卡尔达肖夫指数：修订间差异

删除的内容添加的内容

行内

2017年2月26日 (日) 16:39的版本

卡尔达肖夫指數（英語：Kardashev Scale）是根據一個文明所能夠利用的能源量級，來量度文明層次及技術先進程度的一種假说。1964年苏联天文学家尼古拉·卡尔达肖夫首先提出用能量级把文明分成三个等级级：I型、II型和III型。I型文明使用在它的故鄉行星所有可用的能量，II型文明利用它的行星所围绕的恆星所有的能量，III型文明則利用它所處星系的所有能量。一般认为人类文明现在接近但尚未达到I型文明。

定義

在1964年由苏联天文学家尼古拉·卡尔达肖夫首先提出定義文明的三個層次，根據各個文明使用能源功率數量的量級：

I型 — 文明對行星可以驾驭的能量大約是10¹⁶ W。實際的數字是有很多變數的，地球的特定變數為 1.74×10¹⁷ W。（此处存疑）卡爾達肖夫指數原定義為 4×10¹⁶ W。^[1]

II型 — 文明對一个恒星所可以驾驭的能量大約是 10²⁶ W。同樣地，實際的數字是有很多變數的，太陽輸出的指數約為3.86×10²⁶ W。卡爾達肖夫指數原定義為 4×10²⁶ W。^[1]

III型 — 文明對一個星系所驾驭的能量大約是 10³⁶ W。這個數字是有極多變數的，因為星系的體積在變化中。卡爾達肖夫指數原定義為 4×10³⁷ W。

（w=j/s,即I型文明一秒即可输出亿亿焦耳的能量，相当于两百万吨TNT当量——大型核弹）

在現階段，上述文明類別純為假定。但是卡尔达肖夫指數被搜寻地外文明计划研究人員、科幻小說作家和預言家用來作理論基礎。

人類文明的現狀

加來道雄認為，人類可能在100〜200年左右達到I型狀態，在幾千年後達到II型狀態，而約在10萬至一百萬年後達到III型狀態。^[2]

卡爾·薩根建議定義中間值（不考慮在卡尔达肖夫的原指数），由類型I(10¹⁶ W)，類型II(10²⁶ W)和類型III(10³⁶ W)的值來做內插和外插，得出下面的公式：

K={\frac {\log _{10}P-6}{10}}

,

其中的K是一個文明的卡尔达肖夫指数，和 P 是它使用的電力，以瓦特爲單位。他計算出人類文明類型指數（在1973年）是0.7左右，用外推法（顯然1970年代人類使用了10太瓦（TW）的數值）。^[3]

2012年，總世界能源消耗量量為553艾焦(7020553000000000000♠553×10¹⁸ J=153,661 TWh)，相當於平均功耗為17.54太瓦（7013150400000000000♠1.504×10¹³ W ，或0.724上的卡尔达肖夫指数）。^[4]

地球的總光合生產力（英语：Photosynthetic_efficiency#Worldwide_figures）是大約 1500至2250TW之間，或每年47,300-71,000艾焦(EJ)，相當於0.9卡尔达肖夫指数。

參考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Lemarchand, Guillermo A. Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities. Coseti. .
^ Kaku, Michio. The Physics of Interstellar Travel: To one day, reach the stars.. 2010 [2010-08-29].
^ Sagan, Carl. Jerome Agel , 编. Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective. Freeman J. Dyson, David Morrison. Cambridge Press. October 2000 [1973] [2008-01-01]. ISBN 0-521-78303-8.
^ Primary Energy Consumption 2008-2012' Total Primary Energy Consumption 2008-2012 请检查|url=值 (帮助) (cfm). Statistical Review of World Energy 2008-2012.

参见

延伸閱讀

Dyson, Freeman J. Energy in the Universe Article in September 1971 Scientific American magazine (Special September Issue on Energy)
Rusinek, Marvin. Energy Consumption of Europe. The Physics Factbook. 1998.
Wind Powering America
Clean Energy for Planetary Survival: International Development Research Centre
LBL Scientists Research Global Warming
E³ Handbook
Clarke H2 energy systems
Holdren, John P.; Carl Kaysen. Environmental Change and the Human Condition (PDF). Bulletin Fall: 24–31. 2003 [2006-08-10].
Dordrecht, D. Exponential Expansion: Galactic Destiny or Technological Hubris?. B. R. Finney, M. D. Papagiannis (编). The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments. Reidel Publ. Co. 1985: 465–463.
Shkadov Thruster
Korotayev, A.; Malkov, A.; Khaltourina, D. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow: URSS. 2006. ISBN 5-484-00414-4.
Kardashev, Nikolai. Cosmology and Civilizations. Astrophysics and Space Science. March 1997, 252: 25. doi:10.1023/A:1000837427320.
Supercivilizations as Possible Products of the Progressive Evolution of Matter: also by Kardashev
Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation, by Freeman J. Dyson
The Radio Search For Intelligent Extraterrestral Life, by Frank Drake
Freitas Jr., Robert A. Energy and Culture (chapter 15).
Griffin, John. Operation TOGA: Type One Go Ahead. ISBN 1-4502-0702-2.

外部連接

[Lemarchand-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Lemarchand, Guillermo A. Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities. Coseti. .

[2] Kaku, Michio. The Physics of Interstellar Travel: To one day, reach the stars.. 2010 [2010-08-29].

[books.google.com-3] Sagan, Carl. Jerome Agel , 编. Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective. Freeman J. Dyson, David Morrison. Cambridge Press. October 2000 [1973] [2008-01-01]. ISBN 0-521-78303-8.

[EIA-4] Primary Energy Consumption 2008-2012' Total Primary Energy Consumption 2008-2012 请检查|url=值 (帮助) (cfm). Statistical Review of World Energy 2008-2012.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ 第54行： / 第54行： @@
 * [[KIC 8462852]]
 {{colend}}
-{{portal bar|天文学|能源}}
+==延伸閱讀==
+{{Refbegin|2}}
+* Dyson, Freeman J. ''Energy in the Universe'' Article in September 1971 ''[[Scientific American]]'' magazine (Special September Issue on ''Energy'')
+* {{Cite web|url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/MarvinRusinek.shtml|title=Energy Consumption of Europe|date=1998|last=Rusinek|first= Marvin|work=The Physics Factbook}}
+* [http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/femp/cannonfiles/sld006.htm Wind Powering America]
+* [http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-64514-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Clean Energy for Planetary Survival: International Development Research Centre]
+* [http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/global-warming.html LBL Scientists Research Global Warming]
+* [http://www.oit.doe.gov/e3handbook/appenf.shtml E³ Handbook]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061013100905/http://web.gat.com/hydrogen/images/pdf%20files/clarke_h2_energy_systems.pdf Clarke H2 energy systems]
+* {{Cite web| url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/bulletin/fall2003/holdren.pdf| format=PDF| title= Environmental Change and the Human Condition| first=John P.| last= Holdren| accessdate=2006-08-10| pages=24–31| work= Bulletin Fall| date= 2003|author2=Carl Kaysen}}
+* {{Cite book| chapter=Exponential Expansion: Galactic Destiny or Technological Hubris?| title=The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments| editor=B. R. Finney, M. D. Papagiannis| last=Dordrecht| first=D.| publisher=Reidel Publ. Co.| date=1985| pages=465–463}}
+* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Shkadov.html Shkadov Thruster]
+*{{Cite book |last=Korotayev |first=A. |last2=Malkov |first2=A. |last3=Khaltourina |first3=D. |title=Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth |url=http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&lang=en&blang=en&list=14&page=Book&id=34250 |location=Moscow |publisher=URSS |date=2006 |isbn=5-484-00414-4 }}
+* {{Cite journal| last=Kardashev| first=Nikolai| title=Cosmology and Civilizations | journal = Astrophysics and Space Science | volume = 252 | pages=25|date=March 1997|doi=10.1023/A:1000837427320}}
+* ''Supercivilizations as Possible Products of the Progressive Evolution of Matter'': also by Kardashev
+* ''Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation'', by [[Freeman J. Dyson]]
+* ''The Radio Search For Intelligent Extraterrestral Life'', by [[Frank Drake]]
+* {{Cite book| first=Robert A.| last=Freitas Jr.| title=Energy and Culture (chapter 15)}}
+* {{Cite book| first=John| last=Griffin| title=Operation TOGA: Type One Go Ahead |isbn=1-4502-0702-2}}
+{{Refend}}
+==外部連接==
+* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/K/Kardashevciv.html Kardashev civilizations]
+* [http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php?page=concepts04 Astrobiology: The Living Universe]
+* [http://www.coseti.org/lemarch1.htm Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities]
+* [http://www.ibiblio.org/astrobiology/index.php?page=concepts04#1 Flash Animation on Civilizations]
+* [http://contactincontext.org/cic/v2i2/farewell.htm After Kardashev: Farewell to Super Civilizations]
+* [http://astranaut.org/library/exotic-civilizations-beyond-ka.php Exotic Civilizations: Beyond Kardashev]
+* [http://bigthink.com/videos/the-birth-pangs-of-a-planetary-civilization Description of civilization types from Dr. Michio Kaku]
+* [http://www.theskepticsguide.org/alien-super-civilizations-playing-great-game-of-hide-seek Search for Type III civilizations]
 {{-}}
+{{portal bar|天文学|能源}}
 {{Extraterrestrial life}}
 {{技术}}