數字前綴
外觀
數字前綴 (英語:Numeral prefix) 是派生於數詞或其他數字的前綴。在英語和其他歐洲語言,這些前綴用來造一系列包含表示數量信息的詞。
例子
[編輯]具體例子如下:
- 單詞:bicycle(兩個輪子;自行車)、sextet(六重唱)、octopus(八隻腳;章魚)、decade(十年)、octave(八度)
- 數學術語:triangle(三角形)、quadruple(四倍)、quaternion(四元數)、pentagon(五邊形)、regular dodecahedron(正十二面體)
- 進位制:binary(二進制)、decimal(十進制)、sexagesimal(六十進制)
- 西方的數字命名法:billion (原意為(106)2)、trillion (原意為(106)3)、quadrillion (原意為(106)4)
- 表示分子結構的前綴:octane(辛(八碳)烷)、pentane(戊(五碳)烷)
- 國際單位制中的國際單位制詞頭:deca-(十)、deci-(分)、centi-(厘)
英語中的數字前綴表
[編輯]希臘語及拉丁語中,數分四種:
- 基數(英語:cardinal):如英語中的one、two、three、four、five等
- 次數(英語:multiple或multiplier):once、twice、thrice等
- 分配數(英語:distributive):漢語中的「各~個」。原本指意味着one each、two each,但在現代常常會失去這個意思。
- 序數 (英語:ordinal):漢語中的「第~個」,如英語的first、second、third、fourth、fifth等。也兼備分數,表示「N分之一」,但1/2有特殊形式。
對於百位數,有來自拉丁語的 -gent-,以及加上為1–9的前綴的 -cent- 兩種。
數 | 拉丁語前綴 | 希臘語前綴 | 梵語前綴[1] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
基數 | 次數 | 分配數 | 序數 | 基數 | 次數 | 序數 | ||
0 | nulli- | – | meden-, ouden- | – | ||||
1⁄12 | unci- | – | 對於分數希臘人使用序數表示 (i.e. dodecato-) | – | ||||
1⁄8 | octant- | – | – | – | 如上,ogdoö– | – | ||
1⁄6 | sextant- | – | – | – | 如上,hecto– | – | ||
1⁄4 | quadrant- | – | – | – | 如上,tetarto– | – | ||
1⁄3 | trient- | – | – | – | 如上,trito– | – | ||
1⁄2 | semi- | – | demi-[2] | – | hemi- (mn.[需要解釋] half) e.g. hemisphere |
– | – | |
3⁄4 | dodrant- | – | – | – | – | – | ||
1 | uni- e.g. universe, unilateral |
sim-[3] | singul- | prim- | mono- "一", "單" e.g. monogamy holo- (整個/完整) e.g. holocaust, holography hen-[4] 罕見 |
mono- ("一, 單") hapax- ("單次") haplo-[4] (單倍) monad- ("單位/單元") |
prot-[5] e.g. proton, protozoa |
eka- |
1 1⁄4 | quasqui- quasquicentennial |
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1 1⁄2 | sesqui- e.g. sesquicentennial, sesquipedalian |
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2 | du- | bi-, bis- bireme, bilingual, bipolar, bipartisan |
bin- | second- | di-, dy-,[6] duo-, dyo- |
dis-[7] ("兩次") 常見 dyakis- ("兩次") 罕見 diplo- ("雙倍") dyad- ("一對") |
deuter-[8] e.g. Deuteron/ium Deuteronomy deuteraio- (「每隔一天」) |
dvi- |
3 | tri- e.g. trireme |
ter- | tern-, trin- | terti- | tri- e.g. triathlon, Tripolis |
tris-[9] ("三次") 常見 triakis- ("三次") 罕見 triplo- ("三倍") triad- (」三個一組「) |
trit-[10] ("第三") e.g. Triton/ium tritaio- ("每隔兩天") |
tri- |
4 | quadri-, quadru-[11] |
quater-[12] | quatern-[13] | quart-[14] | tetra-, tessara- |
tetrakis- ("四次") tetraplo- (」四倍「) tetrad- (」四個一組「) e.g. tetrahedron |
tetarto- (」 第四「) tetartaio- (」每隔三天「) |
chatur- |
5 | quinque-[15] | – | quin-[16] | quint-[17] | penta- | pentakis- pentaplo- pentad- e.g. pentahedron |
pempt-[18] pemptaio- |
pancha- |
6 | sexa-[19] | – | sen-[20] | sext-[21] | hexa-[22] | hexakis- hexaplo- hexad- e.g. hexahedron |
hect-[23] hectaio- |
shat- |
7 | septem-, septi- |
septen-[24] | septim- | hepta-[25] e.g. heptathlon |
heptakis- heptaplo- heptad- |
hebdomo- (第七) hebdomaio- ("每隔六天") hebdomas ("一周") |
sapta- | |
8 | octo- e.g. October |
– | octon-[26] | octav-[27] | octo- e.g. octopus |
octakis- octaplo- octad- e.g. octahedron |
ogdoö- ogdoaio- |
ashta- |
9 | novem- e.g. November |
noven- | nona- | ennea-[28] | enneakis- enneaplo- ennead- |
enat-[29] enataio- |
navam- | |
10 | decem-, dec- | den-[30] | decim-[31] | deca-[32] e.g. decathlon, Decapolis |
deca/kis/plo/d- e.g. decahedron, decagon |
decat-[33] decataio- |
dasham- | |
11 | undec- | unden-[34] | undecim-[35] | hendeca-[36] | hendeca/kis/plo/d- | hendecat-[37]/o/aio- | ekadasham- | |
12 | duodec- | duoden- e.g. duodenum |
duodecim- | dodeca-[38] e.g. dodecadactylum |
dodeca/kis/plo/d- e.g. dodecahedron |
dodacat-[39]/o/aio- | dvadasham- | |
13 | tredec- | treden- | tredecim- | tria(kai)deca-, decatria- e.g. triskaidekaphobia |
tris(kai)decakis-, decatria/kis/plo/d- |
decatotrito- etc. |
trayodasham- | |
14 | quattuordec- | quattuorden- | quattuordecim- | tessara(kai)deca-, decatettara, decatessara- |
tetra(kai)decakis-, decatetra/kis/plo/d- e.g. tetradecahedron/ decatetrahedron |
decatotetarto- | chaturdasham- | |
15 | quinquadec-, quindec-[40] | quinden-[41] | quindecim-[42] | pente(kai)deca-, decapente- |
penta(kai)decakis-, decapentakis- etc. |
decatopempto- | panchadasham- | |
16 | sedec-,[43] sexdec- (但是有混種詞 hexadecimal[19]) |
seden- | sedecim- | hexa(kai)deca-, hekkaideca-, decahex- |
hexa(kai)decakis-, decahexakis- etc. |
decatohecto- | shodasham- | |
17 | septendec- | septenden- | septendecim- | hepta(kai)deca-, decahepta- |
hepta(kai)decakis-, decaheptakis- etc. |
decatohebdomo- | saptadasham- | |
18 | octodec- | octoden- | octodecim- | octo(kai)deca-, decaocto- |
octa(kai)decakis-, decaoctakis- etc. |
decatoogdoö- | ashtadasham- | |
19 | novemdec-, novendec- |
novemden- | novemdecim- | ennea(kai)deca-, decaennea- |
ennea(kai)decakis-, decaenneakis- etc. |
decatoenato- | navadasham- | |
20 | viginti- | vicen-, vigen- |
vigesim- | (e)icosi- | eicosa/kis/plo/d- e.g. (e)icosahedron |
eicosto- | vimshati- | |
22 | duovigint- | (e)icosidyo-, dyo(e)icosi- rare e.g. docosa-hexaenoic acid a pejoration of dyoicosa-hexanoic |
(e)icosidyakis- (e)icosidiplo- (e)icosidyad- |
eicostodeutero- | ||||
24 | quattuorvigint- | (e)icositettara-, (e)icosikaitettara- rare |
(e)icositetrakis- (e)icositetraplo- (e)icositetrad- e.g. (e)icositetragon |
eicostotetarto- | chaturvimshati- | |||
25 | quinvigint- | (e)icosipente- e.g. eicosapenta-enoic acid |
(e)icosipentakis- (e)icosipentaplo- (e)icosipentad- |
eicostopempto- | ||||
30 | triginti- | tricen- | trigesim- | triaconta- | triacontakis- etc. e.g. triacontahedron |
triacosto- | trimshat- | |
31 | untriginti- | triacontahen- | triacontahenakis- triacontahenaplo- triacontahenad- |
triacostoproto- triacostoprotaio- |
||||
40 | quadraginti- | quadragen- | quadragesim- | tettaraconta-, tessaraconta- |
tettaracontakis-, tessaracontakis- etc. |
tessaracosto- | chatvarimshat- | |
50 | quinquaginti-[44] | quinquagen-[45] | quinquagesim-[46] | penteconta- e.g. penteconter |
pentecontakis- etc. | pentecosto- e.g. pentecost |
panchashat- | |
60 | sexaginti- | sexagen- | sexagesim- | hexeconta- | hexecontakis- etc. | hexecosto- | shasti- | |
70 | septuaginti- e.g. Septuagint |
septuagen- | septuagesim-[47] | hebdomeconta- | hebdomecontakis- etc. | hebdomecosto- | saptati- | |
80 | octogint- | octogen- | octogesim- | ogdoëconta- | ogdoëcontakis- etc. | ogdoëcosto- | ashiti- | |
90 | nonagint- | nonagen- | nonagesim- | eneneconta- | enenecontakis- etc. | enenecosto- | navati- | |
100 | centi- | centen- | centesim- | hecato(n)- | hecatontakis- hundred times hecatontaplo- hundred-multiple hecatontad- hundred of a kind also abbreviated in hec[aton]tad- |
hecatosto- hundredth hecatostaio- the hundredth day |
shata– | |
120 | viginticenti- | hecaton(e)icosi- | hecaton(e)icosakis- etc. | hecatostoeicosto- | ||||
200 | ducenti- | ducen-, bicenten- |
ducentesim- | diacosia- | diacosakis- etc. | diacosiosto- | – | |
300 | trecenti- | trecen-, tercenten-, tricenten- |
trecentesim- | triacosia- etc. | triacosakis- triacosaplo- triacosad- |
triacosiosto- | – | |
400 | quadringenti- | quadringen-, quatercenten-, quadricenten- |
quadringentesim- | tetracosia- | tetracosakis- etc. | tetracosiosto- | ||
500 | quingent-,[48] quincent-[49] |
quingen-,[50] quingenten-, quincenten- |
quingentesim-[51] | pentacosia- | pentacosakis- etc. | pentacosiosto- | ||
600 | sescenti-, sexcenti- | sescen-, sexcenten- |
sescentesim- | hexacosia- | hexacosakis- etc. | hexacosiosto- | ||
700 | septingenti- | septingen-, septingenten-, septcenten- |
septingentesim- | heptacosia- | heptacosakis- etc. | heptacosiosto- | ||
800 | octingenti- | octingen-, octingenten-, octocenten- |
octingentesim- | octacosia- | octacosakis- etc. | octacosiosto- | – | |
900 | nongenti- | nongen- | nongentesim- | ennacosi-[52] derived from en(n)iacosia-, a pejoration of enneacosia- |
enneacosakis- etc. | enacosiost-,[53] alt. spelling en(n)iacosiost(o)- a pejoration of enneacosiosto- |
– | |
1000 | milli- | millen- | millesim- | chili-,[54] kilo- |
chiliakis- chiliaplo- chiliad- |
chiliost-[55] | sahasra– | |
2000 | duomilli | –- | - | dischili-[56] | dischiliakis- etc. | dischiliosto- | – | |
3000 | tremilli- | trischili-[57] | trischiliost-[58] | – | ||||
5000 | quinmilli– | pentacischili-[59] | ||||||
10000 | decamilli– | myria-,[60] e.g. myriapoda decakischilia- |
myriakis- myriaplo- myriad- decakischiliakis- etc. |
myriast-,[61] decakischiliosto- |
ayuta– | |||
80000 | octogintmilli– | octacismyri-[62] | ||||||
105 | centimilli;– | decakismyria-, hecatontakis chilia- |
decakismyriakis-, hecatontakis chiliakis- |
etc. | ||||
106 | million- | – | hecatommyria- | hecatommyriakis- ("十萬次") hecatommyriaplo- ("十萬倍") hecatommyriad- ("十萬個一組") |
hecatommyriosto- (第十萬;或十萬之一) hecatommyriostaio- ("每隔九萬九千九百九十九天") |
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109 | billion- | – | dis hecatommyria- |
dis hecatommyriakis- |
etc. | |||
1012 | trillion- | – | tris hecatommyria- |
tris hecatommyriakis- |
etc. | |||
1015 | quadrillion- | – | tetrakis hecatommyria- |
tetrakis hecatommyriakis- |
etc. | |||
1018 | quintillion- | – | ||||||
1021 | sextillion- | – | ||||||
1024 | septillion- | – | ||||||
1027 | octillion- | – | ||||||
1030 | nonillion- | – | ||||||
1033 | decillion- | – | decakis hecatommyria- |
decakis hecatommyriakis- |
etc. | |||
10303 | centillion- | – | hecatontakis hecatommyria- |
hecatontakis hecatommyriakis- |
etc. | |||
103003 | – | chiliakis hecatommyria- |
chiliakis hecatommyriakis- |
etc. | ||||
1030003 | – | myriakis hecatommyria- |
myriakis hecatommyriakis- |
etc. | ||||
10300003 | – | decakismyriakis hecatommyria- and so on - virtually endless |
decakismyriakis hecatommyriakis- |
etc. | ||||
少量 (1–20) |
pauci- e.g. pauciparous |
– | oligo- e.g. oligomer, oligonucleotide, oligopeptide, oligosaccharide, oligopoly |
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大量 (> 1) |
multi- e.g. multilingual, multiple pluri e.g. plural wife, pluralism |
– | poly- e.g. polyhedra, polygamy, polypod, polyglot, polymath |
pollakis- ("多次") pollaplo- (」多次「) plethos, plethora (」多個為一組「) |
pollosto- (次序中排在第一後的, 即序數大於1) |
bahut– |
補充
[編輯]- 元音脫落:數字前綴結尾的元音會在以元音為開頭的詞幹前脫落。但除了 bi-, 其在元音前為 bis-, 而其他單音節前綴 du-、di-、dvi-、tri- 即使接以元音為開頭的詞幹也保持不變。
- 連字符:數字前綴不加入連字符的情況比較多、但還是有把quarterdeck寫成quarter-deck的例外。在IUPAC命名法和國際單位制詞頭中不會加入連字符。
同樣的後綴可用於不同數:
primary | secondary | tertiary | quartary | quintary | sextary | (septimary) | (octavary) | nonary | (decimary) |
singulary | binary | ternary, trinary | quaternary | quinary | senary | septenary | octonary | nonenary | denary |
在化學命名中,11(undeca-)這個前綴混合了拉丁語和希臘語,並以 -cos- 表示二十,例如 tricos- 是 23。同樣,表示進位制的 binary, trinary, senary 和 octal, decimal, vigesimal
拉丁語基數詞
[編輯]拉丁語分配數詞
[編輯]- unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, … vicenary … centenary …
- denarian, vicenarian, tricenarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, … millenarian
希臘語
[編輯]- monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad, ... triacontad, ... hecatontad, chiliad, myriad
- digon, trigon, tetragon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, enneagon, decagon, hendecagon, dodecagon, ... enneadecagon, icosagon, triacontagon, ... chiliagon, myriagon
- trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy, hexalogy, heptalogy
- monopod, dipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod
混合語言
[編輯]參見
[編輯]- IUPAC 數值前綴
- 數表
- 十進位制
- 科學命名常用後綴列表
- 數詞
註釋
[編輯]- ^ See Mendeleev's predicted elements for the most common use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes.
- ^ Demi- is French, from Latin dimidium.
- ^ sim- (sin-) is found in the words simplex, simple.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 The Greek prefix for 'one' is normally mono- 'alone'. Hen- 'one' is only used in compound numbers (hendeka- 11) and a few words like henad (= monad). Haplo- 'single' is found is a few technical words such as haploid.
- ^ πρῶτος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ δύο
- ^ δίς
- ^ δεύτερος
- ^ τρίς
- ^ τρίτος
- ^ The forms related to quattuor "four", like the previous three integers, are irregular in Latin and other Indo-European languages, and the details, while presumably a form of assimilation, are unclear. Andrew Sihler, New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin, p. 412, and Carl Darling Buck, Comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. In particular, quadri- has the alternate form quadru- before p in some Latin words, such as quadruple.
- ^ quăter. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ quăterni. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ quartus. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ quinque. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ quīni. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ quintus. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ πέμπτος
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Sometimes Greek hexa- is used in Latin compounds, such as hexadecimal, due to taboo avoidance with the English word sex.
- ^ sēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ sextus. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ ἕξ
- ^ ἕκτος
- ^ septēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ ἑπτά
- ^ octōni. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ octāvus. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ ἐννέα
- ^ ἔνατος
- ^ dēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ dĕcĭmus. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ δέκα
- ^ δέκατος
- ^ undēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ undĕcĭmus. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ ἕνδεκα
- ^ ἑνδέκατος
- ^ δώδεκα
- ^ δωδέκατος
- ^ quindĕcim. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ quindēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ quindĕcĭmus. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ sēdĕcim. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ quinquāginta. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ quinquāgēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ quinquāgēsĭmus. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, S , septĭfārĭam , septŭāgēsimus. www.perseus.tufts.edu. [26 February 2019]. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-26).
- ^ quingenti. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ quincenti. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ quingēni. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ quingentēsĭmus. [2011-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-14).
- ^ ἐννακόσιοι
- ^ ἐνακοσιοστός
- ^ χίλιοι
- ^ χιλιοστός
- ^ δισχίλιοι
- ^ τρισχίλιοι
- ^ τρισχιλιοστός
- ^ πεντακισχίλιοι
- ^ μυρίος
- ^ μυριαστός
- ^ ὀκτακισμύριοι
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
quadru2
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ In organic chemistry, most prefixes are Greek but the prefixes for 9 and 11 are Latin.
參考文獻
[編輯]- Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition
- Buck, Carl Darling, Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
- Sihler, Andrew Littleton, A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Oxford University Press 1995 ISBN 0195083458
外部連結
[編輯]- Stephen Chrisomalis. Numerical Adjectives, Greek and Latin Number Prefixes. The Phrontistery. [2019-10-06]. (原始內容存檔於2017-07-20).
- Christine Bauer-Ramazani. Prefixes--Amount, Relationship, Judgment, Other Prefixes. April 2008 [2019-10-06]. (原始內容存檔於2019-07-09).