毒品戰爭

在毒品戰爭中，美國花了每年大約五億美元給予哥伦比亚，用來打擊毒贩及FARC等恐怖分子^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

毒品戰爭，是美國主要政治術語^[6]^[7]，常用於表示美國聯邦政府對於毒品的防制而做出的行动，即軍事支援（英语：military aid）、軍事干預、減少非法藥品交易（英语：Illegal drug trade）。^[8]^[9]

這一舉措包括一套旨在阻止違法生產，分配和消費的藥物政策對於精神药物的政策並且參與政府联合国的對策。這個詞在1971年6月18日由美国总统理查德·尼克松發表的新聞發布會不久之後普及—尼克松總統出版了尼克松總統給藥物濫用預防和控制大會的一個特別信息，宣布吸毒為“第一公敵”。他向國會發出的這個消息包括關於將更多的聯邦資源用於“預防新的吸毒者和康復上癮者”的文本，但這部分並不像“毒品戰爭”一樣受到公眾的重視。^[10]^[11]^[12]不過，在此之前兩年，尼克松已經正式宣布了“毒品戰爭”，旨在消除、阻截、監禁。^[13]

毒品戰爭可能確實起到了減少藥物濫用的效果，在美國，毒品戰爭使得使用非法藥物的總人數下降了至少40%，根據一項受到美國衛生及公共服務部贊助的研究，在1979年，美國總共有兩千五百萬人使用非法藥物；而在1999年，則有一千四百八十萬人使用非法藥物。^[14]

主張結束“毒品戰爭”的非營利組織Drug Policy Alliance（英语：Drug Policy Alliance）估計美國每年為這些舉措花費510億美元。^[15]^[16] ^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]2011年6月，全球藥物政策委員會（英语：Global Commission on Drug Policy）發表了關於毒品戰爭的批評性報告，報告中宣稱：“全球毒品戰爭已經失敗，對世界各地的個人和社會造成破壞性後果。麻醉品单一公约開始五十年後，尼克松總統發表美國政府毒品戰爭後的幾年，迫切需要國家和全球藥物管制政策的基本改革。”^[22]該報告被反對藥物普遍合法化的組織所批評。^[19]

歷史[编辑]

另見[编辑]

隱蔽活動和外交政策

政府機構和法律

聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室

反對禁止組織

Drug Policy Alliance
Marijuana Policy Project
Law Enforcement Against Prohibition
NORML
November Coalition
Students for Sensible Drug Policy
Transform Drug Policy Foundation (United Kingdom)
Beckley Foundation (United Kingdom)

反對藥物合法化的組織

參考資料[编辑]

^ Colombia Program At-A-Glance (PDF). usaid.gov. United States Agency for International Development. [2015-10-20]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-01-09）.
^ Bennett, Brian. U.S. can't justify its drug war spending, reports say. Los Angeles Times. 2011-06-09 [2017-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-29）.
^ Drug War Clock （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. DrugSense (December 31, 1995).
^ Vulliamy, Ed. How a big US bank laundered billions from Mexico's murderous drug gangs. The Guardian (London). 2011-04-03 [2017-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-22）.
^ Congress: US Wasting Billions in War on Drugs – Pair of reports blast counter-narcotics spending in Latin America （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Newser.com.
^ 存档副本. [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-12）.
^ "(And) Richard Nixon was the one who coined the phrase, 'war on drugs.'"
^ Cockburn and St. Clair, 1998: Chapter 14
^ Bullington, Bruce; Alan A. Block. A Trojan horse: Anti-communism and the war on drugs. Crime, Law and Social Change (Springer Netherlands). March 1990, 14 (1): 39–55. ISSN 1573-0751. doi:10.1007/BF00728225.
^ Richard Nixon: Special Message to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Control.. [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-12）.
^ Nixon Calls War on Drugs. The Palm Beach Post. 1971-06-18 [2012-10-13]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-12）.
^ Dufton, Emily. The War on Drugs: How President Nixon Tied Addiction to Crime. The Atlantic. 2012-03-26 [2012-10-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-05）.
^ Payan, Tony (2013). A War that Can’t Be Won. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.
^ National Institute on Drug Abuse. Fact Sheet - Substance Abuse - A National Challenge Prevention, Treatment and Research at HHS. National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse. [2021-02-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-19）.
^ Drug War Statistics. Drug Policy Alliance. [2014-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-05）.
^ On May 13, 2009, Gil Kerlikowske—the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)—signaled that the Obama administration did not plan to significantly alter drug enforcement policy, but also that the administration would not use the term "War on Drugs", because Kerlikowske considers the term to be "counter-productive".
^ Fields, Gary. White House Czar Calls for End to 'War on Drugs'. The Wall Street Journal. 2009-05-14 [2009-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-22）.
^ ONDCP's view is that "drug addiction is a disease that can be successfully prevented and treated... making drugs more available will make it harder to keep our communities healthy and safe".
^ ^19.0 ^19.1 Global Commission on Drug Policy Offers Reckless, Vague Drug Legalization Proposal, Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc, July 12, 2011 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. (PDF).
^ One of the alternatives that Kerlikowske has showcased is the drug policy of Sweden, which seeks to balance public health concerns with opposition to drug legalization. The prevalence rates for 可卡因 use in Sweden are barely one-fifth of those in Spain, the biggest consumer of the drug.
^ Sweden's tough drug laws leave addicts behind. The Local. 2014-04-10 [2014-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-19）.
^ War on Drugs. The Global Commission on Drug Policy. 2011: 24 [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-10）.

延伸閱讀[编辑]

Johann Hari. Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs. London, New York: Bloomsbury. 2015. ISBN 978-1-620-408902.
Michael Blanchard; Gabriel J. Chin. Identifying the Enemy in the War on Drugs: A Critique of the Developing Rule Permitting Visual Identification of Indescript White Powders in Narcotics Prosecutions. American University Law Review. 1998, (47): 557. SSRN 1128945 .
Daniel Burton-Rose, The Celling of America: An Inside Look at the U.S. Prison Industry. Common Courage Press, 1998.
Stephanie R. Bush-Baskette, "The War on Drugs as a War on Black Women," in Meda Chesney-Lind and Lisa Pasko (eds.), Girls, Women, and Crime: Selected Readings. SAGE, 2004.
Gabriel Chin. Race, the War on Drugs and the Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction. Gender, Race & Justice. 2002, (6): 253. SSRN 390109 .
Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair, Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press. New York: Verso, 1998.
Mitchell Earlywine, Understanding Marijuana: A New Look at the Scientific Evidence. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Kathleen J. Frydl, The Drug Wars in America, 1940-1973. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Kenneth B. Nunn. Race, Crime and the Pool of Surplus Criminality: Or Why the War on Drugs Was a War on Blacks. Gender, Race & Justice. 2002, (6): 381 [2022-01-04]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）.
Tony Payan, "A War that Can’t Be Won." Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 2013.
Preston Peet, Under the Influence: The Disinformation Guide to Drugs. The Disinformation Company, 2004.
Thomas C. Rowe, Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs: Money Down a Rat Hole. Binghamton, NY: Haworn Press, 2006.
Eric Schneider, "The Drug War Revisited," （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Berfrois, November 2, 2011.
Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan Marshall, Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1911.
Dominic Streatfeild, Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography. Macmillan, 2003.
Douglas Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America's War on Drugs. New York: Verso, 2004.

政府及非政府組織報告[编辑]

National Drug Threat Assessment 2009 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from the United States Department of Justice
War On Drugs: Legislation in the 108th Congress and Related Developments （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, a 2003 report from the Congressional Research Service via the State Department website
The Report of the Canadian Government Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs—1972 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

外部連結[编辑]

Narco News （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）—news site focusing on drug war in Latin America
Drug War Facts （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Drug War Distortions （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Major Studies of Drugs and Drug Policy （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Full text of major government commission reports on the drug laws from around the world over the last 100 years
Historical Research on the Drug War （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Full text of numerous full histories of the drug war and thousands of original historical documents
Cato Institute Drug Prohibition Research
Drug War Victims （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Anti-DrugWar.org

http://www.drugpolicy.org/facts/new-solutions-drug-policy/brief-history-drug-war-0 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） http://www.thewarondrugs.net/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/paradox/htele.html （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

影音[编辑]

The War on Drugs is the subject of the 2007 documentary film "The War on Drugs" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
The War on Drugs is the subject of the 2007 documentary film "American Drug War" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
The War on Drugs is covered in the 2006 documentary film "Cocaine Cowboys"
The Damage Done—Another documentary film
The House I Live In （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）—Another documentary film, Grand Jury Prize SUNDANCE Film Festival 2012
How to Make Money Selling Drugs （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）—Another documentary film

[1] Colombia Program At-A-Glance (PDF). usaid.gov. United States Agency for International Development. [2015-10-20]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-01-09）.

[2] Bennett, Brian. U.S. can't justify its drug war spending, reports say. Los Angeles Times. 2011-06-09 [2017-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-29）.

[3] Drug War Clock （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. DrugSense (December 31, 1995).

[4] Vulliamy, Ed. How a big US bank laundered billions from Mexico's murderous drug gangs. The Guardian (London). 2011-04-03 [2017-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-22）.

[5] Congress: US Wasting Billions in War on Drugs – Pair of reports blast counter-narcotics spending in Latin America （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Newser.com.

[6] 存档副本. [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-12）.

[7] "(And) Richard Nixon was the one who coined the phrase, 'war on drugs.'"

[whiteout-chapter-14-8] Cockburn and St. Clair, 1998: Chapter 14

[Bullington_1990_39–55-9] Bullington, Bruce; Alan A. Block. A Trojan horse: Anti-communism and the war on drugs. Crime, Law and Social Change (Springer Netherlands). March 1990, 14 (1): 39–55. ISSN 1573-0751. doi:10.1007/BF00728225.

[10] Richard Nixon: Special Message to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Control.. [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-12）.

[Nixon_Calls_War_on_Drugs-11] Nixon Calls War on Drugs. The Palm Beach Post. 1971-06-18 [2012-10-13]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-12）.

[12] Dufton, Emily. The War on Drugs: How President Nixon Tied Addiction to Crime. The Atlantic. 2012-03-26 [2012-10-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-05）.

[13] Payan, Tony (2013). A War that Can’t Be Won. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.

[14] National Institute on Drug Abuse. Fact Sheet - Substance Abuse - A National Challenge Prevention, Treatment and Research at HHS. National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse. [2021-02-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-19）.

[15] Drug War Statistics. Drug Policy Alliance. [2014-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-05）.

[16] On May 13, 2009, Gil Kerlikowske—the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)—signaled that the Obama administration did not plan to significantly alter drug enforcement policy, but also that the administration would not use the term "War on Drugs", because Kerlikowske considers the term to be "counter-productive".

[WSJCZAR-17] Fields, Gary. White House Czar Calls for End to 'War on Drugs'. The Wall Street Journal. 2009-05-14 [2009-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-22）.

[18] ONDCP's view is that "drug addiction is a disease that can be successfully prevented and treated... making drugs more available will make it harder to keep our communities healthy and safe".

[dup2-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Global Commission on Drug Policy Offers Reckless, Vague Drug Legalization Proposal, Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc, July 12, 2011 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. (PDF).

[20] One of the alternatives that Kerlikowske has showcased is the drug policy of Sweden, which seeks to balance public health concerns with opposition to drug legalization. The prevalence rates for 可卡因 use in Sweden are barely one-fifth of those in Spain, the biggest consumer of the drug.

[21] Sweden's tough drug laws leave addicts behind. The Local. 2014-04-10 [2014-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-19）.

[22] War on Drugs. The Global Commission on Drug Policy. 2011: 24 [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-10）.

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