主序星：修订间差异
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→外部連結： 增加或調整分類 |
→参考文献： 內容擴充 |
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*[[赫羅圖]] |
*[[赫羅圖]] |
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*[[氫燃燒]] |
*[[氫燃燒]] |
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== 註解 == |
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==参考文献== |
==参考文献== |
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*<small>Massey, Philip and Michael R. Meyer. "Stellar Masses." ''The Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics.'' Ed. Paul Murdin. London: Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd and Nature Publishing Group, 2001. 3103-09. ISBN 1561592684</small> |
*<small>Massey, Philip and Michael R. Meyer. "Stellar Masses." ''The Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics.'' Ed. Paul Murdin. London: Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd and Nature Publishing Group, 2001. 3103-09. ISBN 1561592684</small> |
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== 參考資料 == |
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{{Reflist|2|refs= |
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<ref name=obs36>{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=H. N. | title="Giant" and "dwarf" stars | journal=The Observatory | year=1913 | volume=36 | pages=324–329 | bibcode=1913Obs....36..324R }}</ref> |
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<ref name=zfa7>{{cite journal | last=Strömgren | first=Bengt | title=On the Interpretation of the Hertzsprung-Russell-Diagram | journal=Zeitschrift für Astrophysik | year=1933 | volume=7 | pages=222–248 | bibcode=1933ZA......7..222S }}</ref> |
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<ref name=schatzman33>{{cite book | first=Evry L. | last=Schatzman | year=1993 | coauthors=Praderie, Francoise | title=The Stars | pages=96–97 | publisher=Springer | isbn=3-540-54196-9 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=keenan_morgan43>{{cite book | first=W. W. | last=Morgan | coauthors=Keenan, P. C.; Kellman, E. | year=1943 | title=An atlas of stellar spectra, with an outline of spectral classification | publisher=The University of Chicago press | location=Chicago, Illinois | url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/ASS_Atlas/MK_contents.html | accessdate=2008-08-12 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=tnc>{{cite book | first=Albrecht | last=Unsöld | year=1969 | title=The New Cosmos | page=268 | publisher=Springer-Verlag New York Inc | isbn=0-387-90886-2 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=asr34_1>{{cite journal | last=Gloeckler | first=George | coauthors=Geiss, Johannes | title=Composition of the local interstellar medium as diagnosed with pickup ions | journal=Advances in Space Research | year=2004 | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=53–60 | bibcode=2004AdSpR..34...53G | doi=10.1016/j.asr.2003.02.054 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=science295_5552>{{cite journal | last=Kroupa | first=Pavel | title=The Initial Mass Function of Stars: Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems | journal=Science | date=2002-01-04 | volume=295 | issue=5552 | pages=82–91 | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/295/5552/82 | accessdate=2008-12-08 | pmid=11778039 | doi=10.1126/science.1067524 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=science293_5538>{{cite journal | last=Schilling | first=Govert | title=New Model Shows Sun Was a Hot Young Star | journal=Science | year=2001 | volume=293 | issue=5538 | pages=2188–2189 | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5538/2188 | accessdate=2007-02-04 | doi=10.1126/science.293.5538.2188 | pmid=11567116 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=zams_sao>{{cite web | url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cms/astro/cosmos/Z/Zero+Age+Main+Sequence | title=Zero Age Main Sequence | work=The SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy | publisher=Swinburne University | accessdate=2007-12-09 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="clayton83" /> |
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<ref name=mss_atoe>{{cite web | url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html | title=Main Sequence Stars | publisher=Australia Telescope Outreach and Education | accessdate=2007-12-04 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=moore06>{{cite book | first=Patrick | last=Moore | authorlink=Patrick Moore | year=2006 | title=The Amateur Astronomer | publisher=Springer | isbn=1-85233-878-4 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=wd_sao>{{cite web | url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/W/White+Dwarf | title=White Dwarf | work=COSMOS—The SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy | publisher=Swinburne University | accessdate=2007-12-04 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=siess00>{{cite web | last=Siess | first=Lionel | year=2000 | url=http://www-astro.ulb.ac.be/~siess/server/iso.html | title=Computation of Isochrones | publisher=Institut d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles | accessdate=2007-12-06 }}—Compare, for example, the model isochrones generated for a ZAMS of 1.1 solar masses. This is listed in the table as 1.26 times the [[solar luminosity]]. At metallicity Z=0.01 the luminosity is 1.34 times solar luminosity. At metallicity Z=0.04 the luminosity is 0.89 times the solar luminosity.</ref> |
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<ref name=ohrd>{{cite web | url=http://astro.unl.edu/naap/hr/hr_background3.html | title=Origin of the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram | publisher=University of Nebraska | accessdate=2007-12-06 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=zombeck>{{cite book | first=Martin V. | last=Zombeck | year=1990 | title=Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics | publisher=Cambridge University Press | edition=2nd | url=http://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/toc.html | accessdate=2007-12-06 | isbn=0-521-34787-4 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=simbad>{{cite web | url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ | title=SIMBAD Astronomical Database | publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg | accessdate=2008-11-21 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=apj129>{{cite journal | author=Luck, R. Earle; Heiter, Ulrike | title=Stars within 15 Parsecs: Abundances for a Northern Sample | journal=The Astronomical Journal | year=2005 | volume=129 | issue=2 | pages=1063–1083 | bibcode=2005AJ....129.1063L | doi=10.1086/427250 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=recons>{{cite web | author=Staff | date=2008-01-01 | url=http://www.chara.gsu.edu/RECONS/TOP100.posted.htm | title=List of the Nearest Hundred Nearest Star Systems | publisher=Research Consortium on Nearby Stars | accessdate=2008-08-12 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=brainerd>{{cite web | last=Brainerd | first=Jerome James | date=2005-02-16 | url=http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/stars/MainSequence.html | title=Main-Sequence Stars | publisher=The Astrophysics Spectator | accessdate=2007-12-04 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=hannu>{{cite book | first=Hannu | last=Karttunen | year=2003 | title=Fundamental Astronomy | publisher=Springer | isbn=3-540-00179-4 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=clayton83>{{cite book | first=Donald D. | last=Clayton | year=1983 | title=Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis | publisher=University of Chicago Press | page=475 | isbn=0-226-10953-4 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=apj555>{{cite journal | author=Bahcall, John N.; Pinsonneault, M. H.; Basu, Sarbani | title=Solar Models: Current Epoch and Time Dependences, Neutrinos, and Helioseismological Properties | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | date=2001-07-10 | volume=555 | issue=2 | pages=990–1012 | bibcode=2003PhRvL..90m1301B | doi=10.1086/321493 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=maurizio05>{{cite book | first=Maurizio | last=Salaris | coauthors=Cassisi, Santi | year=2005 | title=Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations | page=128 | publisher=John Wiley and Sons | isbn=0-470-09220-3 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=apj620_1>{{cite journal | last=Oey | first=M. S. | coauthors=Clarke, C. J. | title=Statistical Confirmation of a Stellar Upper Mass Limit | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | year=2005 | volume=620 | issue=1 | pages=L43–L46 | bibcode=2005ApJ...620L..43O | doi=10.1086/428396 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=apj162>{{cite journal | last=Ziebarth | first=Kenneth | title=On the Upper Mass Limit for Main-Sequence Stars | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=1970 | volume=162 | pages=947–962 | bibcode=1970ApJ...162..947Z | doi=10.1086/150726 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=apj406_1>{{cite journal | author=Burrows, A.; Hubbard, W. B.; Saumon, D.; Lunine, J. I. | title=An expanded set of brown dwarf and very low mass star models | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 | year=1993 | month=March | volume=406 | issue=1 | pages=158–171 | doi=10.1086/172427 | bibcode=1993ApJ...406..158B}}</ref> |
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<ref name=aller91>{{cite book | first=Lawrence H. | last=Aller | year=1991 | title=Atoms, Stars, and Nebulae | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-31040-7 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=aaa102_1>{{cite journal | author=Bressan, A. G.; Chiosi, C.; Bertelli, G. | title=Mass loss and overshooting in massive stars | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | year=1981 | volume=102 | issue=1 | pages=25–30 | bibcode=1981A&A...102...25B }}</ref> |
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<ref name=lockner06>{{cite web | last=Lochner | first=Jim | coauthors=Gibb, Meredith; Newman, Phil | date=2006-09-06 | url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/stars.html | title=Stars | publisher=NASA | accessdate=2007-12-05 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=science295_5552>{{cite journal | last=Kroupa | first=Pavel | title=The Initial Mass Function of Stars: Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems | journal=Science | date=2002-01-04 | volume=295 | issue=5552 | pages=82–91 | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/295/5552/82 | accessdate=2008-11-21 | doi=10.1126/science.1067524 | pmid=11778039 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=sp74>{{cite journal | last=Gough | first=D. O. | title=Solar interior structure and luminosity variations | journal=Solar Physics | year=1981 | volume=74 | issue=1 | pages=21–34 | bibcode=1981SoPh...74...21G | doi=10.1007/BF00151270 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=padmanabhan01>{{cite book | first=Thanu | last=Padmanabhan | year=2001 | title=Theoretical Astrophysics | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-56241-4 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=apj128_3>{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=J. T. | title=Do We Know of Any Maunder Minimum Stars? | journal=The Astronomical Journal | year=2004 | volume=128 | issue=3 | pages=1273–1278 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:astro-ph/0406338 | accessdate=2007-12-06 | doi=10.1086/423221 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=tayler94>{{cite book | first=Roger John | last=Tayler | year=1994 | title=The Stars: Their Structure and Evolution | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-45885-4 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=mnras113>{{cite journal | last=Sweet | coauthors=Roy, A. E. | first=I. P. A. | title=The structure of rotating stars | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | year=1953 | volume=113 | pages=701–715 | bibcode=1953MNRAS.113..701S }}</ref> |
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<ref name=cwcs13>{{cite conference | last=Burgasser | first=Adam J. | coauthors=Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Lepine, Sebastien | title=Spitzer Studies of Ultracool Subdwarfs: Metal-poor Late-type M, L and T Dwarfs | booktitle=Proceedings of the 13th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun | pages=237 | publisher=Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co | date=July 5–9, 2004 | location=Hamburg, Germany | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?arXiv:astro-ph/0409178 | accessdate=2007-12-06 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=green04>{{cite book | first=S. F. | last=Green | coauthors=Jones, Mark Henry; Burnell, S. Jocelyn | year=2004 | title=An Introduction to the Sun and Stars | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-54622-2 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=rit_ms>{{cite web | last=Richmond | first=Michael W. | date=2004-11-10 | url=http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys230/lectures/star_age/star_age.html | title=Stellar evolution on the main sequence | publisher=Rochester Institute of Technology | accessdate=2007-12-03 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="prialnik00" /> |
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<ref name=mnras386_1>{{cite journal | author=Schröder, K.-P.; Connon Smith, Robert | title=Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | year=2008 | month=May | volume=386 | issue=1 | pages=155–163 | bibcode=2008MNRAS.386..155S | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x }}</ref> |
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<ref name=arnett96>{{cite book | first=David | last=Arnett | year=1996 | title=Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis: An Investigation of the History of Matter, from the Big Bang to the Present | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-01147-8 }}—Hydrogen fusion produces 8×10<sup>18</sup> [[erg]]/[[gram|g]] while helium fusion produces 8×10<sup>17</sup> erg/g.</ref> |
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<ref name=lecchini07>For a detailed historical reconstruction of the theoretical derivation of this relationship by Eddington in 1924, see: {{cite book | first=Stefano | last=Lecchini | year=2007 | title=How Dwarfs Became Giants. The Discovery of the Mass-Luminosity Relation | url=http://www.amazon.de/Dwarfs-Giants-Discovery-Mass-Luminosity-Relation/dp/3952288268 | publisher=Bern Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science | isbn=3-9522882-6-8}}</ref> |
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<ref name=rolfs_rodney88>{{cite book | first=Claus E. | last=Rolfs | coauthors=Rodney, William S. | year=1988 | title=Cauldrons in the Cosmos: Nuclear Astrophysics | page=46 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | isbn=0-226-72457-3 }}</ref> |
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<ref name=simbad_ltt2151>{{cite web | url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Gliese 185 | title=LTT 2151 -- High proper-motion Star | publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg | accessdate=2008-08-12 }}</ref> |
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}} |
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==外部連結== |
==外部連結== |
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2011年4月15日 (五) 16:35的版本
主序星在可顯示恒星演化過程的赫羅圖上，是分布在由左上角至右下角，被稱為主序帶上的恆星。
赫羅圖可顯示恒星的演化過程，大約90%的恒星位於赫羅圖左上角至右下角的帶狀上，這邊線稱為主序帶。位於主序帶上的恒星為主序星。形成恒星的分子雲是位於圖中極右的區域，但隨著分子雲開始收縮，其溫度開始上升，慢慢移至主序。恒星臨終時會離開主序，除質量極低的恒星會往左下方移動，大質量恒星會往右上方移動，這裏是紅巨星及紅超巨星的區域，都是表面溫度低而光度高的恒星。未經過超新星爆炸的恒星會移向左下方，這裏是表面溫度高而光度低的區域，是白矮星的所在區域，接著會因為能量的損失，漸漸變暗成為黑矮星。
主序帶
主序帶是赫羅圖上位於對角線上的曲線，絕大部分的恆星都坐落在這個範圍上，在這個區域內的恆星被稱為主序星或矮星，其中則以紅矮星的溫度最低。
這條線是非常明顯的，因為只要氫核聚變持續在進行，恆星光譜類型與亮度都與恆星的質量有直接的關聯，而且恆星的一生也幾乎都花費在這個階段上。
當更貼近的觀察時，你會注意到主序帶不再是一條明確的線，反到會有些模糊。有許多原因會造成這種模糊的情況，而最主要的原因是觀測上的不確定，因為距離造成的影響，使得許多雙星未能被分辨出來。
但是，即使在理想的觀測下，主序帶還是會有些模糊不清，因為質量不是恆星唯一的參數，化學組成和&mdash相關的—演化狀況也會略為改變恆星在主序帶上的位置。例如，緊鄰的伴星、自轉或磁場，都會造成一些改變。明確的說，有些金屬貧乏的恆星（次矮星），位置就在主序帶的下方，一樣進行著氫的核聚變，但在主序帶的下端就會因為化學組成而造成混淆不清的狀況。
天文學家有時會提到"零齡主序帶"(ZAMS)，這是由電腦計算所得的曲線，標示的是恆星開始氫的核聚變時，他的亮度與表面溫度，而典型的恆星會隨著年齡由這點開始增加表面溫度與亮度。當恆星誕生時會進入主序帶，瀕臨死亡前就會離開主序帶。
我們的太陽是一顆主序星，年齡已經是45億歲了，光譜分類是G2V。當核心的氫耗盡後，將膨脹成為一顆紅巨星。
主序星資料
下表是主序帶上恆星的典型數值：光度（L），半徑 (R)，和質量 (M) 都是相對於以太陽的比較值，正確的數值可以有20-30%的變化量。恆星分類欄位的顏色只是近似攝影所得到的顏色。
（注意：以下的數據與外部連結的並不會完全一致，同時單位面積的亮度也沒有遵循溫度（T4）的比率）
恆星
分類半徑 質量 亮度 溫度 举例 R/R☉ M/M☉ L/L☉ K O2.7 25 127 5,500,000 52,000 en:HD 93129A O5 19 54 790,000 42,000 弧矢增二十二 B0 7.4 18 20,000 30,000 Phi Orionis B5 3.8 6.5 800 15,200 Pi Andromedae A0 2.5 3.2 80 9,600 北冕座α A5 1.7 2.1 20 8,600 绘架座β F0 1.4 1.7 6.0 7,200 東上相 F5 1.2 1.29 2.5 6,540 Eta Arietis G0 1.05 1.10 1.26 6,000 后发座β G2 1.0 1.0 1.0 5,700 太阳 G5 0.93 0.93 0.79 5,600 Alpha Mensae K0 0.85 0.78 0.40 5,150 70 Ophiuchi K5 0.74 0.69 0.16 4,450 天鹅座61 M0 0.63 0.47 0.063 3,850 Gliese 185 M5 0.32 0.21 0.0079 3,200 EZ Aquarii M8 0.13 0.10 0.0008 2,500 VB 10 M9.5 0.10 0.08 0.0001 1,900
相關條目
註解
参考文献
- Massey, Philip and Michael R. Meyer. "Stellar Masses." The Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Ed. Paul Murdin. London: Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd and Nature Publishing Group, 2001. 3103-09. ISBN 1561592684
參考資料
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- Table of Features of the "Life Zones" of Main Sequence Stars
- A java based applet for stellar evolution.
- Charity, Mitchell. What color are the stars?. Vendian Systems. 2001-06-04 [2008-11-26].
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