抗抑郁药:修订间差异

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在少数人的治疗过程中,抗抑郁药的治疗效果会逐渐下降。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Targum SD |title=Identification and treatment of antidepressant tachyphylaxis |journal=Innov Clin Neurosci |volume=11 |issue=3–4 |pages=24–8 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24800130 |pmc=4008298 |doi=|url=}}</ref><ref name="fava">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fava GA, Offidani E | title=The mechanisms of tolerance in antidepressant action | journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry | volume=35 | issue=7 | pages=1593–602 | year=2011 | pmid=20728491 | doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.026 }}</ref>一些研究还提出一种方案,即采用药物治疗急性抑郁症发作再转用心理方法治疗残余症状。<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fava GA, Park SK, Sonino N | title=Treatment of recurrent depression | journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics | volume=6 | issue=11 | pages=1735–40 | year=2006 | pmid=17144786 | doi=10.1586/14737175.6.11.1735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Petersen TJ | title=Enhancing the efficacy of antidepressants with psychotherapy | journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume=20 | issue=3 suppl | pages=19–28 | year=2006 | pmid=16644768 | doi=10.1177/1359786806064314 }}</ref>
在少数人的治疗过程中,抗抑郁药的治疗效果会逐渐下降。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Targum SD |title=Identification and treatment of antidepressant tachyphylaxis |journal=Innov Clin Neurosci |volume=11 |issue=3–4 |pages=24–8 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24800130 |pmc=4008298 |doi=|url=}}</ref><ref name="fava">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fava GA, Offidani E | title=The mechanisms of tolerance in antidepressant action | journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry | volume=35 | issue=7 | pages=1593–602 | year=2011 | pmid=20728491 | doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.026 }}</ref>一些研究还提出一种方案,即采用药物治疗急性抑郁症发作再转用心理方法治疗残余症状。<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fava GA, Park SK, Sonino N | title=Treatment of recurrent depression | journal=Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics | volume=6 | issue=11 | pages=1735–40 | year=2006 | pmid=17144786 | doi=10.1586/14737175.6.11.1735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Petersen TJ | title=Enhancing the efficacy of antidepressants with psychotherapy | journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume=20 | issue=3 suppl | pages=19–28 | year=2006 | pmid=16644768 | doi=10.1177/1359786806064314 }}</ref>

====相对功效与耐受性====
{{clear}}
<div style="width:100%;" class="NavFrame">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#fffaf0; text-align:center; font-size:larger;">Comparative efficacy and tolerability table</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;display:none;">
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 药品名
! 相对功效
! 耐受性
! 药物过量风险
! 体重增长
! [[姿位性低血压]]
! 抑制效应
! 增强效应
! [[抗胆碱能]]
! [[QT间期|QT间期]]
! 消化道毒性
! SD
|-
| <ref name="SJW Cochrane review" /><ref name="GG">{{cite book | name-list-format=vanc |editor1-last=Brunton |editor1-first=Laurence L. |editor2-last=Chabner |editor2-first=Bruce |editor3-last=Knollmann |editor3-first=Björn C. | title=[[Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics]] | year=2011 | publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional | isbn=978-0-07-162442-8 | edition=12th | location=New York }}</ref><ref name="UpToDate">{{cite web |title=Side effects of antidepressant medications |work=UpToDate |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health |accessdate=24 October 2013 |url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PC%2F62488&source=image_view&view=print&topicKey=PSYCH/85816&source=see_link&elapsedTimeMs=2 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102183135/http://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PC%2F62488&source=image_view&view=print&topicKey=PSYCH%2F85816&source=see_link&elapsedTimeMs=2 |archivedate=2 November 2013 |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="Martindale">{{cite book |name-list-format=vanc |title=MARTINDALE – The Complete Drug Reference |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |author=Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain |accessdate=31 October 2013 |url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/login.htm?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinescomplete.com%2Fmc%2Fmartindale%2Fcurrent%2F |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6IOEuW8Pn?url=https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/login.htm?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinescomplete.com%2Fmc%2Fmartindale%2Fcurrent%2F |archivedate=26 July 2013 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>{{Unreliable medical source |Ref link target should not be a login page. |date=January 2017}}<ref name="SJW adverse effects 1998 Review">{{cite journal |author1=Ernst E |author2=Rand JI |author3=Barnes J |author4=Stevinson C | year=1998 | title=Adverse effects profile of the herbal antidepressant St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) | url=| journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume=54 | issue=8 | pages=589–94 | doi=10.1007/s002280050519 | pmid=9860144 | quote=Collectively, the data suggest that hypericum is well tolerated, with an incidence of adverse reactions similar to that of placebo.}}</ref>
|| <ref name="SJW Cochrane review" /><ref name=Martindale /><ref name="SJW adverse effects 1998 Review" /><ref name="Lancet">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Geddes JR, Higgins JP, Churchill R, Watanabe N, Nakagawa A, Omori IM, McGuire H, Tansella M, Barbui C | title=Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis | journal=Lancet | volume=373 | issue=9665 | pages=746–58 | year=2009 | pmid=19185342 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60046-5 }}</ref>
|| <ref name=GG /><ref name=UpToDate /><ref name="isbn 9780470979488" /><br /><ref name="SJW Cochrane review" /><ref name=Martindale /><ref name="SJW adverse effects 1998 Review" /><ref name=Lancet />
|| <ref name="SJW Cochrane review" /><ref name=Martindale /><ref name="SJW adverse effects 1998 Review" /><ref name="isbn 9780470979488" /><ref name="Overdoses">{{cite journal |vauthors=White N, Litovitz T, Clancy C | title=Suicidal antidepressant overdoses: a comparative analysis by antidepressant type | journal=J Med Toxicol | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=238–50 | year=2008 | pmid=19031375 | pmc=3550116 | doi=10.1007/BF03161207 }}</ref>
|| <ref name="SJW Cochrane review" /><ref name=UpToDate /><ref name=Martindale /><ref name="SJW adverse effects 1998 Review" /><ref name="isbn 9780470979488">{{cite book | name-list-format=vanc | last1=Taylor | first1=D | title=The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry | year=2012 | url=| isbn=978-0-470-97948-8 | last2=Paton |first2=C |last3=Shitij |first3=K | location=West Sussex | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell }}</ref>
|| <ref name="SJW Cochrane review" /><ref name=UpToDate /><ref name=Martindale /><ref name="SJW adverse effects 1998 Review" /><ref name="isbn 9780470979488" /><ref name="AMH">{{cite book | name-list-format=vanc | title=Australian Medicines Handbook | year=2013 | publisher=The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust | isbn=978-0-9805790-9-3 | edition=2013 | place=Adelaide | editor=Rossi, S }}</ref>
|| <ref name="SJW Cochrane review" /><ref name=UpToDate /><ref name=Martindale /><ref name="SJW adverse effects 1998 Review" /><ref name="isbn 9780470979488" /><ref name="AMH" />
|| <ref name="SJW Cochrane review" /><ref name=UpToDate /><ref name=Martindale /><ref name="SJW adverse effects 1998 Review" /><ref name="isbn 9780470979488" />
|| <ref name=UpToDate /><ref name="isbn 9780470979488" /><br /><ref name="SJW Cochrane review" /><ref name=Martindale /><ref name="SJW adverse effects 1998 Review" /><ref name="AMH" />
|| <ref name="SJW Cochrane review" /><ref name=UpToDate /><ref name=Martindale /><ref name="SJW adverse effects 1998 Review" /><ref name="isbn 9780470979488" />
|| <ref name="SJW Cochrane review" /><ref name=UpToDate /><ref name=Martindale /><ref name="SJW adverse effects 1998 Review" /><ref name="isbn 9780470979488" />
|| <ref name="SJW Cochrane review" /><ref name=UpToDate /><ref name=Martindale /><ref name="SJW adverse effects 1998 Review" /><ref name="isbn 9780470979488" />
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"| '''<big>[[三环类抗抑郁药]](TCAs)</big>'''
|-
! 药品名
! 相对功效
! 耐受性
! 药物过量风险
! 体重增长
! [[姿位性低血压]]
! 抑制效应
! 增强效应
! [[抗胆碱能]]
! [[QT间期|QT间期]]
! 消化道毒性
! SD
|-
| [[阿米替林]]
|| 3
|| 1
|| 3
|| 4
|| 3
|| 4
|| v
|| 4
|| 3
|| 1
|| 4/3
|-
| [[阿莫沙平]]
|| 2
|| 2
|| 4
|| 2
|| 2
|| 2
|| 2
|| 2
|| 2
|| v
|| ND
|-
| [[氯米帕明]]
|| 3
|| 2/1
|| 2
|| 2
|| 2
|| 4/3
|| v
|| 4
|| 2
|| 1
|| 4
|-
| [[地昔帕明]]
|| 2
|| 2/1
|| 3
|| 1
|| 1
|| 1/v
|| 1
|| 1
|| 2
|| 1/v
|| ND
|-
| [[度硫平]]
|| 2
|| 1
|| 4
|| ?
|| 3/2
|| 3/2
|| v
|| 3/2
|| 2
|| v
|| 3/2
|-
| [[西多塞平]]
|| 2
|| 2/1
|| 3
|| 3
|| 4
|| 3
|| v
|| 3
|| 3
|| v
|| 3
|-
| [[米帕明]]
|| 3
|| 1
|| 3
|| 4
|| 4/3
|| 3
|| 1
|| 3
|| 3
|| 1
|| 3
|-
| [[洛非帕明]]
|| 2
|| 3
|| 1
|| 1
|| 1
|| 1
|| 1
|| 2
|| 1
|| ?
|| ?
|-
| [[马普替林]]
|| 2
|| 2/1
|| 4
|| 2
|| 2
|| 3
|| v
|| 2
|| 3
|| v
|| ND
|-
| [[去甲替林]]
|| 2
|| 2
|| 2
|| 1
|| 2
|| 1
|| v
|| 1
|| 2
|| v
|| ND
|-
| [[普罗替林]]
|| 2
|| 2/1
|| 2
|| 1
|| 2
|| 1
|| 1
|| 2
|| 3
|| 1
|| 4/3
|-
| [[噻奈普汀]]
|| 2
|| 4
|| ?
|| ?
|| ?
|| ?
|| ?
|| ?
|| ?
|| ?
|| ?
|-
| [[曲米帕明]]
|| 2
|| 1
|| 2
|| 4
|| 3
|| 4
|| 1
|| 4
|| 2
|| 2
|| v
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"| '''<big>[[单胺氧化酶抑制剂]](MAOIs)</big>'''
|-
! 药品名
! 相对功效
! 耐受性
! 药物过量风险
! 体重增长
! [[姿位性低血压]]
! 抑制效应
! 增强效应
! [[抗胆碱能]]
! [[QT间期|QT间期]]
! 消化道毒性
! SD
|-
| [[异卡波肼]]
|| 2
|| 1
|| 3
|| 1
|| 2
|| 1
|| 2
|| 1
|| v
|| 1
|| 4
|-
| [[吗氯贝胺]]
|| 2
|| 3
|| 1
|| v
|| v
|| v
|| ?
|| v
|| v
|| v
|| 1/v
|-
| [[苯乙肼]]
|| 2
|| 1
|| 3
|| 2
|| 3
|| 1
|| 1
|| 1
|| v
|| 1
|| 4
|-
| [[司来吉兰]]
|| ?
|| 3
|| 2
|| v
|| 1
|| v
|| 1
|| 1
|| v
|| v
|| v
|-
| [[反苯环丙胺]]
|| 2
|| 1
|| 3
|| 1
|| 2
|| v
|| 2
|| 1
|| v
|| 1
|| 4
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"| '''<big>[[选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂]](SSRIs)</big>'''
|-
! 药品名
! 相对功效
! 耐受性
! 药物过量风险
! 体重增长
! [[姿位性低血压]]
! 抑制效应
! 增强效应
! [[抗胆碱能]]
! [[QT间期|QT间期]]
! 消化道毒性
! SD
|-
| [[西酞普兰]]
|| 2
|| 3
|| 2
|| 1
|| 1
|| v
|| 1
|| v
|| 2
|| 1
|| 3
|-
| [[艾司西酞普兰]]
|| 3
|| 3
|| 1
|| 1
|| 1
|| v
|| 1
|| v
|| 1
|| 1
|| 3
|-
| [[氟西汀]]
|| 2
|| 3
|| 1
|| 1
|| 1
|| v
|| 2
|| v
|| 1
|| 1
|| 3
|-
| [[氟伏沙明]]
|| 2
|| 3
|| 2
|| 1
|| 1
|| 1
|| 1
|| v
|| 1/v
|| 2
|| 3
|-
| [[帕罗西汀]]
|| 2
|| 3
|| 1
|| 2
|| 2
|| 1
|| 1
|| 1
|| 1/v
|| 1
|| 4
|-
| [[舍曲林]]
|| 3
|| 3
|| 1
|| 1
|| 1
|| v
|| 2
|| v
|| 1/v
|| 2
|| 3
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"| '''<big>[[5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂]](SNRIs)</big>'''
|-
! 药品名
! 相对功效
! 耐受性
! 药物过量风险
! 体重增长
! [[姿位性低血压]]
! 抑制效应
! 增强效应
! [[抗胆碱能]]
! [[QT间期|QT间期]]
! 消化道毒性
! SD
|-
| [[去甲文拉法辛]]
|| 2
|| 3/2
|| 1/2
|| v
|| v
|| v
|| 2
|| v
|| v
|| 2/1
|| 3
|-
| [[度洛西汀]]
|| 2
|| 3
|| 1
|| v
|| v
|| v
|| 2
|| v
|| v
|| 2
|| 3
|-
| [[米那普仑]]
|| 2
|| 3
|| ?
|| v
|| v
|| v
|| 2
|| 1
|| v
|| 2
|| v
|-
| [[文拉法辛]]
|| 3
|| 2
|| 2
|| v
|| v
|| v
|| 2
|| v
|| 1
|| 2 (IR)<br />1 (XR)
|| 3
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"| '''<big>[[去甲肾上腺素和特异性5-羟色胺能抗抑郁药]](NaSSAs)</big>'''
|-
! 药品名
! 相对功效
! 耐受性
! 药物过量风险
! 体重增长
! [[姿位性低血压]]
! 抑制效应
! 增强效应
! [[抗胆碱能]]
! [[QT间期|QT间期]]
! 消化道毒性
! SD
|-
| [[米塞林]]
|| 2
|| 3
|| ?
|| 4
|| v
|| 4
|| v
|| 1
|| 1
|| v
|| 1
|-
| [[米氮平]]
|| 3
|| 3
|| 1
|| 4
|| v
|| 4
|| v
|| 1
|| 1
|| v
|| 1
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"| '''<big>[[血清素拮抗剂与再摄取抑制剂]](SARIs)</big>'''
|-
! 药品名
! 相对功效
! 耐受性
! 药物过量风险
! 体重增长
! [[姿位性低血压]]
! 抑制效应
! 增强效应
! [[抗胆碱能]]
! [[QT间期|QT间期]]
! 消化道毒性
! SD
|-
| [[奈法唑酮]]
|| 2
|| 3
|| 2/1
|| v
|| 1
|| 2
|| v
|| 1
|| v
|| 2
|| v
|-
| [[曲唑酮]]
|| 2 <ref name="pmid7622801">{{cite journal |vauthors=van Moffaert M, de Wilde J, Vereecken A, Dierick M, Evrard JL, Wilmotte J, Mendlewicz J | title=Mirtazapine is more effective than trazodone: a double-blind controlled study in hospitalized patients with major depression | journal=Int Clin Psychopharmacol | volume=10 | issue=1 | pages=3–9 | date=March 1995 | pmid=7622801 | doi=10.1097/00004850-199503000-00001 }}</ref>
|| 3
|| 1
|| 1
|| 3
|| 4
|| v
|| v
|| 2
|| 3
|| 1
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"| '''<big>血清素调节与刺激剂(SMSs)</big>'''
|-
! 药品名
! 相对功效
! 耐受性
! 药物过量风险
! 体重增长
! [[姿位性低血压]]
! 抑制效应
! 增强效应
! [[抗胆碱能]]
! [[QT间期|QT间期]]
! 消化道毒性
! SD
|-
| [[维拉佐酮]]
|| 2
|| 3/2
|| ?
|| v
|| v
|| v
|| 2
|| v
|| v
|| 4
|| 2
|-
| [[Vortioxetine]]
|| 2
|| 3
|| ?
|| v
|| v
|| v
|| 1/v
|| v
|| v
|| 3
|| 1
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"| '''<big>其它</big>'''
|-
! 药品名
! 相对功效
! 耐受性
! 药物过量风险
! 体重增长
! [[姿位性低血压]]
! 抑制效应
! 增强效应
! [[抗胆碱能]]
! [[QT间期|QT间期]]
! 消化道毒性
! SD
|-
| [[阿戈美拉汀]]
|| 2
|| 3
|| 1
|| v
|| v
|| 1
|| 1
|| v
|| v
|| 1
|| 1/v
|-
| [[安非他酮]]
|| 2
|| 3
|| 3/2
|| v
|| v
|| v
|| 2/1
|| v
|| 1
|| 1
|| v
|-
| [[瑞波西汀]]
|| 1
|| 3
|| 1
|| v
|| v
|| v
|| 2
|| v
|| v
|| 1
|| 1
|-
| [[贯叶连翘]]
|| 3/2
|| 4
|| 1
|| 1/v
|| 1/v
|| 1/v
|| 1/v
|| 1/v
|| 1/v
|| 1/v
|| 1/v
|}

'''表中数据含义如下:'''

''对于副作用/药物过量毒性:''

4 代表极强副作用/毒性

3 代表强副作用/毒性

2 代表中等副作用/毒性

1 代表弱副作用/毒性

v 代表极弱副作用/毒性

''对于耐受性:''

4 耐受性极佳。耐受性较SSRI类药物更好。

3 耐受性较佳,副作用较少、较轻、消失更快。SSRI类药物属于此类。

2 耐受性中等。TCA类中耐受性更好的一些药物属于此类。

1 耐受性差。多数TCA类及MAOI类药物属于此类。

''对于功效:''

3 功效上乘,且至少有一篇评审文章支持。

2 功效普通。一些第一手来源可能称其功效优于其他一些功效较佳的药物(例如阿戈美拉汀在一次临床试验中表现出的功效比文拉法辛更佳),但支持相关结论的数据不足。

1 功效较功效普通的药物低,至少依据一篇评审文章。

'''上表中缩略语/术语:'''

增强效应 – 副作用如躁动、焦虑、失眠和震颤

AMH – 澳大利亚医学手册 <ref name="AMH" />


抑制效应 – 镇静效果,例如嗜睡、镇静。

IR – 速效片剂

ND – 无数据

QT间期 - QT间期延长

SD – 性功能障碍

XR – 缓释片剂

'''药物相关信息:''' <ref name=GG /><ref name=UpToDate /><ref name=Martindale /><ref name=Lancet /><ref name="isbn 9780470979488" /><ref name=Overdoses /><ref name="AMH" />

'''[[三环类抗抑郁药]](TCAs)'''

[[阿米替林]]:
优先抑制血清素的再吸收(8倍于去甲肾上腺素),但对去甲肾上腺素再吸收的抑制也有临床意义。<ref name=GG />在最近的一篇评估文章中被认为有较强的肝毒性。<ref name=Hep>{{cite journal |last1=Voican |first1=CS |last2=Corruble |first2=E |last3=Naveau |first3=S |last4=Perlemuter |first4=G |title=Antidepressant-induced liver injury: a review for clinicians. |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |date=April 2014 |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=404–15 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13050709 |pmid=24362450}}</ref>

[[阿莫沙平]]:
有时也被归类为四环类抗抑郁药。有非常规型抗精神病药的活性。在澳大利亚、加拿大和英国无法获得,但在美国可以。可能起效更快。属于多巴胺拮抗剂,可引发[[锥体外症候群]]、[[迟发性运动障碍]]和[[神经阻滞剂恶性综合征]]。<ref>{{cite web |title=AMOXAPINE tablet [Watson Laboratories, Inc.] |work=DailyMed |publisher=Watson Laboratories, Inc. |date=August 2010 |accessdate=30 October 2013 |url=http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=a16297df-3158-48db-85e5-5cd506885556|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102093757/http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=a16297df-3158-48db-85e5-5cd506885556 |archivedate=2 November 2013 }}</ref> Causes kidney failure and seizures in overdose, although it usually does not cause cardiotoxic effects in overdose.<ref name="CPT" />

[[氯米帕明]]:
对5-羟色胺的再吸收的抑制有极高的选择性(约120倍)。比起其他三环类抗抑郁药更有可能引发癫痫。<ref name=GG />

[[地昔帕明]]:
选择性抑制去甲肾上腺素的再吸收(22倍于5-羟色胺)。<ref name=GG />

[[度硫平]]:
在美国无法获得,在澳大利亚与英国可获得。<br />
体重增长: 可能为 2<br />
药物过量风险: 4 <ref name="AMH" />

[[西多塞平]]:
对去甲肾上腺素重吸收的抑制有一定的选择性(2.3倍于5-羟色胺)。

[[米帕明]]:
最初以一种三环类抗抑郁药来营销。对5-羟色胺再吸收的抑制有一定选择性(26倍于去甲肾上腺素)<br />
相对功效:3<ref name="pmid8912401">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruijn JA, Moleman P, Mulder PG, van den Broek WW, van Hulst AM, van der Mast RC, van de Wetering BJ | title=A double-blind, fixed blood-level study comparing mirtazapine with imipramine in depressed in-patients | journal=Psychopharmacology | volume=127 | issue=3 | pages=231–7 | year=1996 | pmid=8912401 | doi=10.1007/BF02246131|url=https://repub.eur.nl/pub/70670/art-3A10.1007-2FBF02246131.pdf }}</ref><ref name="pmid10463374">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruijn JA, Moleman P, Mulder PG, van den Broek WW | title=Depressed in-patients respond differently to imipramine and mirtazapine | journal=Pharmacopsychiatry | volume=32 | issue=3 | pages=87–92 | year=1999 | pmid=10463374 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-979200 }}</ref>肝毒性较其他抗抑郁药更强。<ref name=Hep />

[[洛非帕明]]:
在澳大利亚、美国、加拿大未获批准,在英国及其它欧洲国家获得了批准。<br />
QT间期的延长:1(与剂量有关)

[[马普替林]]:
对去甲肾上腺素再吸收的抑制有较强选择性。(约90倍于多巴胺)<ref name=GG />

[[去甲替林]]:
阿米替林的活性代谢产物,对去甲肾上腺素重吸收的抑制有一定的选择性(4.2倍)。

[[普罗替林]]:
对去甲肾上腺素重吸收的抑制有一定的选择性(14倍于5-羟色胺)。

[[噻奈普汀]]:
增强5-羟色胺的再吸收以及多巴胺、谷氨酸类神经冲动传导。在澳大利亚、加拿大、英国、美国与爱尔兰未能获准临床使用。肝毒性较强<ref name=Hep />

[[曲米帕明]]:
有抗多巴胺特性,可造成[[锥体外症候群]]、[[迟发性运动障碍]]和神经阻滞剂恶性综合征。

'''[[单胺氧化酶抑制剂]](MAOIs)'''

[[异卡波肼]]:
在澳大利亚未获准使用。

[[吗氯贝胺]]:
唯一一种临床使用的[[单胺氧化酶抑制剂|可逆性单胺氧化酶A抑制剂]]。美国未批准该药的使用。在澳大利亚、加拿大、多数欧洲国家(如捷克、芬兰、爱尔兰)、新西兰、新加坡、南非及英国允许使用。<br />
增强效应:未知(AMH报告失眠多见)

[[苯乙肼]]:
较易造成肝损伤。<ref name=Hep />

[[司来吉兰]]:
最初因其高选择性、不可逆地抑制单胺氧化酶B的能力而用于[[帕金森病]]的治疗,但在高剂量下也会抑制单胺氧化酶A。

[[反苯环丙胺]]:
在体内(in vivo)代谢成为苯丙胺类似物。可造成肝损伤。<ref name="AMH" />

'''[[选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂]](SSRIs)'''

[[西酞普兰]]:
SSRI类中最可能造成QT间期延长的一种药物。同时也是SSRI类中药物过量毒性最强的一种。较其他抗抑郁药的肝毒性更小。<ref name=Hep /><br />
QT间期延长:2(与剂量有关;剂量大于40&nbsp;mg/天时尤其危险)

[[艾司西酞普兰]]:
西酞普兰的S-异构体,比西酞普兰活性更强。可能是SSRI类药物中功效最强的,虽然艾司西酞普兰与舍曲林之间的功效至今未发现统计学意义上的差异。基于现有证据,艾司西酞普兰比它的外消旋混合物(R-S)-西酞普兰过量时毒性更小。肝毒性弱于大多数抗抑郁药。<ref name=Hep />

[[氟西汀]]:
1987年成为首个获FDA批准的SSRI类药物。一些研究显示服用氟西汀的患者有体重减轻现象(统计学上不显著)。在临床使用的抗抑郁药中具有最长的代谢半衰期(已将其最具活性的代谢产物诺氟西汀考虑在内),也正因为如此,突然停药后戒断反应通常罕见且较轻微。皮肤反应比舍曲林更常见。<ref name=Martindale />

[[氟伏沙明]]:
FDA未批准将该药用于重性抑郁障碍的治疗,但批准了该药用于[[强迫症]]的治疗。在SSRI类药物中具有最高的σ1受体亲和力,并起着受体激动剂的作用。<ref name="sig">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fishback JA, Robson MJ, Xu YT, Matsumoto RR | title=Sigma receptors: potential targets for a new class of antidepressant drug | journal=Pharmacol. Ther. | volume=127 | issue=3 | pages=271–82 | year=2010 | pmid=20438757 | pmc=3993947 | doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.04.003 }}</ref><ref name=psychdep />比大多数抗抑郁药肝毒性更小。<ref name=Hep />

[[帕罗西汀]]:
可能提高[[持续性胎儿循环综合征]]的发生风险,从而成为SSRI类药物中唯一一种不在澳大利亚怀孕分级C级而在D级中的。比起其他SSRI类药物,使用该药可能会提高[[性功能障碍]]、体重增加、出现抗胆碱能副作用以及[[昏睡]]的风险。比起其他SSRI类药物,该药半衰期较短,因而在忘记服药时容易引起戒断反应。帕罗西汀是SSRI类药物中对σ1受体亲和力最低的。<ref name=sig />该药还是SSRI类中最可能引起锥体外症候群的一种。<ref name="CPT">{{cite book | name-list-format=vanc | title=Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics | year=2007 | publisher=Churchill Livingstone Elsevier | isbn=978-0-7020-4293-5 | edition=4th | location=Edinburgh | origyear=1994 |editor1=Walker, R |editor2=Whittlesea, C }}</ref>肝毒性比大多数抗抑郁药低。<ref name=Hep />

[[舍曲林]]:
引起精神类副作用(如狂躁,自杀行为、想法,思觉失调等)的风险最高。<ref name=Martindale />对多巴胺的再吸收有轻微(但具临床意义)的抑制效果。<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Borkowska A, Pilaczyńska E, Araszkiewicz A, Rybakowski J | title=[The effect of sertraline on cognitive functions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder] | language=Polish | journal=Psychiatr. Pol. | volume=36 | issue=6 Suppl | pages=289–95 | year=2002 | pmid=12647451 | doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmitt JA, Ramaekers JG, Kruizinga MJ, van Boxtel MP, Vuurman EF, Riedel WJ | title=Additional dopamine reuptake inhibition attenuates vigilance impairment induced by serotonin reuptake inhibition in man | journal=J. Psychopharmacol. | volume=16 | issue=3 | pages=207–14 | year=2002 | pmid=12236626 | doi=10.1177/026988110201600303 }}</ref>SSRI类药物中对σ1受体亲和力第二高,起受体拮抗剂的作用。<ref name="psychdep">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishimoto A, Todani A, Miura J, Kitagaki T, Hashimoto K | title=The opposite effects of fluvoxamine and sertraline in the treatment of psychotic major depression: a case report | journal=Ann Gen Psychiatry | volume=9 | issue=| pages=23 | year=2010 | pmid=20492642 | pmc=2881105 | doi=10.1186/1744-859X-9-23 }}</ref><br />
消化道毒性:2(多为腹泻)<ref name="isbn 9780470979488" />

'''[[5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂]](SNRIs)'''

[[去甲文拉法辛]]:
文拉法辛的活性代谢产物。

[[度洛西汀]]:
不像此处列出的其他SNRI类药物,度洛西汀不会造成与剂量相关的高血压。<!--as a common adverse effect.-->也被用于缓解神经性疼痛。比其他抗抑郁药肝毒性更强。<ref name=Hep />

[[米那普仑]]:
主要用于治疗[[神经性疼痛]]。<br />
药物过量风险:未知(单药物过量致死案例未见报道)

[[文拉法辛]]:
对5-羟色胺再吸收的抑制有选择性(116倍于去甲肾上腺素)。<br />
消化道毒性:2(速效)/ 1(缓释)

'''[[去甲肾上腺素和特异性5-羟色胺能抗抑郁药]](NaSSAs)'''

[[米塞林]]:
美国、加拿大未批准该药的使用。澳大利亚、英国批准使用。可能造成颗粒性白血球缺乏症(恶液质血症的一种),因此英国国家药典和澳大利亚药品手册均建议定期进行全血计数监测。<ref name="AMH" /><ref name="BNF">{{cite book | name-list-format=vanc | last1=Joint Formulary Committee | title=British National Formulary (BNF) | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-85711-084-8 | edition=65 | location=London, UK | publisher=Pharmaceutical Press }}</ref>

[[米氮平]]:
美国、英国、澳大利亚及加拿大批准使用。米塞林的后继者、类似物。

'''[[5-羟色胺受体拮抗与再吸收抑制剂]](SARIs)'''

[[奈法唑酮]]:
有[[肝毒性]]风险。美国可用,但在加拿大、澳大利亚或欧洲不可用。

[[曲唑酮]]:
澳大利亚不可用,肝毒性比其他抗抑郁药更强。<ref name=Hep /><br />
相对功效:2 <ref name="pmid7622801" />

'''Serotonin modulator and stimulators (SMSs)'''

[[维拉佐酮]]:
潜在风险包括[[血清素综合症]]。<br />
药物过量风险:未知(除了潜在[[血清素综合症]]风险外可能较低)

[[沃替西汀]]:
2013年9月进入美国市场,因此副作用报告可能存在延迟。可能的(罕见)副作用包括[[血清素综合症]]。

'''其它'''

[[阿戈美拉汀]]:
在美国、加拿大未获批准,但在英国、澳大利亚已获批准。<br />
相对功效:2 <ref name="pmid19708724">{{cite journal | author=Goodwin GM | title=Clinical studies on the efficacy of agomelatine on depressive symptoms | journal=CNS Drugs | volume=23 Suppl 2 | issue=| pages=35–9 | year=2009 | pmid=19708724 | doi=10.2165/11318650-000000000-00000 }}</ref>

[[安非他酮]]:
在英国、澳大利亚仅批准作为戒烟辅助药物,但在美国被批准用于重性抑郁障碍的治疗。肝毒性比大多数抗抑郁药更强。<ref name=Hep />

[[瑞波西汀]]:
在美国、加拿大未获批准,但在英国、澳大利亚已获批准。

[[贯叶连翘]]:
在多数国家不属于处方药,常作为[[OTC]]草药出售。

</div>
</div>

===焦虑症===

====焦虑症====
国家卫生与保健研究所建议,在焦虑症治疗中,保守疗法如教育、自助活动不起效时,可采用抗抑郁药治疗。焦虑症是一种常见疾病,以对某些事情的过分担忧为特点。<!--Key symptoms include excessive anxiety about multiple events and issues, and difficulty controlling worrisome thoughts that persists for at least 6 months.-->

抗抑郁药能一定程度上减轻焦虑症状,<ref name="urlwww.nice.org.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13314/52599/52599.pdf |title=www.nice.org.uk |format=|work=|accessdate=20 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021044157/http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13314/52599/52599.pdf |archivedate=21 October 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>在焦虑症的治疗中优于安慰剂。<ref name=Kapczinski>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kapczinski F, Lima MS, Souza JS, Schmitt R | title=Antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume=| issue=2 | pages=CD003592 | year=2003 | pmid=12804478 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003592 | url=| editor1-last=Kapczinski | editor1-first=Flavio FK }}</ref>不同类抗抑郁药功效差别不大。<ref name="urlwww.nice.org.uk" /><ref name=Kapczinski />

====强迫症====
对功能障碍不大的成年[[强迫症]]患者的二线治疗、对具有中等、严重的功能障碍的[[强迫症]]患者的一线治疗均会使用SSRI类药物。对具有中等、严重的功能障碍的儿童[[强迫症]]患者的二线治疗使用SSRI类药物时需要密切监控精神类副作用。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg031niceguideline.pdf |title=www.nice.org.uk |format=|work=|accessdate=|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206033654/https://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg031niceguideline.pdf |archivedate=6 December 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>SSRI用于强迫症治疗时效果显著,SSRI组的起效率比安慰剂的起效率高一倍。<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Arroll B, Elley CR, Fishman T, Goodyear-Smith FA, Kenealy T, Blashki G, Kerse N, Macgillivray S | title=Antidepressants versus placebo for depression in primary care | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume=| issue=3 | pages=CD007954 | year=2009 | pmid=19588448 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007954 | url=http://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/739008/Arroll_2009.pdf| editor1-last=Arroll | editor1-first=Bruce }}</ref><ref>http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/570825+</ref>在短期(6到24周)和中断式(28到52周)临床试验中,均已证明抗抑郁药的功效。<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=22226028| year=2012| author1=Fineberg| first1=N. A.| title=Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder| journal=The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology| volume=15| issue=8| pages=1173–91| last2=Brown| first2=A| last3=Reghunandanan| first3=S| last4=Pampaloni| first4=I| doi=10.1017/S1461145711001829| hdl=2299/216}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apotex.com/us/en/products/downloads/pil/paxil_irtb_ins.pdf |title=Paroxetine prescribing information |accessdate=30 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219055046/https://www.apotex.com/us/en/products/downloads/pil/paxil_irtb_ins.pdf |archivedate=19 February 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/019839s070,020990s032lbl.pdf |title=Sertraline prescribing information |accessdate=30 January 2015 }}</ref>

===进食障碍===
抗抑郁药被推荐作为治疗神经性暴食症的自助项目中备选或额外的第一步。<ref name="urlwww.nice.org.uk2">{{cite web |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG9FullGuideline.pdf |title=www.nice.org.uk |format=|work=|accessdate=}}</ref>因SSRI类药物(尤其是氟西汀)可接受性和耐受性更好、短期临床试验中缓解症状幅度更大,常选择此类药物而非其它抗抑郁药。长期功效不明确。因[[安非他酮]]可能提高癫痫发病风险,不建议在进食障碍的治疗中使用该药。<ref>https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695033.html</ref>

对于[[过胖暴食症]],相同的建议同样适用。<ref name="urlwww.nice.org.uk2" />SSRI类药物短期内可减轻过胖暴食症的症状,但未发现其有降低体重的作用。<ref name="urlNational Guideline Clearinghouse | Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with eating disorders.">{{cite web |url=http://www.guidelines.gov/content.aspx?id=9318+ |title=National Guideline Clearinghouse &#124; Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with eating disorders |format=|work=|accessdate=}}</ref>

临床试验结果中,多数否定了SSRI类药物在[[神经性厌食症]]治疗中的作用。<ref name="pmid21414249">{{cite journal |vauthors=Flament MF, Bissada H, Spettigue W | title=Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of eating disorders | journal=Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. | volume=15 | issue=2 | pages=189–207 | date=March 2012 | pmid=21414249 | doi=10.1017/S1461145711000381 | url=}}</ref>国家卫生与保健研究所(NICE)的治疗方针<ref name="urlwww.nice.org.uk2" />不建议在对该种疾病的治疗中使用SSRI类药物。美国精神医学学会的方针指出,尽管SSRI类药物对增重无促进作用,但仍可用来治疗与该症并存的抑郁症、焦虑症以及强迫症。<ref name="urlNational Guideline Clearinghouse | Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with eating disorders." />

===疼痛===

====纤维性肌痛====

2012的一次元分析得出结论,抗抑郁药疗法改善了纤维性肌痛患者的疼痛、健康相关的生活质量、抑郁和睡眠情况。三环类抗抑郁药似乎是最有效的一类抗抑郁药,对疼痛和睡眠有一定改善,对疲劳和生活质量也有较小的改善。使用三环类药物的患者中,48%的人疼痛减轻了30%以上,而安慰剂组为28%;使用SSRI类药物的患者中,36%的人疼痛减轻了30%以上,而安慰剂组为20%;使用SNRI类药物的患者中,42%的人疼痛减轻了30%以上,而安慰剂组为32%。因副作用而中止实验的现象较为普遍。<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Häuser W, Wolfe F, Tölle T, Uçeyler N, Sommer C | title=The role of antidepressants in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal=CNS Drugs | volume=26 | issue=4 | pages=297–307 |date=April 2012 | pmid=22452526 | doi=10.2165/11598970-000000000-00000 | url=}}</ref>阿米替林、氟西汀、度洛西汀、米那普仑、吗氯贝胺和吡吲哚基于“有限证据”被欧洲抗风湿联盟推荐用于纤维性肌痛的治疗。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enfa-europe.eu/assets/downloads/eular.pdf |title=www.enfa-europe.eu |format=|work=|accessdate=}}</ref>

====神经性疼痛====

2014年,[[考科蓝合作组织]]的一次元分析发现,度洛西汀可有效治疗糖尿病神经病变所造成的神经性疼痛。<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lunn MP, Hughes RA, Wiffen PJ | title=Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume=1 | issue=| pages=CD007115 | year=2014 | pmid=24385423 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007115.pub3 | url=}}</ref>该组织还评估了阿米替林在治疗神经性疼痛中的作用,但有效的随机化临床试验数据有限。他们得出结论,阿米替林长期以来在医学中的成功应用可以证明该药的有效性,<ref name=Moore2015>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=R. Andrew |last2=Derry |first2=Sheena |last3=Aldington |first3=Dominic |last4=Cole |first4=Peter |last5=Wiffen |first5=Philip J. |date=2015-07-06 |title=Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults |url=|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=|issue=7 |pages=CD008242 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008242.pub3 |issn=1469-493X |pmid=26146793}}</ref>但也对过高估计阿米替林缓解疼痛的效果的可能性感到担忧,并且表示只有少数人在使用该药后能感到疼痛明显减轻。<ref name=Moore2015 /><!--The group was concerned about the potential for overestimating the amount of pain relief provided by amitriptyline, and highlighted that only a small number of people will experience significant pain relief by taking this medication.-->



==引用==
==引用==

2017年10月31日 (二) 09:46的版本

refer to caption
SSRI类抗抑郁药氟西汀(百憂解)
chemical structure of the SNRI drug venlafaxine
SNRI类抗抑郁药文拉法辛(怡诺思)的化学结构

抗抑郁药(英語:Anti-depressant),是一类治疗重度抑郁症(MDD)或其它问题如精神性抑郁症焦虑症强迫症进食障碍慢性疼痛神经性疼痛药物,在某些情况下也可以用来治疗痛经、打鼾、偏头痛多动症(ADHD)、药物滥用失眠。抗抑郁药可以单独使用,也可以与其他药物联用,但都要遵医生的处方使用。

主要的抗抑郁药有选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)、5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRI)、三环类抗抑郁药(TCA)、单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOI)、四环类抗抑郁药(TeCA)、去甲肾上腺素和特异性5-羟色胺能抗抑郁药(NaSSA)。其他不常用的抗抑郁药有丁丙诺啡[1]、低剂量抗精神病药[2]圣约翰草提取物。[3][4]

一种关于抑郁症成因的理论认为,抑郁症以与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA轴)在应激状态下出现的神经-内分泌反应类似的过度活跃为特征。这些HPA轴的异常对抑郁症状的形成有促进作用,而抗抑郁药可能起了调控HPA轴的作用。[5]

医学应用

对于抑郁症,汉密尔顿抑郁量表英语Hamilton Depression Rating Scale(HAM-D)常被用来评估抑郁的严重程度。[6] 由17个项目组成的HAM-D量表最高分为52分,分值越高,抑郁越严重。

重性抑郁障碍

临床准则

英国国家卫生与保健研究所英语National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)于2009年发布的方针指出,因风险效益比过低,抗抑郁药不应被例行地用于轻度抑郁的初步治疗。方针建议,应对下列情形考虑进行抗抑郁药治疗:

  • 有中度或重度抑郁病史的人
  • 长期患有轻度抑郁的人
  • 作为对采用其他治疗方案后仍然存在的症状的二线疗法
  • 作为中度或重度抑郁症的一线疗法

方针还指出,抗抑郁药在大多数情况下应与心理、社会治疗结合使用,在病愈后继续治疗至少6个月以避免复发,而且SSRI类药物的耐受性比其他类抗抑郁药更好。[7]

美国精神医学学会的治疗方针建议,初步的治疗方案应基于症状的严重程度、并发疾病、之前的治疗经历以及病人的偏好而量身定制。可选的疗法包括药物疗法、心理疗法、电痉挛疗法(ECT)、经颅磁刺激(TMS)及光疗。对轻度、中度、重度抑郁患者,推荐将抗抑郁药作为一线治疗方案,并且对无计划进行ECT的重度抑郁患者都应采用抗抑郁药治疗。[8]

系统评估

针对患有急性轻度或中度抑郁的人群进行的一些将抗抑郁药效果与安慰剂作比较的研究结论存在矛盾。有较强证据证明,抗抑郁药在对慢性或重度抑郁的治疗当中起了重要作用。

Irving KirschThomas Moore等人对抗抑郁药的药理学活性提出质疑,称证据表明抗抑郁药的作用与具活性的安慰剂的效果类似。[9] 研究结果通过对公开发表的研究数据及通过FOIA获取的非公开FDA数据进行元分析而得出。整体上,抗抑郁药的效果比安慰剂好18%,具有统计学意义,但不具临床意义。[10] 在后来发布的一项研究中,Kirsch得出结论,新一代抗抑郁药物的总体效果未能达到临床标准。[11]

2017年发表的一项将SSRI类抗抑郁药物与安慰剂进行比较的元分析发现,在49项相关研究中,使用SSRI类药物后汉密尔顿抑郁量表的分值平均下降了1.9分,具统计学意义,但未能达到临床标准。该临床标准由英国国家卫生与保健研究所制定,该标准要求标准平均差至少为0.5,即量表得分下降3分。不过,这项研究有着较高的偏差风险,或许可以用来解释SSRI类药物具有统计学意义的效果。最终,作者得出结论,负面效应发生的频率使得本就较不显著的临床症状改善失去了意义。[12]

在一次关于抗抑郁药效果的元分析中发现,抗抑郁药的效果(以HDRS分数衡量)与抑郁的严重程度有关。对于得分低于23分(表明患有轻度至中度抑郁)的患者,抗抑郁药效果仅比安慰剂略强。然而,对于分值大于25的患者,抗抑郁药表现出了明显强于安慰剂的效果,超出了NICE设定的临床意义阈值。[13]

另一项着眼于帕罗西汀与丙咪嗪的研究发现,对于轻度或重度抑郁,抗抑郁药仅比安慰剂略好,但对严重抑郁则有显著疗效。[14]

2014年,美国FDA发表了一项对1985至2012年间提交给该机构的全部抗抑郁药维持性临床试验(maintenance trials)进行的系统性评估。作者得出结论,比起安慰剂,维持性治疗将复发风险降低了52%,并且主要与安慰剂组抑郁症复发有关,而非因药物戒断反应而产生。[15]

NICE资助的一项评估发现,有强有力的证据证明SSRI类药物比起安慰剂来能更有效地降低中度至重度抑郁症患者的HDRS分数,对轻度抑郁患者来说也有一定证据能证明此效应。基于这项研究而提出的治疗方针建议,应对中度至重度抑郁患者及那些轻度抑郁症状持续且对其他治疗方案不敏感的患者采用抗抑郁药治疗。[16]

考科蓝合作组织最近对三环类抗抑郁药阿米替林的临床试验进行了系统性的评估。尽管有证据表明发表偏差的存在,但研究仍然得出结论,有大量证据表明阿米替林比安慰剂效果更好。[17]

2015年,一项对耐受其他治疗方案的抑郁症状进行的增强疗法(add-on therapy)进行的系统性评估得出结论,喹硫平阿立哌唑有最充分的证据证明其功效,但这两种药物都造成了一些与治疗相关的副作用。 [18]

2008年的考科蓝合作组织一项对贯叶连翘(更确切地说,是一切贯叶连翘提取物)进行的评估以及2015年由先前研究的部分作者合作进行的一项元分析系统性评估得出同样结论,贯叶连翘功效强于安慰剂,与标准抗抑郁药相比同样有效,且有着更少的副作用。2015年的元分析得出结论,因证据有限,且德语区与其他语言区进行的临床试验间功效存在较大差异,难以在抑郁症治疗方案当中为贯叶连翘找到一个合适位置。[19][3] 有证据显示,可逆性单胺氧化酶抑制剂(RIMAs)也是一种有效的治疗药物,其耐受性较其他抗抑郁药更佳。[19]然而,比起贯叶连翘、可逆性单胺氧化酶抑制剂5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂羟色胺拮抗剂和再摄取抑制剂去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂去甲肾上腺素和特异性5-羟色胺能抗抑郁药等药物,SSRI类、 三环类、四环类抗抑郁药有着更多证据支持其在治疗抑郁中的作用。[19]

发表于《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)的一项研究表明,在抗抑郁药临床试验中,安慰剂效应越来越显著,而被测药物的效果则没有较大变化。作者表示,因社会对使用抗抑郁药的负面态度有所改善,更多轻度、短期或突然复发的抑郁症患者参与了实验,可能可以用来解释这一现象。[20]在补充与替代(CAM)疗法的临床试验中,安慰剂的起效率明显低于传统抗抑郁药。[21]

2004年的一项评估得出结论,那些没能支持抗抑郁药功效的研究成果,比起支持抗抑郁药功效的研究成果更少被发表。[22]对针对儿童使用抗抑郁药的临床试验的研究也获得了类似结论。[23]2015年,在一次对抗抑郁药相关研究的元分析的调查当中发现,79%的研究存在“接受来自制药企业的赞助、以制药企业员工为作者以及存在相关利益冲突”等现象. [24]

2012年的一次元分析发现氟西汀文拉法辛对全部年龄组发生的重性抑郁障碍均有效,同时作者没有发现证据能够支持抑郁症状的严重程度与采用药物治疗后的效果存在关系。[25]

2012年发表的一项研究发现,研究持续的时间与抗抑郁药的功效(以起效率衡量)之间呈负相关关系。抗抑郁药的起效率变化主要是安慰剂起效率的提高造成的。但是,作者仍然认为抗抑郁药能有效地治疗抑郁症。[26] 作者发现,三环类药物是最有效的一类药物,随后是SNRI类、MAOI类、SSRI类及非常规抗抑郁药。

STAR*D临床试验

史上规模最大、最昂贵的针对抑郁症药物疗法的有效性的研究由美国家心理卫生研究所主持进行。[27]这项研究被称作“抑郁症的有序治疗备选方案”(STAR*D英语STAR*D)。结果[28][29]如下。 患者在一般性医疗机构或精神类医疗机构就诊时被召募参与实验。实验未发布志愿者招募广告,以最大化研究结果的普适性。患者的HAM-D得分至少须为14分才可参加实验。按照通行标准,7-17分归类为轻度抑郁,18-24分归类为中度抑郁,24分及以上为重度抑郁。[30]参与者的HAM-D17分值平均为22分。[31]研究终点预先定义为抑郁症的完全康复(根据HAM-D分数判断),未再次参与测试的患者归类为无回应者。在这场临床试验之后,研究者们主要使用QIDS-SR16分数呈现结果,而该分数常常较HAM-D分数偏高。

  • 在第一疗程结束之后,2876位参与者中有27.5%达到了康复标准,HAM-D分值降至了7或更低,按照QIDS-SR量表,则有33%的患者康复,起效率为47%。26%的人退出了实验。[32][33]
  • 第二疗程之后,余下的1439位参与者中,大约有21%至30%症状大幅减轻。[29]更换药物能使约25%的患者康复。[31][34]
  • 第三疗程之后,310名参与者中17.8%的人症状减轻。[來源請求]
  • 第四疗程之后,109名参与者中10.1%的人症状减轻。[來源請求]
  • 第一疗程中康复的患者复发率为33%,后续疗程康复的患者复发率从42%到50%不等。未能完全康复的患者复发率高于完全康复患者。[35]

未发现实验中所使用药物存在统计学或临床意义上的康复率、起效率、复发率差异。[36]实验药物包括:缓释安非他酮安非他酮西酞普兰米氮平去甲替林舍曲林三碘甲状腺氨酸反苯环丙胺、缓释文拉法辛[需要可靠醫學來源]

2008年对随机对照试验的一次评估发现,尽管SSRI缓解抑郁症状的效果在用药第一周结束时最为显著,但在至少六周之内,持续用药都对症状有所改善。[37]

制约与策略

每种药物都对约30%至50%的患者无效。[38][39]在临床研究当中,大约三分之一的患者完全康复,三分之一的患者症状有一定改善,还有三分之一的患者用药无效。部分康复的标准基于一些定义模糊的残余症状而定,这些症状通常包括:心情压抑,心理焦虑,睡眠不稳,疲劳及兴趣、乐趣程度的下降。目前不确定什么因素造成了部分康复的出现。然而通过这些残余症状可以很准确地预测复发可能性,部分康复的患者的复发率比完全康复的患者复发率高3到6倍。[40]抗抑郁药的功效会随着治疗过程的持续不断降低。[41] 根据CDC的数据,正在服用抗抑郁药的美国成年人中,仅有不到三分之一的人在最近一年内与精神疾病方面的专业人士见过面。[42]为了应对这些制约因素与变化,临床实践中也采用了一些策略,如更换药物,采用增强疗法、组合疗法等。[43]

“试错法”更换药物

美国精神医学学会2000年的治疗方针建议,当一种抗抑郁药使用6-8周后仍无效时,应首先更换为同类型的其他药物,再更换成其他类型药物。 2006年的元分析发现,同类实验的结论相差较大,在对某种SSRI类药物不敏感的患者中,有12%到86%的人对另一种药物敏感。但是,一个人尝试过的抗抑郁药种类越多,就越不可能从临床试验中获益。[39] 然而,后来的一项元分析发现,更换新药与持续服用原先的药没有区别,虽然34%的病人对新药敏感,但40%的病人未更换新药也有了效果。[44]

增强与组合

对于部分起效的情况,美国精神医学学会方针建议采用增强疗法,或在治疗方案中加入另一类药物。这些药物包括甲状腺增强(augmentation)、多巴胺受体激动剂性类固醇NRI类药物、糖皮质激素专一性制剂以及较新的抗惊厥药。[45]

组合策略通过引入另一种抗抑郁药(通常为另一种类型)来影响人体的其他相关机制。尽管临床实践中可能采用这种策略,并没有确切证据能够证明这种策略的相对疗效和负面作用。[46]近来进行的一些增强疗法测试还将兴奋剂纳入了测试范围。多项研究显示,将莫达非尼与抗抑郁药组合使用对耐受常规治疗的病人有着更好的效果。这一方法已被用于应对使用SSRI类药物所引起的疲劳症状。[47]

长期使用

在治疗结束后,抗抑郁药的治疗效果往往也会同时消失,这也造成了抑郁症较高的复发率。2003年,对31项以安慰剂为对照的抗抑郁药临床试验(多数只持续1年)进行的元分析发现,18%的患者在服用曾对自己起效的抗抑郁药的过程中就已复发,而在换服安慰剂的对照组中,这一数据为41%。[48]

在少数人的治疗过程中,抗抑郁药的治疗效果会逐渐下降。[49][50]一些研究还提出一种方案,即采用药物治疗急性抑郁症发作再转用心理方法治疗残余症状。[51][52]

相对功效与耐受性

焦虑症

焦虑症

国家卫生与保健研究所建议,在焦虑症治疗中,保守疗法如教育、自助活动不起效时,可采用抗抑郁药治疗。焦虑症是一种常见疾病,以对某些事情的过分担忧为特点。

抗抑郁药能一定程度上减轻焦虑症状,[73]在焦虑症的治疗中优于安慰剂。[74]不同类抗抑郁药功效差别不大。[73][74]

强迫症

对功能障碍不大的成年强迫症患者的二线治疗、对具有中等、严重的功能障碍的强迫症患者的一线治疗均会使用SSRI类药物。对具有中等、严重的功能障碍的儿童强迫症患者的二线治疗使用SSRI类药物时需要密切监控精神类副作用。[75]SSRI用于强迫症治疗时效果显著,SSRI组的起效率比安慰剂的起效率高一倍。[76][77]在短期(6到24周)和中断式(28到52周)临床试验中,均已证明抗抑郁药的功效。[78][79][80]

进食障碍

抗抑郁药被推荐作为治疗神经性暴食症的自助项目中备选或额外的第一步。[81]因SSRI类药物(尤其是氟西汀)可接受性和耐受性更好、短期临床试验中缓解症状幅度更大,常选择此类药物而非其它抗抑郁药。长期功效不明确。因安非他酮可能提高癫痫发病风险,不建议在进食障碍的治疗中使用该药。[82]

对于过胖暴食症,相同的建议同样适用。[81]SSRI类药物短期内可减轻过胖暴食症的症状,但未发现其有降低体重的作用。[83]

临床试验结果中,多数否定了SSRI类药物在神经性厌食症治疗中的作用。[84]国家卫生与保健研究所(NICE)的治疗方针[81]不建议在对该种疾病的治疗中使用SSRI类药物。美国精神医学学会的方针指出,尽管SSRI类药物对增重无促进作用,但仍可用来治疗与该症并存的抑郁症、焦虑症以及强迫症。[83]

疼痛

纤维性肌痛

2012的一次元分析得出结论,抗抑郁药疗法改善了纤维性肌痛患者的疼痛、健康相关的生活质量、抑郁和睡眠情况。三环类抗抑郁药似乎是最有效的一类抗抑郁药,对疼痛和睡眠有一定改善,对疲劳和生活质量也有较小的改善。使用三环类药物的患者中,48%的人疼痛减轻了30%以上,而安慰剂组为28%;使用SSRI类药物的患者中,36%的人疼痛减轻了30%以上,而安慰剂组为20%;使用SNRI类药物的患者中,42%的人疼痛减轻了30%以上,而安慰剂组为32%。因副作用而中止实验的现象较为普遍。[85]阿米替林、氟西汀、度洛西汀、米那普仑、吗氯贝胺和吡吲哚基于“有限证据”被欧洲抗风湿联盟推荐用于纤维性肌痛的治疗。[86]

神经性疼痛

2014年,考科蓝合作组织的一次元分析发现,度洛西汀可有效治疗糖尿病神经病变所造成的神经性疼痛。[87]该组织还评估了阿米替林在治疗神经性疼痛中的作用,但有效的随机化临床试验数据有限。他们得出结论,阿米替林长期以来在医学中的成功应用可以证明该药的有效性,[88]但也对过高估计阿米替林缓解疼痛的效果的可能性感到担忧,并且表示只有少数人在使用该药后能感到疼痛明显减轻。[88]


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