新西班牙总督辖区
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新西班牙总督辖区 Virreinato de Nueva España(西班牙语) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1521年—1821年 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新西班牙首府墨西哥市的市徽
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![]() 1795年,西班牙帝国殖民地最盛疆域。 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
地位 | 西班牙帝国之总督辖区 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
首都 | 墨西哥城 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
常用语言 | 西班牙语(官方) 其他语言:法语、纳瓦特语、玛雅语、美洲原住民语言、菲律宾语、台湾原住民语言 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
宗教 | 罗马天主教 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
政府 | 总督辖区 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
西班牙国王 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1535-1556 | 卡洛斯一世 (首任) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1813-1821 | 费尔南多七世(末任) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
总督 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1535-1550 | 安东尼奥·德·门多萨(首任) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1821 | 胡安·奥多诺胡(行政长官) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
立法机构 | 印度议会 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
历史时期 | 殖民时期 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 征服阿兹特克 | 1519–1521年 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 总督辖区成立 | 1521年 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1717年5月27日 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1739年 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 圣伊德方索条约 | 1800年10月1日 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1819年2月22日 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 西班牙立宪革命废止了新西班牙总督辖区 | 1820年5月31日 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1821年1810年- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
人口 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1519年 | 2000万 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1810年 | 500到650万 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
货币 | 西班牙殖民雷亚尔 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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今属于 |
美洲殖民史 |
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历史主题系列 |
历史系列条目 |
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墨西哥历史 |
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墨西哥历史时间轴 |
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系列条目 |
古巴历史 |
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新西班牙总督辖区 |
古巴都督府 |
古巴独立战争 |
美西战争 |
美国保护国 |
古巴共和国 (1902–1959) |
古巴革命 |
专题史 |
军事史 |
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新西班牙总督辖区(西班牙语:Virreinato de Nueva España IPA:[birei̯ˈnato ðe ˈnweβa esˈpaɲa]),是西班牙帝国管理北美洲和菲律宾的殖民地总督辖地,首府位于墨西哥城。新西班牙总督的管辖范围包含今墨西哥、中美洲(除巴拿马)、美国加利福尼亚州、内华达州、犹他州、科罗拉多州、亚利桑那州、新墨西哥州、得克萨斯州、今日加拿大英属哥伦比亚的西南部,加上瓜地马拉都督府(包括今日的瓜地马拉、墨西哥恰帕斯州、贝里斯、哥斯大黎加、萨尔瓦多、宏都拉斯、尼加拉瓜)和古巴都督府(包含今日的古巴、墨西哥恰帕斯州、贝里斯、多明尼加、千里达及托巴哥、波多黎各和瓜地洛普),以及亚洲的菲律宾都督府(包含今日的菲律宾、关岛、加罗林群岛、马里亚纳群岛、西属艾尔摩莎和德那第苏丹国)。
1535年后,殖民地开始由新西班牙总督实行君权统治,总督由西班牙国王指派。首府设在墨西哥城。[1][2]
新西班牙的领土有些被其他欧洲强权夺取,有些独立建国,而其核心区域则一直在西班牙统治下,直到1821年独立成墨西哥第一帝国,该帝国解体后成为今日的墨西哥和中美洲。新西班牙的行政区划高度在地化,其分区以气候、地形、原住民人口密度进行划分。墨西哥中部与南部原住民人口密度高,拥有复杂的社会、政治和经济组织。墨西哥北部的原住民则是游牧或半游牧民族,本来无法发展成密集人口的社会。然而1540年代于萨卡特卡斯发现了银矿后,开始涌入更多的定居人口。银矿不只是新西班牙的经济命脉,同时也是西班牙快速致富的关键,改变了全球经济。新西班牙是菲律宾贸易在新世界的终点站,使得该地成为西班牙新世界帝国与亚洲帝国之间的重要连接点。
新西班牙王国与西班牙王位之间的关系
[编辑]1521年,西班牙人征服了阿兹特克帝国后,建立了新西班牙王国这个新世界王国。由于伊莎贝拉一世资助了美洲的探险活动,因此新西班牙国王的头衔属于西班牙君主。[3][4]虽然新西班牙为西班牙的附属地,然而名义上并非殖民地而是一个“王国”,其王位附属在西班牙王位之下[5]。君主在海外领地中有至高无上的权力。
国王并不仅仅拥有统治权,还拥有所有权:对于美洲领地中的一切财产,国王拥有绝对的所有权;政治上则是独揽大权的统治者。一切的特权、职位﹑经济政治或宗教都是由国王掌控。[5]
新西班牙总督辖区1535年在新西班牙王国中建立。是西班牙第一个拥有的总督辖区,也是18世纪波旁改革前仅有的两个总督辖区之一。
历史
[编辑]在1521年之前,西班牙尚未征服阿兹特克帝国时,西班牙人在加勒比海群岛及其周边地区进行的探险和拓荒,在政治上、战略上、或甚至经济上都不具重要性。然而西班牙人于这些在加勒比地区先行的探险、征服、拓垦和直辖统治,不但颇具成效,且深远影响著周边地区,例如墨西哥和秘鲁。[6] 西班牙人所控制的中部美洲当地社会,比起他们在加勒比地区所遇见的社会更加复杂且富裕。对卡斯蒂利亚王权而言,既是重要的机会也是潜在的威胁,因为征服者不受王权约束,而独自行动。这些中美洲当地社会提供了如同埃尔南·科尔特斯这样的征服者自治的基础,甚至从王权中独立出来。
因此神圣罗马皇帝兼西班牙国王查理五世于1524年设立了印度议会,以皇家直辖的权力负责监督与确保王权在新世界的利益。
行政区划
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg/290px-Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281794%29.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281819%29.svg/290px-Mapa_del_Virreinato_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a_%281819%29.svg.png)
相关条目
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]引用
[编辑]- ^ Haring (1947)
- ^ Altman,Cline & Pescador (2003)
- ^ Haring (1947), pp. 7, 105
- ^ Liss (1975), p. 33
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Haring (1947), p. 7
- ^ Lockhart & Schwartz (1983), pp. 61-85
来源
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- de la Mota Padilla, Matías. Conquista del Reino de Nueva Galicia en la América Septrentrional..., Texas, Sonora, Sinaloa, con noticias de la California [Conquest of the Kingdom of New Galicia in North America..., Texas, Sonora, Sinaloa, with news of California]. Mexico. 1870 [1742] (西班牙语).
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历史书目
[编辑]- Hanke, Lewis. Do the Americas Have a Common History? A Critique of the Bolton Theory (1964)
- Hurtado, Albert L. "Bolton and Turner: The Borderlands and American Exceptionalism." Western Historical Quarterly 44#1 (2013): 4-20. online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Hurtado, Albert L. Herbert Eugene Bolton: Historian of the American Borderlands (University of California Press; 2012) 360 pages
- Van Young, Eric. Are Regions Good to Think?. Eric Van Young (编). Mexico's Regions. Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, UCSD. 1992.
- Weber, David. J. (编). The Idea of the Spanish Borderlands. New York, NY: Garland Publishers. 1991.
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Altman, Ida and James Lockhart, eds. The Provinces of Early Mexico (UCLA Latin American Center 1976)
- Altman, Ida, Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, The Early History of Greater Mexico (Pearson 2003)
- Bakewell, P.J. A History of Latin America (Oxford U.P., 1997)
- Bethell, Leslie, ed. The Cambridge History of Latin America (Vols. 1–2. Cambridge UP, 1984)
- Cañeque, Alejandro. "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America" History Compass (April 2013) 114 pp 280–291, DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12043
- Collier, Simon. From Cortes to Castro: An Introduction to the History of Latin America, 1492–1973 (1974)
- Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519-1810. (Stanford University Press 1964).
- Lockhart, James. The Nahuas After the Conquest (Stanford University Press)
- Muldoon, James. The Americas in The Spanish World Order (1994)
- Parry, J.H. The Spanish Seaborne Empire (1974)
- Parry, J.H. The Spanish Theory of Empire in the Sixteenth Century (1974)
- Stein, Barbara H., and Stanley J. Stein. Crisis in an Atlantic Empire: Spain and New Spain, 1808-1810 (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2014) 808 pages.
- Leibsohn, Dana, and Barbara E. Mundy, Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520-1820. http://www.fordham.edu/vistas, 2015.
外部链接
[编辑]- MEXICO'S COLONIAL ERA—PART I: The Settlement of New Spain (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) at mexconnect.com
- Index to the DeWitt Colony Region under New Spain (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) at Texas A&M University
- 1492 – Middle America (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) at ibiblio.org the public's library and digital archive
- Encyclopedia Britannica : Hispanic Heritage in The Americas (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
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