說明:阿勒曼尼語國際音標

這頁是維基百科的阿勒曼尼語國際音標發音指南。

H:IPA-GSW

下列圖表展示了國際音標（IPA）在維基百科條目中表示各阿勒曼尼語（士瓦本方言、低地阿勒曼尼語、高地阿勒曼尼語、至高阿勒曼尼語）發音的方式。對於有關在維基百科條目中添加IPA字符的指南，請參見{{IPA-gsw}}與Wikipedia:格式手冊/音標 § Notes。

註：

沒有一種阿勒曼尼語方言使用本指南中的所有音。
每個例詞都有其來源的方言名稱的標籤。
大部分例句來自蘇黎世方言（英語：Zürich German）。
大多數阿勒曼尼亞方言不常被書寫，因此沒有正式的拼寫。為了保持一致性，本指南使用由Dieth & Schmid-Cadalbert (1986)^[1]提出的瑞士德語拼寫慣例。

請參閱伯恩德語音系（英語：Bernese German phonology）以了解更多關於阿勒曼尼語方言之一的發音。

輔音
IPA	示例	英語及其他語言裡的相同或近似發音
b̥	Huube [ˈhuːb̥ə] '女帽' (蘇黎世，ZH)^[2]	bare
ç	Kicha [ˈkʰɪçɐ] '廚房' (上士瓦本)	hew^[3]
d̥	Lade [ˈlɒd̥ə] '商店' (ZH)^[2]	dart
f	offe [ˈofə] '打開' (瓦萊，VS)	foot
fː	offe [ˈofːə] '打開' (伯恩，BE)	staff function
ɡ̊	haage [ˈhɒːɡ̊ə] '用柵柵圍' (ZH)^[2]	go
ɣ̊	mache [ˈmɒɣ̊ə] '做' (ZH)^[2]^[4]	蘇格蘭英語 loch
ʁ̥	mache [ˈmɒʁ̥ə] '做' (ZH)^[2]^[4]	蘇格蘭英語 loch
h	Hand [hɒnd̥] '手' (ZH)	hat
j	Jaar [jɒːr] '年' (ZH)	you
k	Egge [ˈekə] '邊緣' (巴塞爾，BS)	scan
kː	Egge [ˈɛkːə] '邊緣' (BE)	scan
kʰ	Kind [kʰind̥] '孩子' (BS)^[5]	cone
kx	hocke [ˈhokxə] '坐' (ZH)^[4]	考克尼口音 cake
qχ	hocke [ˈhoqχə] '坐' (ZH)^[4]	考克尼口音 cake
l	maale [ˈmɒːlə] '畫' (ZH)	lover
lː	Müller [ˈmylːər] '磨坊工人' (ZH)	real life
ɫ	Wält [ˈʋæɫt] '世界' (薩嫩蘭)	build
ɫː	alli [ˈaɫːi] '全部' (薩嫩蘭)	real life
m	zaame [ˈtsɒːmə] '馴服' (ZH)	mood
mː	Hammer [ˈhamːər] '錘子' (BE)	film-maker
n	zaane [ˈtsɒːnə] '長牙齒' (ZH)	noon
nː	Sunne [ˈz̥ʊnːə] '太陽' (BE)	cleanness
ŋ	Zange [ˈtsɒŋə] '鉗子' (ZH)	ring
ŋː	Zange [ˈtsaŋːə] '鉗子' (BE)	ring, but longer
p	huupe [ˈhuːpə] '鳴響' (BS)	span
pː	öppe [ˈœpːə] '大約' (BE)	span
pʰ	Pack [pʰɒkx] '包裹' (ZH)^[5]	pole
pf	Soipfe [ˈz̥oi̯pfə] '肥皂' (ZH)	cupfull
r	faare [ˈv̥ɒːrə] '駕駛' (ZH)^[6]	美國英語 water
rː	cheerren [ˈxeːrːən] '掃' (哈斯利谷)^[6]	義大利語 burro
ʀ	faare [ˈv̥ɒːʀə] '駕駛' (ZH)^[6]	法語 frere 或諾森布里亞粗喉音
ʁ	faare [ˈv̥ɒːʁə] '駕駛' (ZH)^[6]	法語 frere 或諾森布里亞粗喉音
ʁ̥	besser [ˈb̥esʁ̥] '更好' (BS)^[6]	蘇格蘭英語 loch
ʕ	ändard [ˈend̥aʕd̥] '改變' (SWG)^[7]	標準英音 ahead，但咽部收緊
s	hasse [ˈhɑsə] '憎恨' (VS)	soon
sː	hasse [ˈhasːə] '憎恨' (BE)	class size
ʃ	tüüsche [ˈtyːʃə] '交換' (VS)	ship
ʃː	Äsche [ˈæʃːə] '灰燼' (BE)	cash shortage
t	Latte [ˈlɑtə] '板條' (BS)	stand
tː	Latte [ˈlatːə] '板條' (BE)	stand
tʰ	Thee [tʰeː] '茶' (ZH)^[5]	too
ts	butze [ˈb̥utsə] '擦' (ZH)	cats
tʃ	tätsche [ˈtætʃə] '拍打' (ZH)	chip
v̥	Ofe [ˈov̥ə] '爐子' (ZH)^[2]	foot
ʋ	Wand [ʋɒnd̥] '牆' (ZH)	wine 與 vine 之間
ʋː	niww [niʋː] '新的' (Haslital)	wine 與 vine 之間
w	Giel [ɡ̊iə̯w] '男孩' (BE)^[8]	wine
wː	Balle [ˈb̥awːə] '球' (BE)^[9]	近似 bowwow
x	Chatz [ˈxɑts] '貓' (Simmental)^[4]	蘇格蘭英語 loch
xː	lache [ˈlaxːə] '笑' (錫默河谷)^[4]	蘇格蘭英語 loch, but longer
χ	Chatz [ˈχɑts] '貓' (BE)^[4]	蘇格蘭英語 loch
χː	lache [ˈlaχːə] '笑' (BE)^[4]	蘇格蘭英語 loch，但更長
z̥	Hase [ˈhɒz̥ə] '野兔' (ZH)^[2]	soon
ʒ̊	nuusche [ˈnuːʒ̊ə] '翻找' (ZH)^[2]	ship

元音
IPA	示例	英語及其他語言裡的相同或近似發音
a	Affe [ˈafːə] '猿' (聖加侖，SG)^[10]	art
aː	schlaaffe [ˈʒ̊laːfə] '睡覺' (SG)^[10]	father
ɑ	Affe [ˈɑfːə] '猿' (BE)^[10]	art
ɑː	schlaaffe [ˈʒ̊lɑːfə] '睡覺' (BE)^[10]	father
ɒ	Mane [ˈmɒnə] '人' (ZH)^[10]	標準英音 hot
ɒː	maane [ˈmɒːnə] '提醒' (ZH)^[10]	標準英音 nod
æ	gäll [ɡ̊æl] '不是嗎？' (ZH)	hat
æː	gääl [ɡ̊æːl] '黃' (ZH)	had
e	Bett [ˈb̥et] '床' (ZH)	蘇格蘭英語 late
eː	deene [ˈd̥eːnə] '伸展' (ZH)	蘇格蘭英語 day
ɛ	Hèr [hɛr] '先生' (ZH)	bet
ɛː	hèèr [hɛːr] '來自' (ZH)	bed
ə	schwèche [ˈʒ̊ʋɛxə] '使變弱' (ZH)^[11]	about
i	sibe [ˈz̥ib̥ə] '七' (ZH)	leaf
iː	siibe [ˈz̥iːb̥ə] '篩' (ZH)	leave
ɪ	Rìtter [ˈrɪtər] '騎士' (BE)	kit
ɪː	Rììs [rɪːz̥] '巨人' (BE)	kid
ɔ	Òfe [ˈɔv̥ə] '爐子' (BE)	off
ɔː	Gòòfe [ˈɡ̊ɔːv̥ə] '孩子' (BE)	dog
o	hole [ˈholə] '取' (ZH)	蘇格蘭英語 oak
oː	hool [hoːl] '洞' (ZH)	蘇格蘭英語 stove
ø	Böge [ˈb̥øɡ̊ə] '紙張' (ZH)	近似 nurse
œ	Blö̀ff [b̥lœf] '嚇唬' (ZH)	近似 nurse
øː	Böögge [ˈb̥øːkə] '傻瓜' (ZH)	近似 fur
œː	tö̀ö̀rfe [ˈtœːrfə] '被允許' (ZH)	近似 fur
u	Bruch [b̥rux] '打破' (ZH)	boot
uː	Bruuch [b̥ruːɣ̊] '習慣' (ZH)	food
ʉː	Muus [mʉːs] '老鼠' (BS)^[12]	現代標準英音 goose
ʊ	Schùtt [ʒ̊ʊt] '殘骸' (BE)	foot
ʊː	Brùùch [b̥rʊːɣ̊] '打破' (BE)	good
y	Füli [ˈv̥yli] '鋼筆' (ZH)	近似 cute
ʏ	hǜtt [hʏt] '今天' (BE)	近似 cute
yː	Füüli [ˈv̥yːli] '懶惰' (ZH)	近似 feud
ʏː	Tǜǜre [ˈtʏːrə] '門' (BE)	近似 feud

半元音
IPA	示例	英語近似發音
a̯	nia [nia̯] '永不' (SWG)	近似 ear
æ̯	niä [niæ̯] '永不' (UR)
ə̯	nie [niə̯] '永不' (ZH)
i̯	frei [v̥rei̯] '自由的' (ZH)	day 中的似y尾音
o̯	Chüo [xyo̯] '奶牛' (VS)	go 中的似w尾音
u̯	äu [æu̯] '也' (ZH)	go 中的似w尾音
y̑	vlöüge [ˈv̥lœy̑ɡ̊ə] '飛' (薩嫩蘭)	近似 go 中的似w尾音

超音段音位
IPA	示例	解釋
ˈ	deene [ˈd̥eːnə] '伸展' (ZH)	主重音，如 deer /ˈdɪər/
ˌ	Hèrdöpfel [ˈhɛrˌd̥øpfəl] '馬鈴薯' (ZH)	次重音，如 commandeer /ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/

注釋[編輯]

^ Cited in Fleischer & Schmid (2006:251頁)
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 Some scholars choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents with the symbols ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩, rather than ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩. In that case, the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨pː, tː, kː, xː, sː, ʃː⟩ or ⟨pp, tt, kk, xx, ss, ʃʃ⟩, rather than ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Here, we choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents as ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩, whereas the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Long fortis obstruents or geminates occur in most of Switzerland except for the extreme Northeast, Wallis, and the Grisons–St. Gall Rhine valley.
^ If pronounced different from yew, cf. yew–hew merger.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 ^4.7 The dorsal obstruents /kx, x, ɣ̊/ are realized as velar [kx, x, ɣ̊] or uvular [qχ, χ, ʁ̥], depending on the dialect.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 The aspirated consonants [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] occur in borrowings from Standard German (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244頁)). In the dialects of Basel and Chur, an aspirated [kʰ] is also present in native words.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 The /r/ phoneme can be pronounced as an alveolar trill [r] or an alveolar tap [ɾ] (with both being transcribed with ⟨r⟩ in this guide for the sake of simplicity),, a uvular trill [ʀ], a voiced uvular fricative or approximant [ʁ], a voiceless lenis uvular fricative [ʁ̥]. Some dialects (e.g. Zürich German) use all six realizations (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244頁)).
^ In Swabian German, /r/ is realized as a uvular approximant [ʁ̞] in syllable onset, but as a pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞] in other positions (Markus Hiller. Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. ). For simplicity, we transcribe these sounds as, respectively, [ʁ] and [ʕ].
^ In Bernese German, /l/ in the syllable coda is realized as [w].
^ In Bernese German, the geminate /lː/ is realized as [wː].
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 ^10.5 The open vowels /a, aː/ can be front or central (with both sets transcribed as [a, aː] for simplicity), back unrounded [ɑ, ɑː] or back rounded [ɒ, ɒː], depending on the dialect.
^ The schwa /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
^ In Basel German and in the dialect of Markgräflerland, /uː/ is fronted to [ʉː].

文獻[編輯]

Dauwalder, Hans, Wie mma s seid und cha schriiben. Eine haslideutsche Kurzgrammatik, Meiringen: Gemeinnütziger Verein, 1992
Dieth, Eugen; Schmid-Cadalbert, Christian, Schwyzertütschi Dialäktschrift. Dieth-Schreibung 2nd, Aarau: Sauerländer, 1986
Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan, 苏黎世德语 (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2006, 36 (2): 243–253, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002441
Hotzenköcherle, Rudolf (編), Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz, Bern: Francke, 1962–1997
Werlen, Iwar, Lautstrukturen des Dialekts von Brig im schweizerischen Kanton Wallis, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1977
Marti, Werner, Berndeutsch-Grammatik, Bern: Francke, 1985, ISBN 3-7720-1587-5

[1] Cited in Fleischer & Schmid (2006:251頁)

[lenisobstruents-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 Some scholars choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents with the symbols ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩, rather than ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩. In that case, the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨pː, tː, kː, xː, sː, ʃː⟩ or ⟨pp, tt, kk, xx, ss, ʃʃ⟩, rather than ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Here, we choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents as ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩, whereas the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Long fortis obstruents or geminates occur in most of Switzerland except for the extreme Northeast, Wallis, and the Grisons–St. Gall Rhine valley.

[3] If pronounced different from yew, cf. yew–hew merger.

[velaruvular-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 ^4.7 The dorsal obstruents /kx, x, ɣ̊/ are realized as velar [kx, x, ɣ̊] or uvular [qχ, χ, ʁ̥], depending on the dialect.

[aspirated-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 The aspirated consonants [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] occur in borrowings from Standard German (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244頁)). In the dialects of Basel and Chur, an aspirated [kʰ] is also present in native words.

[r-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 The /r/ phoneme can be pronounced as an alveolar trill [r] or an alveolar tap [ɾ] (with both being transcribed with ⟨r⟩ in this guide for the sake of simplicity),, a uvular trill [ʀ], a voiced uvular fricative or approximant [ʁ], a voiceless lenis uvular fricative [ʁ̥]. Some dialects (e.g. Zürich German) use all six realizations (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244頁)).

[7] In Swabian German, /r/ is realized as a uvular approximant [ʁ̞] in syllable onset, but as a pharyngeal approximant [ʕ̞] in other positions (Markus Hiller. Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. ). For simplicity, we transcribe these sounds as, respectively, [ʁ] and [ʕ].

[8] In Bernese German, /l/ in the syllable coda is realized as [w].

[9] In Bernese German, the geminate /lː/ is realized as [wː].

[open-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 ^10.5 The open vowels /a, aː/ can be front or central (with both sets transcribed as [a, aː] for simplicity), back unrounded [ɑ, ɑː] or back rounded [ɒ, ɒː], depending on the dialect.

[11] The schwa /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.

[12] In Basel German and in the dialect of Markgräflerland, /uː/ is fronted to [ʉː].

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