釓的同位素
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標準原子質量 (Ar, 標準) |
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釓(原子質量單位:157.25(3))有6種穩定同位素(154Gd、155Gd、156Gd、157Gd、158Gd、160Gd)和1種放射性同位素(152Gd)存在於自然界,其中豐度24.84%的158Gd最常見。160Gd理論上可以雙β衰變,但目前尚未觀測到,半衰期至少1.3×1021年。[3]
圖表[編輯]
符號 | Z( p ) |
N( n ) |
同位素質量(u) | 半衰期[n 1] | 衰變 方式[4][n 2] |
衰變 產物[n 3] |
原子核 自旋 |
相對豐度 (莫耳分率) |
相對豐度 的變化量 (莫耳分率) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
激發能量 | |||||||||
134Gd | 64 | 70 | 133.95537(43)# | 0.4# s | 0+ | ||||
135Gd | 64 | 71 | 134.95257(54)# | 1.1(2) s | 3/2- | ||||
136Gd | 64 | 72 | 135.94734(43)# | 1# s [>200 ns] | β+ | 136Eu | |||
137Gd | 64 | 73 | 136.94502(43)# | 2.2(2) s | β+ | 137Eu | 7/2+# | ||
β+, p (不常見) | 136Sm | ||||||||
138Gd | 64 | 74 | 137.94012(21)# | 4.7(9) s | β+ | 138Eu | 0+ | ||
138mGd | 2232.7(11) keV | 6(1) µs | (8-) | ||||||
139Gd | 64 | 75 | 138.93824(21)# | 5.7(3) s | β+ | 139Eu | 9/2-# | ||
β+, p (不常見) | 138Sm | ||||||||
139mGd | 250(150)# keV | 4.8(9) s | 1/2+# | ||||||
140Gd | 64 | 76 | 139.93367(3) | 15.8(4) s | β+ | 140Eu | 0+ | ||
141Gd | 64 | 77 | 140.932126(21) | 14(4) s | β+ (99.97%) | 141Eu | (1/2+) | ||
β+, p (.03%) | 140Sm | ||||||||
141mGd | 377.8(2) keV | 24.5(5) s | β+ (89%) | 141Eu | (11/2-) | ||||
IT (11%) | 141Gd | ||||||||
142Gd | 64 | 78 | 141.92812(3) | 70.2(6) s | β+ | 142Eu | 0+ | ||
143Gd | 64 | 79 | 142.92675(22) | 39(2) s | β+ | 143Eu | (1/2)+ | ||
β+, α (不常見) | 139Pm | ||||||||
β+, p (不常見) | 142Sm | ||||||||
143mGd | 152.6(5) keV | 110.0(14) s | β+ | 143Eu | (11/2-) | ||||
β+, α (不常見) | 139Pm | ||||||||
β+, p (不常見) | 142Sm | ||||||||
144Gd | 64 | 80 | 143.92296(3) | 4.47(6) min | β+ | 144Eu | 0+ | ||
145Gd | 64 | 81 | 144.921709(20) | 23.0(4) min | β+ | 145Eu | 1/2+ | ||
145mGd | 749.1(2) keV | 85(3) s | IT (94.3%) | 145Gd | 11/2- | ||||
β+ (5.7%) | 145Eu | ||||||||
146Gd | 64 | 82 | 145.918311(5) | 48.27(10) d | ε | 146Eu | 0+ | ||
147Gd | 64 | 83 | 146.919094(3) | 38.06(12) h | β+ | 147Eu | 7/2- | ||
147mGd | 8587.8(4) keV | 510(20) ns | (49/2+) | ||||||
148Gd | 64 | 84 | 147.918115(3) | 74.6(30) a | α | 144Sm | 0+ | ||
149Gd | 64 | 85 | 148.919341(4) | 9.28(10) d | β+ | 149Eu | 7/2- | ||
α (4.34×10−4%) | 145Sm | ||||||||
150Gd | 64 | 86 | 149.918659(7) | 1.79(8)×106 a | α | 146Sm | 0+ | ||
151Gd | 64 | 87 | 150.920348(4) | 124(1) d | ε | 151Eu | 7/2- | ||
α (10−6%) | 147Sm | ||||||||
152Gd[n 4] | 64 | 88 | 151.9197910(27) | 1.08(8)×1014 a | α | 148Sm | 0+ | 0.0020(1) | |
153Gd | 64 | 89 | 152.9217495(27) | 240.4(10) d | ε | 153Eu | 3/2- | ||
153m1Gd | 95.1737(12) keV | 3.5(4) µs | (9/2+) | ||||||
153m2Gd | 171.189(5) keV | 76.0(14) µs | (11/2-) | ||||||
154Gd | 64 | 90 | 153.9208656(27) | 觀測上穩定[n 5] | 0+ | 0.0218(3) | |||
155Gd[n 6] | 64 | 91 | 154.9226220(27) | 觀測上穩定[n 7] | 3/2- | 0.1480(12) | |||
155mGd | 121.05(19) keV | 31.97(27) ms | IT | 155Gd | 11/2- | ||||
156Gd[n 6] | 64 | 92 | 155.9221227(27) | 穩定 | 0+ | 0.2047(9) | |||
156mGd | 2137.60(5) keV | 1.3(1) µs | 7- | ||||||
157Gd[n 6] | 64 | 93 | 156.9239601(27) | 穩定 | 3/2- | 0.1565(2) | |||
158Gd[n 6] | 64 | 94 | 157.9241039(27) | 穩定 | 0+ | 0.2484(7) | |||
159Gd[n 6] | 64 | 95 | 158.9263887(27) | 18.479(4) h | β− | 159Tb | 3/2- | ||
160Gd[n 6] | 64 | 96 | 159.9270541(27) | 觀測上穩定[n 8] | 0+ | 0.2186(19) | |||
161Gd | 64 | 97 | 160.9296692(29) | 3.646(3) min | β− | 161Tb | 5/2- | ||
162Gd | 64 | 98 | 161.930985(5) | 8.4(2) min | β− | 162Tb | 0+ | ||
163Gd | 64 | 99 | 162.93399(32)# | 68(3) s | β− | 163Tb | 7/2+# | ||
164Gd | 64 | 100 | 163.93586(43)# | 45(3) s | β− | 164Tb | 0+ | ||
165Gd | 64 | 101 | 164.93938(54)# | 10.3(16) s | β− | 165Tb | 1/2-# | ||
166Gd | 64 | 102 | 165.94160(64)# | 4.8(10) s | β− | 166Tb | 0+ | ||
167Gd | 64 | 103 | 166.94557(64)# | 3# s | β− | 167Tb | 5/2-# | ||
168Gd | 64 | 104 | 167.94836(75)# | 300# ms | β− | 168Tb | 0+ | ||
169Gd | 64 | 105 | 168.95287(86)# | 1# s | β− | 169Tb | 7/2-# |
備註:畫上#號的數據代表沒有經過實驗的証明,只是理論推測而已,而用括號括起來的代表數據不確定性。
← | 同位素列表 | → |
銪的同位素 | 釓的同位素 | 鋱的同位素 |
註釋[編輯]
- ^ Bold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable)
- ^ Abbreviations:
ε: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition - ^ Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe)
- ^ primordial radionuclide
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 150Sm
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Fission product
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 151Sm
- ^ Believed to undergo β−β− decay to 160Dy with a half-life over 1.3×1021 years
參考文獻[編輯]
引用[編輯]
- ^ Chiera, Nadine M.; Dressler, Rugard; Sprung, Peter; Talip, Zeynep; Schumann, Dorothea. Determination of the half-life of gadolinium-148. Applied Radiation and Isotopes (Elsevier BV). 2023, 194: 110708. ISSN 0969-8043. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110708.
- ^ Meija, Juris; et al. Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2016, 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- ^ F. A. Danevich; et al. Quest for double beta decay of 160Gd and Ce isotopes. Nuclear Physics A. 2001, 694 (1–2): 375–391. Bibcode:2001NuPhA.694..375D. S2CID 11874988. arXiv:nucl-ex/0011020 . doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(01)00983-6.
- ^ 存档副本. [2015-09-20]. (原始內容存檔於2017-02-19).
來源[編輯]
- Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館).
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
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