個馬來亞戰役,英軍十三萬人向僅僅三餘萬的日軍投降。

因為日本的制空優勢,聯合軍出動了英國的王牌戰艦威尔士亲王号战列舰,但是最終被日本在馬來亞海戰中擊沉。至此,日本開始考慮攻略要塞新加坡島。

1月31日,最後一批聯合軍部隊從馬來半島撤退,工兵隊將新山新加坡相連的新柔长堤爆破,阻止日軍越過海峽。

經過

日軍登陸新加坡

盟軍炸毀堤道使日軍的進攻推遲了一個多星期。日軍發動主攻前,盟軍遭受了猛烈的炮擊。從2月8日晚上11點開始,日軍的重型火炮在 15小時內沿著柔佛海峽向新加坡西北部發射了88,000枚炮彈(每門炮200枚),切斷了盟軍的電話線,並隔離了盟軍的前方部隊。[5][6][7] 盟軍有能力向日軍進行火炮射擊,或許會造成日軍傷亡和混亂。[8] 馬來亞司令部並不把日軍的炮擊視為他們發動攻擊的前奏,反爾誤以為日軍會在接下來數日內持續炮轟新加坡,從西北部轉移到東北部。儘管日軍的猛烈炮擊超越了盟軍迄今為止在這場戰役中所經歷的任何炮擊,盟軍未曾向炮兵部隊發出任何炮轟日軍可能集結的地點的命令。[9]

2月8日晚上8點30分左右,日軍第5師團第18師團的第一波部隊開始渡過柔佛海峽。日軍主力部隊約13,000人,來自16個營,其中5個為後備營,攻擊澳洲第22步兵旅[10]的第2/18營和第2/20營。日軍每個師團有150艘駁船和折疊船,足以運載4,000人。第一晚,日軍13,000人登陸,天亮後又有10,000人緊隨其後。[11]盟軍只有3,000人,缺乏任何重要的後備部隊。[5]

當日軍登陸艇逼近盟軍陣地時,分散在步槍連的澳洲第2/4機槍營的機槍手向日軍開火。盟軍在海灘上安裝了聚光燈,照亮水面上的日軍,但許多聚光燈在之前的炮擊中被毀了,剩下的並未派上用場。第一波日軍把攻擊集中在布洛河(Buloh River)周圍的澳洲第2/18營和第2/20營的陣地,以及第2/19營的一個連。第2/19營在右翼激烈戰鬥了一個小時後被日軍包抄,日軍隨後在黑夜和植被的掩護下向內陸推進。第2/19營的抵抗迫使後幾波日軍的船隻在村井河(Murai River)口附近登陸,分開了第2/19營和第2/18營。日軍攻擊了第2/19營兩次,最終以兵力上的優勢壓倒第2/19營。一整夜,盟軍不斷地緊急請求炮兵支援,澳洲第2/15野戰炮兵團響應,發射了4,800多枚炮彈。[12]

雙方連夜進行激烈戰鬥。日軍利用地形和黑夜的掩護,分散到灌木叢中,分別包圍並壓倒盟軍。由於西北部有許多河流和小溪,盟軍的防線有很多缺口,日軍成功地利用這些缺口繞過盟軍防線。到了午夜,日軍發射照明彈,讓指揮官知道已經實現了目標,到了凌晨1點已經站穩了腳跟。在兩個小時的時間內,參與戰鬥的三個澳洲步兵營試圖重新集結,從海岸向東撤退,整個過程基本上秩序良好。第2/20營四連中的三連集中在納馬齊莊園(Namazie Estate),剩下的一連留在了戰場。第2/18營在阿媽宮(Ama Keng)只能集中一半兵力,而第2/19營也撤回了三個連,留下最後一連保衛登加空軍基地(Tengah Airfield)。2月9日凌晨,日軍繼續進攻,第2/18營從阿媽宮撤退,第2/20營退到武吉班讓(Bukit Panjang)以西的武林(Bulim)。被日軍攻勢沖散的盟軍散部隊試圖突圍,撤退到登加空軍基地與其他盟軍部隊會合。高登·班涅特少將想把澳洲第27步兵旅的第2/29營調到登加空軍基地增援澳洲第22步兵旅,但第2/29營未能奪回阿媽宮之前,日軍在登加空軍基地附近發動攻擊,第2/29營被迫轉入守勢。[13]此戰,澳洲軍傷亡慘重,334人陣亡,214人受傷。[14]

日軍突破盟軍防線

日軍集結後開始向東南方的新加坡中央區域推進,攻打新加坡的最高點武吉知馬,英軍的糧食及彈藥大部分都存放在該區,經過激戰後該區失守,另一路日軍開始渡海登陸新加坡的東北岸。雖然東北岸是英軍集中防守的地區,但因為西北方的日軍已經深入新加坡中部,進一步往東推進將可切斷東北岸英軍的補給及退路,所以東北岸的英軍被逼後撤,東北岸的防線於是失守,無力阻止日軍大量登陸。日軍開始攻入新加坡市區的邊緣地區,曾經發生屠殺。

新加坡淪陷

2月14日,駐新加坡英軍最高指揮官白思華開始與同僚討論嚴進的局勢,有英軍指揮官提出投降,因為戰事沒有希望,停戰可避免更大人命損失,日軍也展開勸降,但白思華當時否定投降。2月15日,更多前線失守的消息,日軍展開屠殺的壓力,加上糧食及淡水已經短缺,無力支撐戰事,白思華接納投降的建議。白思華與英軍部屬拿起英國旗及白旗,徒步走到日軍佔領區簽署投降書。白思華與超過八萬人的守軍正式投降,成為英國有史以來對外作戰的最大規模投降。投降的英軍被押送到集中營,後來被日軍移送到東南亞及日本勞役,由於勞役的環境惡劣,沒有足夠食物及缺乏醫療,大部分降軍都因為受到虐待、疾病及營養不良死去,只有少部分投降守軍活到大戰結束。

參見

參考文獻

引用

  1. ^ L, Klemen. Rear-Admiral Shoji Nishimura. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. 1999–2000 [2012-08-13]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-28). 
  2. ^ Smith(2006年)第686页
  3. ^ Corrigan(2010年),第280页
  4. ^ Churchill(2002年),第518页
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Thompson 2008,第240頁.
  6. ^ Allen 2013,第169頁.
  7. ^ Wigmore 1957,第308–310頁.
  8. ^ Costello 2009,第199頁.
  9. ^ Thompson 2005,第288頁.
  10. ^ Thompson 2005,第291頁.
  11. ^ Thompson 2005,第297頁.
  12. ^ Thompson 2005,第292, 240, 293–295頁.
  13. ^ Thompson 2005,第296–300頁.
  14. ^ Legg 1965,第235頁.

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外部連結