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鲱鱼

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鲱鱼 (Herring)
大西洋鲱, Clupea harengus
1950年–2010年全球鲱鱼总捕获量
单位为百万吨[1]

鲱鱼是大部分鲱科鱼的通称。牠们多在暗沙或岸边联群游弋。其中,最常见,而且具高商业价值的鲱鱼有3种,皆属于鲱属,其捕获量占了鲱鱼总捕获量约90%。其中,三种鲱属鱼中捕获量最多的为大西洋鲱,占比过半。这三种鱼一般在北太平洋北大西洋波罗的海南美洲西岸的浅水温带区出没。此外,也有一些被称作鲱鱼的鱼类在阿拉伯海印度洋孟加拉湾一带出没。

历史上,鲱鱼在欧洲渔业扮演了举足轻重的角色,[2]对此鱼的研究在二十世纪早期为渔业学提供了长足进步的基础。[3]此外,牠们曾长年为重要的食用鱼,常以处理保存。

种类

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不少物种皆被归类为鲱鱼,其中大部分皆属于鲱科。鲱鱼的英文名称herring的词源并不明确,可能源于古高地德语heri,有众多、大群体之意。[4]

鲱科的模式属为鲱属[5]鲱属共有三种,包括在北太平洋出没的模式种大西洋鲱、在北太平洋出没的太平洋鲱以及智利沿岸出没的贝氏智利鲱

鲱属鲱鱼
俗名 学名 最长记录 一般长度 最重可达 最高寿命 营养级 世界鱼类数据库 联合国粮食及农业组织 整合分类学资讯系统 保护级别
贝氏智利鲱 Clupea bentincki Norman, 1936 28.4 cm cm kg years 2.69 [6] [7] [8] 未予评估
大西洋鲱 Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758 45.0 cm 30.0 cm 1.05 kg 22 years 3.23 [9] [10] [11] LC IUCN 3 1.svg 无危[12]
太平洋鲱 Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, 1847 46.0 cm 25.0 cm 19 years 3.15 [9] [13] [14] 未予评估

除此之外,也有不少鱼类被国际自然保护联盟视为鲱鱼,收录于世界鱼类数据库,现表列如下:

其余鲱鱼
种类 俗名 学名 最长记录 一般长度 最重可达 最高寿命 营养级 世界鱼类数据库 联合国粮食及农业组织 整合分类学资讯系统 保护级别
淡水鲱英语Pellonulinae 窄体似鲱 Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) cm cm kg years [15] [16] DD IUCN 3 1.svg 数据缺乏[17]
圆腹鲱科 印尼少棱圆鲱 Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) cm cm kg years [18] [19] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[20]
宽带任氏鲱 Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) cm cm kg years [21] [22] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[23]
南非吉氏鲱 Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 cm cm kg years [24] [25] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[26]
小眼任氏鲱 Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 cm cm kg years [27] [28] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[29]
沙丁脂眼鲱 Etrumeus teres (De Kay, 1842) 33 cm 25 cm kg years [30] [31] [32] 未予评估
双鳍似黍鲱 Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) 4.5 cm cm kg years 3.11 [33] [34] DD IUCN 3 1.svg Data deficient[35]
怀氏脂眼鲱 Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) 20 cm cm kg years 3.4 [36] [37] [38] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[39]
短带任氏鲱 Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978

cm cm kg years [40] [41] VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[42]
后丝鲱属 加拉帕戈斯后丝鲱 Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) 26 cm 18 cm kg years 3.27 [43] [44] VU IUCN 3 1.svg 易危[45]
少耙后丝鲱 Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 cm cm kg years [46] [47] LC IUCN 3 1.svg 无危[48]
太平洋后丝鲱 Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) 30 cm 22 cm kg years [49] [50] [44] LC IUCN 3 1.svg 无危[51]
蒲氏后丝鲱 Opisthonema bulleri (Regan, 1904) cm cm kg years [52] [53] LC IUCN 3 1.svg 无危[54]
其他 黑带侧带鲱 Lile nigrofasciata Castro-Aguirre Ruiz-Campos and Balart, 2002 cm cm kg years [55] [56] LC IUCN 3 1.svg 无危[57]
齿头鲱 Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 cm cm kg years [58] [59] VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[60]
勃氏犬齿鳓 Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) cm cm kg years [61] [62] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[63]
细侧带鲱 Lile gracilis Castro-Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 cm cm kg years [64] [65] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[66]
太平洋青鳞鱼 Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years [67] [68] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[69]
小细鲱 Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 cm cm kg years [70] [71] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[72]
日本银带鲱 Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) 10.5 cm cm kg years 3.0 [73] [74] Not assessed
太平洋侧带鲱 Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years [75] [76] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[77]
西拉棱鲱 Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 cm cm kg years [78] [79] LC IUCN 3 1.svg Least concern[80]

参考

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  1. ^ Based on data sourced from the relevant FAO Species Fact Sheets页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ Cushing, David H (1975) Marine ecology and fisheries页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09911-0.
  3. ^ Went, AEJ (1972) "The History of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biology, 73: 351–360.doi:10.1017/S0080455X0000240X
  4. ^ Herring页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Online Etymology Dictionary, Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  5. ^ Pauly, Daniel (2004) Darwin's Fishes: An Encyclopedia of Ichthyology, Ecology, and Evolution页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Page 109, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82777-5.
  6. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupea bentincki. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  7. ^ Clupea bentincki (Norman, 1936) 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  8. ^ Clupea bentincki. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupea harengus. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  10. ^ Clupea harengus (Linnaeus, 1758) 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  11. ^ Clupea harengus. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  12. ^ Herdson D & Priede I. Clupea harengus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [6 April 2012]. 
  13. ^ Clupea pallasii (Valenciennes, 1847) 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  14. ^ Clupea pallasii. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  15. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupeoides papuensis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  16. ^ Clupeoides papuensis. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  17. ^ Clupeoides papuensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  18. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Dayella malabarica. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  19. ^ Dayella malabarica. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  20. ^ Ali A & Raghavan R. Dayella malabarica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [April 2012]. 
  21. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Jenkinsia lamprotaenia. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  22. ^ Jenkinsia lamprotaenia. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  23. ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Jenkinsia lamprotaenia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  24. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Gilchristella aestuaria. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  25. ^ Gilchristella aestuaria. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  26. ^ Gilchristella aestuaria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007. [April 2012]. 
  27. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Jenkinsia majua. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  28. ^ Jenkinsia majua. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  29. ^ Munroe TA & Priede IG. Jenkinsia majua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  30. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Etrumeus teres. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  31. ^ Etrumeus teres (Norman, 1936) 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  32. ^ Etrumeus teres. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  33. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Spratellomorpha bianalis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  34. ^ Spratellomorpha bianalis. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  35. ^ Spratellomorpha bianalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [April 2012]. 
  36. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Etrumeus whiteheadi. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  37. ^ Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  38. ^ Etrumeus whiteheadi. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  39. ^ Heemstra PC, Munroe TA & Priede IG. Etrumeus whiteheadi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [April 2012]. 
  40. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Jenkinsia parvula. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  41. ^ Jenkinsia parvula. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  42. ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Jenkinsia parvula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  43. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema berlangai. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  44. ^ 44.0 44.1 Opisthonema libertate. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  45. ^ Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Opisthonema berlangai. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  46. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema medirastre. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  47. ^ Opisthonema medirastre. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  48. ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema medirastre. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  49. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema libertate. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  50. ^ Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
  51. ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema libertate. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  52. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema bulleri. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  53. ^ Opisthonema bulleri. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  54. ^ Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema bulleri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  55. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile nigrofasciata. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  56. ^ Lile nigrofasciata. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  57. ^ Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Lile nigrofasciata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  58. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Denticeps clupeoides. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  59. ^ Denticeps clupeoides. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  60. ^ Lalèyè P, Moelants T & Olaosebikan BD. Denticeps clupeoides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  61. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  62. ^ Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  63. ^ Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  64. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile gracilis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  65. ^ Lile gracilis. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  66. ^ Iwamoto T, Eschmeyer W & Smith-Vaniz B. Lile gracilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  67. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Harengula thrissina. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  68. ^ Harengula thrissina. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  69. ^ Iwamoto T, Eschmeyer W & Smith-Vaniz B. Harengula thrissina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  70. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Thrattidion noctivagus. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  71. ^ Thrattidion noctivagus. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  72. ^ Thrattidion noctivagus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  73. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Spratelloides gracilis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  74. ^ Spratelloides gracilis. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  75. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile stolifera. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  76. ^ Lile stolifera. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  77. ^ Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Lile stolifera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 
  78. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Sierrathrissa leonensis. FishBase. Version 2012-04.
  79. ^ Sierrathrissa leonensis. ITIS. [April 2012]. 
  80. ^ Moelants T & Olaosebikan BD. Sierrathrissa leonensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012]. 

外部链接

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