血液檢驗項目正常參考值範圍

維基百科,自由的百科全書

血檢項目參考值範圍(英語:Reference ranges for blood tests),指的是醫療保健專家從血液樣品中選取的一組用來描述醫療檢驗結果的正常參考值。

血液檢驗的測量值在臨床中意義非常重要,人們通過對體液進行分析來尋找屬於病理學中的病理改變來作為是否患病的參考,屬於對臨床化學[註 1]領域中的研究。

分類[編輯]

離子及微量金屬[編輯]

這裡包括了一些如含鐵結合蛋白、含銅結合蛋白之類的一些蛋白質。

項目 下限值 上限值 單位 備註
(Na) 135[1],137[2][3] 145[2][3],147[1] mmol/L or mEq/L[1]
31[4], 32[4] 33[4], 34[4] mg/dl
(K) 3.5[1][3], 3.6[2] 5.0[1][2][3], 5.1 mmol/L or mEq/L[1] 參見低鉀血症
高鉀血症
14[5] 20[5] mg/dl
(Cl) 95[1], 98[6], 100[3] 105[1], 106[6], 110[3] mmol/L or mEq/L[1]
340[7] 370[7] mg/dl
離子 (Ca) 1.03[8], 1.10[3] 1.23[8], 1.30[3] mmol/L
4.1 [9], 4.4[9] 4.9 [9], 5.2[9] mg/dL
血清鐵 (TSI) – 男性 65[10], 76[2] 176[10], 198[2] µg/dL
11.6[11][12], 13.6[12] 30[11], 32[12], 35[12] μmol/L
總血清鐵(TSI) – 女性 26[2], 50[10] 170[2][10] µg/dL
4.6[12], 8.9[11] 30.4[11] μmol/L
總血清鐵(TSI) - 新生兒 100[10] 250[10] µg/dL
18[12] 45[12] µmol/L
總血清鐵(TSI) - 兒童 50[10] 120[10] µg/dL
9[12] 21[12] µmol/L
總鐵結合力(TIBC) 240[10], 262[2] 450[10], 474[2] μg/dL
43[12], 47[12] 81[12], 85[12] µmol/L
轉鐵蛋白 190[13], 194[3], 204[2] 326[3], 330[13], 360[2] mg/dL
25[14] 45[14] μmol/L
飽和轉鐵蛋白 20[10] 50[10] %
– 男性 12[15] 300[15] ng/mL
27 [16] 670[16] pmol/L
鐵 – 女性 12[15] 150[15] ng/mL
27 [16] 330[16] pmol/L
10[17], 20[18] 35[17], 65[18] μmol/L
17[19], 34[19] 60[19], 110[19] μg/dL
70[20] 150[20] µg/dL
11 [21] 24[21] μmol/L
銅藍蛋白 15[20] 60[20] mg/dL
1 [22] 4[22] μmol/L
鈣總量 (Ca) 2.1[1][23], 2.2[3] 2.5[23][3], 2.6[23], 2.8[1] mmol/L
8.4[1], 8.5[20] 10.2[1], 10.5[20] mg/dL
磷酸 (HPO42−) 0.8 1.5 [24] mmol/L
無機 (血清) 1.0[1] 1.5[1] mmol/L
3.0[1] 4.5[1] mg/dL
(Cu) 11[25] 24 μmol/L
(Zn) 60 [26], 72[27] 110[27], 130[26] μg/dL
9.2[28], 11[3] 17[3], 20[28] µmol/L
1.5[20], 1.7[29] 2.0[20], 2.3[29] mEq/L or mg/dL
0.6[30], 0.7[3] 0.82[30], 0.95[3] mmol/L
(最適範圍) 120[31] μg/L

酸鹼緩衝對[編輯]

酸鹼緩衝對如果沒有特別指定為動脈/靜脈血,一般指的是動脈血,而不是靜脈血。

酸鹼緩衝對中的少數項目在動脈/靜脈中差異很大。[32]

項目 動脈/靜脈 下限值 上限值 單位 備註
pH 動脈 7.34[2], 7.35[1] 7.44[2], 7.45[1]
靜脈 7.31[33] 7.41[33]
[H+] 動脈 36[1] 44[1] nmol/L
3.6 [34] 4.4[34] ng/dL
過剰鹼基 動脈和靜脈[33] -3[33] +3[33] mEq/L
分圧 (pO2) 動脈 10[1], 11[35] 13[35], 14[1] kPa
75[1][2], 83[20] 100[2], 105[1] mmHg 又はtorr
靜脈 4.0[35] 5.3[35] kPa
30[33] 40[33] mmHg 又は torr
氧飽和度 動脈 94[33], 95[6], 96[20] 100[6][20] %
靜脈 Approximately 75[6]
二氧化碳分壓 (CO2) 動脈 4.4[1], 4.7[35] 5.9[1], 6.0[35] kPa 指定pCO2
33[1], 35[2] 44[1], 45[2] mmHg 或 torr
23[33] 30[33] mmol/L
100[36] 132[36] mg/dL
靜脈 5.5[35] 6.8[35] kPa
41[33] 51[33] mmHg 又は torr
碳酸氫根離子 (HCO3, ) 動脈和靜脈 18[20] 23[20] mmol/L
110[37] 140[37] mg/dL
標準碳酸氫根離子(SBCe) 動脈和靜脈 21, 22[1] 27, 28[1] mmol/L or mEq/L[1]
134[37] 170[37] mg/dL

肝功能[編輯]

項目 檢驗者類型 下限值 上限值 單位 備註
總蛋白 60[1], 63[2] 78[1], 82[2], 84[20] g/L 參見低蛋白血症
白蛋白 35[1][38] 48[2], 55[1] g/L 參見低蛋白血症
3.5[2] 4.8[2], 5.5[1] U/L
540[39] 740[39] μmol/L
球蛋白 23[1] 35[1] g/L
總膽紅素 1.7[40], 2[1], 3.4[40], 5[3] 17[1][40], 22[40], 25[3] μmol/L
0.1[1], 0.2[2], 0.29[41] 1.0[1][20], 1.3[2], 1.4[41] mg/dL
結合型/直接膽紅素 0.0[1] or N/A[3] 5[1], 7[40][3] μmol/L
0[1][2] 0.3[1][2], 0.4[20] mg/dL
丙氨酸轉氨酶(ALT/ALAT[3]) 5[42], 7[2], 8[1] 20[1], 21[6], 56[2] U/L 也被稱為血清谷丙轉氨酶
(SGPT:serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase)
女性 0.15[3] 0.75[3] µkat/L
男性 0.15[3] 1.1[3]
天冬氨酸氨基轉移酶(AST/ASAT[3]) 女性 6[43] 34[43] IU/L 也被稱為

血清穀草轉氨酶
(SGOT:serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase)

0.25[3] 0.60[3] µkat/L
男性 8[43] 40[43] IU/L
0.25[3] 0.75[3] µkat/L
鹼性磷酸酶(ALP) 女性 42[42] 98[42] U/L
男性 53[42] 128[42]
酶活性 0.6[3] 1.8[3] µkat/L
γ-穀氨酰轉移酶(GGT) 5[42], 8[2] 40[42], 78[2] U/L
女性 0.8[44] µkat/L
男性 1.3[44]

心肌酶[編輯]

項目 檢驗者類型 下限值 上限值 單位 備註
肌酸激酶 (CK) 男性 24[45], 38[2], 60[42] 174[20], 320[42] U/L
or ng/mL
女性 24[45], 38[2], 96[20] 140[20], 200[42]
CK-MB 0 3[2], 3.8[3], 5[42] ng/mL or μg/L[3]
腦利鈉肽 (BNP) 男性 45-54 歲 4[46] 40[46] pg/mL
55-64 歲 5[46] 52[46]
65-74 歲 7[46] 67[46]
75-83 歲 9[46] 86[46]
女性 45-54 歲 8[46] 73[46]
55-64 歲 10[46] 93[46]
65-74 歲 13[46] 120[46]
75-83 歲 16[46] 155[46]
NT-proBNP 男性 < 45 歲 90[47] pg/mL
45-54 歲 140[47]
55-64 歲 180[47]
65-74 歲 230[47]
> 75 歲 850[47]
女性 < 45 歲 180[47]
45-54 歲 190[47]
55-64 歲 230[47]
65-74 歲 350[47]
> 75 歲 620[47]
肌紅蛋白 女性 1[48] 66[48] ng/mL or µg/L
男性 17[48] 106[48]

疼痛開始12小時後肌鈣蛋白的值:

項目 下限值 上限值 單位 參考
肌鈣蛋白I 0.2[49] ng/mL or μg/L 通常的上限
0.2[49] 1.0[49] ng/mL or μg/L 急性冠脈綜合徵
0.4[50] 2.0[50] ng/mL or μg/L 平穩上升[50]
1.0[49], 1.5[51] n/a[49][51] ng/mL or μg/L 疑似心肌梗塞
肌鈣蛋白T 0.02[49] ng/mL or μg/L 通常的上限
0.02[49] 0.10[49] ng/mL or μg/L 急性冠脈綜合徵
0.10[49] n/a[49] ng/mL or μg/L 疑似心肌梗塞

腫瘤標誌物[編輯]

項目 下限值 上限值 單位 備註
甲胎蛋白 (AFP) 0 44[2] ng/mL
β人絨毛膜促性腺激素 (bHCG) n/a 5[2] IU/l or mU/ml 男性及非孕婦
CA 19-9 n/a 40[2] U/ml
CA-125 n/a 30[52], 35[53] kU/L or U/mL
癌胚抗原 (CEA)
50歲的非吸煙者
n/a 3.4[3], 3.6 [54] μg/l
癌胚抗原 (CEA)
70歲的非吸煙者
n/a 4.1[54] μg/l
癌胚抗原 (CEA) - 吸煙者 n/a 5[55] μg/l
前列腺特異抗原 (PSA) n/a 2.5[3], 4[2] μg/L[2][3] or ng/mL[20] 45歲以下 <2,5 μg/L
前列腺酸性磷酸酶(PAP) 0 3[20] units/dL (Bodansky units)

內分泌[編輯]

甲狀腺激素[編輯]

項目 檢驗者類型 下限值 上限值 單位
促甲狀腺激素
(TSH or thyrotropin)
成人 -
通常範圍
0.3[3], 0.4[2], 0.5[20], 0.6[56] 4.0[3], 4.5[2], 6.0[20] mIU/L or μIU/mL
成人 -
最適範圍
0.3[57], 0.5[58] 2.0[58], 3.0[57] mIU/L or μIU/mL
嬰兒 1.3[59] 19[59] mIU/L or μIU/mL
游離甲狀腺素 (FT4) 通常的成人 0.7[60],0.8[2] 1.4[60], 1.5[2] ng/dL
9[61][3], 10[62], 12 [63] 18[3][61], 23[63] pmol/L
嬰兒 0-3日 2.0[60] 5.0[60] ng/dL
26[61] 65[61] pmol/L
嬰兒 3-30日 0.9[60] 2.2[60] ng/dL
12[61] 30[61] pmol/L
兒童/青春期
30日 - 18歲
0.8[60] 2.0[60] ng/dL
10[61] 26[61] pmol/L
孕婦 0.5[60] 1.0[60] ng/dL
6.5[61] 13[61] pmol/L
總甲狀腺素 60[62][63] 140[62], 160[63] nmol/L
4[62], 5.5[2] 11[62], 12.3[2] μg/dL
游離三碘甲狀腺原氨酸 (FT3) 通常的成人 0.2[62] 0.5[62] ng/dL
3.1[64] 7.7[64] pmol/L
兒童 2-16歲 0.1[65] 0.6[65] ng/dL
1.5[64] 9.2[64] pmol/L
總三碘甲狀腺原氨酸 0.9[3], 1.1[62] 2.5[3], 2.7[62] nmol/L
60[2], 75[62] 175[62], 181[2] ng/dL
甲狀腺素結合球蛋白 (TBG) 12[2] 30[2] mg/L
甲狀腺球蛋白 (Tg) 1.5[62] 30[62] pmol/L
1[62] 20 [62] μg/L

性激素[編輯]

項目 檢驗者類型 下限值 上限值 單位
睾丸酮 男性, 整體 8 [66], 10[67] 27 [66], 35[67] nmol/L
230 [68], 300 [69] 780[68] - 1000[69] ng/dL
男性 < 50 歲 10[3] 45[3] nmol/L
290[68] 1300[68] ng/dL
男性 > 50 歲 6.2[3] 26[3] nmol/L
180[68] 740[68] ng/dL
女性 0.7[67] 2.8[67] - 3.0[3] nmol/L
20[69] 80[69] - 85[68] ng/dL
17-羥基孕酮 男性 0.06[20] 3.0[20] mg/L
女性 (卵泡期) 0.2[20] 1.0[20] mg/L
卵泡刺激素 (FSH) 青春期前 <1 [70] 3[70] IU/L
成人男性 1[70] 8[70]
成人女性 (卵泡期及黃體期) 1[70] 11[70]
成人女性 (排卵) 6[70]
95% PI (standard)
26[70]
95% PI)
5[71]
90% PI (used in diagram)
15[71]
(90% PI)
閉經後女性 30[70] 118[70]
黃體生成素 (LH) 女性, peak 20[71]
90% PI (used in diagram)
75[71]
(90% PI)
IU/L
女性, 閉經後 15[72] 60[72]
雌二醇 (雌激素的一種) 成人男性 50[73] 200[73] pmol/L
1.4[74] 5.5[74] ng/dL
成人女性 (卵泡期,5日) 70[73]
95% PI (standard)
500[73]
95% PI
pmol/L
110[71]
90% PI (used in diagram)
220[71]
90% PI
1.9[74] (95% PI) 14[74] (95% PI) ng/dL
3.0[74] (90% PI) 6.0[74] (90% PI)
成人女性 (排卵前) 400[73] 1500[73] pmol/L
11[74] 41[74] ng/dL
成人女性(黃體期) 70[73] 600[73] pmol/L
1.9[74] 16[74] ng/dL
成人女性 - free (not protein bound) 0.05[75] 0.9[75] ng/dL
1.7[75] 33[75] pmol/L
閉經後女性 N/A [73] < 130[73] pmol/L
N/A[74] < 3.5[74] ng/dL
黃體激素 女性(排卵日) 2.2[71] (90% PI) 9[71] (90% PI) nmol/L
70[76] (90% PI) 280[76] (90% PI) ng/dL
雄烯二酮 成人男性及女性 60[72] 270[72] ng/dL
閉經後女性 < 180[72]
青春期前 < 60[72]

其他激素[編輯]

項目 檢驗者類型 下限值 上限值 單位
副腎皮質刺激激素 (ACTH) 4.4[77] 18[78],22[77] pmol/L
20[2] 80[79], 100[2] pg/mL
皮質醇 上午09:00 140[80] 700[80] nmol/L
5[81] 25[81] μg/dL
深夜 80[80] 350[80] nmol/L
2.9[81] 13[81] μg/dL
生長激素 (空腹時) 0 5[1] ng/mL
生長激素 (精氨酸刺激) 7[1] n/a ng/mL
催乳素 女性 n/a 20[2] ng/mL or µg/L[3]
男性 15[2]
甲狀旁腺激素 (PTH) 10[82], 17[83] 65[82], 70[83] pg/mL
1.1[3], 1.8[84] 6.9[3], 7.5[84] pmol/L
25-羥膽鈣化(固)醇 (維生素D的一種)
- 通常參考值
8[20][85], 9[85] 40[85], 80[20] ng/mL
20[86], 23[87] 95[87], 150[86] nmol/L
25-羥膽鈣化(固)醇
- 治療時參考值
30[88], 40[89] 65[89], 100[88] ng/mL
85[31], 100[89] 120[31], 160[89] nmol/L

氨基酸[編輯]

項目 性別 年齡 下限值 上限值 單位 異常上升值 最適值
同型半胱氨酸 女性 12–19 歲 3.3 [90] 7.2[90] μmol/L > 10.4 μmol/L
or
> 140 μg/dl
< 6.3 μmol/L [31]
or
< 85 μg/dL[31]
45[91] 100[91] μg/dL
>60 歲 4.9 [90] 11.6 [90] μmol/L
66[91] 160[91] μg/dL
男性 12–19 歲 4.3 [90] 9.9 [90] μmol/L > 11.4 μmol/L
or
> 150 μg/dL
60[91] 130[91] μg/dL
>60 歲 5.9 [90] 15.3 [90] μmol/L
80[91] 210[91] μg/dL

維生素類[編輯]

項目 檢驗者類型 標準範圍 單位 最適範圍
下限值 上限值 下限值 上限值
維生素A 30[20] 65[20] µg/dL
維生素B9
(葉酸/葉酸鹽) - 血清
1歲以上 3.0[92] 16[92] ng/mL or μg/L 5 [93]
6.8[94] 36[94] nmol/l 11[94]
維生素B9
(葉酸/葉酸鹽) - 紅細胞
200[92] 600[92] ng/mL or μg/L
450[94] 1400[94] nmol/L
孕婦 ng/mL or μg/L 400[92]
nmol/L 900[92]
維生素B12 (鈷胺素) 130[95], 160[96] 700[95], 950[96] ng/L
100[97], 120[3] 520[97], 700[3] pmol/L
維生素C (抗壞血酸) 0.4[20] 1.5[20] mg/dL 0.9[31]
23[98] 85[98] μmol/L 50[31]
25-羥膽鈣化(固)醇 (維生素D) 8[20][85], 9[85] 40[85], 80[20] ng/mL 30[88], 40[89] 65[89], 100[88]
20[86], 23[87] 95[87], 150[86] nmol/L 85[31], 100[89] 120[31], 160[89]
維生素E μmol/L 28[31]
mg/dL 1.2[31]

有害物質[編輯]

項目 參考種類 參考值 單位
健康的維持 < 20[6] or 40[20] µg/dL
乙醇 酒駕參考 0[99], 0.2[99], 0.8[99] or g/L
17.4[100] mmol/L

血液[編輯]

紅細胞[編輯]

項目 檢驗者類型 下限值 上限值 單位 備註
血紅蛋白 (Hb) 男性 2.0[101], 2.1[1] 2.5[101], 2.7[1] mmol/L 嬰兒高,兒童低。
130[3], 132[2], 135[1] 162[2], 170[3], 175[1] g/L
女性 1.8[101], 1.9[1] 2.3[101], 2.5[1][101] mmol/L 成人間性別差異很小。
120[3] [1][2] 150[3], 152[2], 160[1][20] g/L
血漿中血紅蛋白 0.16[1] 0.62[1] μmol/L 通常僅存在於小型紅細胞內。
1 4 mg/dL
糖化血紅蛋白 (HbA1c) < 50 歲 3.6[3] 5.0[3] % of Hb
> 50 歲 3.9[3] 5.3[3]
結合珠蛋白 < 50 歲 0.35[3] 1.9[3] g/L
> 50 歲 0.47[3] 2.1[3]
紅細胞比容 (Hct) 男性 0.39[3], 0.4[2], 0.41[1], 0.45[20] 0.50[3], 0.52[2],0.53[1], 0.62[20]
女性 0.35[3], 0.36[1],0.37[2][20] 0.46[1][2][3], 0.48[20]
兒童 0.31[2] 0.43[2]
平均紅細胞體積 (MCV) 男性 76[20], 82[2] 100[20], 102[2] fL 容積嬰兒高,兒童低。
女性 78[2] 101[2] fL
紅細胞粒度分布幅(Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)) 11.5[2] 14.5[2] %
平均紅細胞血紅蛋白(Mean cell hemoglobin(MCH)) 0.39[1] 0.54[1] fmol/cell
25[1], 27[20][3] 32[20], 33[3], 35[1] pg/cell
平均紅細胞血紅蛋白濃度(Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC)) 31[2], 32[20][3] 35[2], 36[20][3] g/dL
4.8 [102], 5.0[102] 5.4[102], 5.6[102] mmol/L
紅細胞 (RBC) 男性 4.2[20], 4.3[1][2][3] 5.7[3], 5.9[1], 6.2[2], 6.9[20] x1012/L
女性 3.5[1], 3.8[2], 3.9[3] 5.1[3], 5.5[1][2] x1012/L
嬰兒/兒童 3.8[2] 5.5[2] x1012/L
網織紅細胞 26[3] 130[3] x109/L
成人 0.5[1][2] 1.5[1][2] % of RBC
新生兒 1.1[2] 4.5[2] % of RBC
嬰兒 0.5[2] 3.1[2] % of RBC

白細胞[編輯]

項目 檢驗者類型 下限值 上限值 單位 備註
白細胞數 (WBC) 成人 3.5[3], 3.9[103], 4.1[2], 4.5[1] 9.0[3], 10.0[103], 10.9[2], 11[1]
  • x109/L
  • x103/mm3 or
  • x103/μL
新生兒 9[104] 30[104]
1歲嬰兒 6[104] 18[104]
中性粒細胞 (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs) 成人 1.3[3], 1.8[103], 2[104] 5.4[3], 7[103], 8[104] x109/L
45-54[1] 62[1], 74 % of WBC
新生兒 6[104] 26[104] x109/L
杆狀單核細胞(中性粒細胞) (Neutrophilic band forms) 成人 0.7[104] x109/L
3[1] 5[1] % of WBC
淋巴細胞 成人 0.7[3], 1.0[103][104] 3.5[103], 3.9[3], 4.8[104] x109/L
16-25[1] 33[1], 45 % of WBC
新生兒 2[104] 11[104] x109/L
單核細胞 成人 0.1[3], 0.2[95][105] 0.8[95][104][3] x109/L
3[1], 4.0 7[1], 10 % of WBC
新生兒 0.4[104] 3.1[104] x109/L
單核白細胞(單核細胞+淋巴細胞) 成人 1.5 5 x109/L
20 35 % of WBC
CD4陽性T細胞 成人 0.4 [2], 0.5[6] 1.5[6], 1.8[2] x109/L
嗜酸性粒細胞 成人 0.0[3], 0.04[95] 0.44[95], 0.45[104], 0.5[3] x109/L
1[1] 3[1], 7 % of WBC
新生兒 0.02[104] 0.85[104] x109/L
嗜鹼性粒細胞 成人 40[103] 100[95][3], 200[104], 900[103] x106/L
0.0 0.75[1], 2 % of WBC
新生兒 0.64 [104] x109/L

凝血・纖溶系統[編輯]

項目 下限值 上限值 單位 備註
血小板/紅細胞數 (Plt) 140[2], 150[1][3] 350[20][3], 400[1], 450[2] x109/L
凝血酶原時間 (PT) 10[6], 11[1][106], 12[2] 13[6], 13.5[106], 14[2], 15[1] s 凝血酶原時間受到檢測藥劑不同的影響。INR可以把它的值標準化
INR 0.9[3] 1.2[3] INR是被檢驗者的凝血酶原時間的修正。
活化部分凝血活酶時間(Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)) 18[2], 30[6][3] 28[2], 42[3], 45[6] s
凝血酶凝固時間 (TCT) 11 18 s
纖維蛋白原 1.7[2], 2.0[3] 3.6[3], 4.2[2] g/L
抗凝血酶 0.80[3] 1.2[3] kIU/L
出血時間 2 9 min
粘度 1.5[107] 1.72[107] cP

免疫[編輯]

急性期蛋白質[編輯]

項目 檢驗者 下限值 上限值 單位 參考
紅細胞沉降率
(ESR)
男性 0 年齡÷2[108] mm/hr 紅細胞沉降率隨着年齡的增長,女性往往偏高。[109]
女性 (年齡+10)÷2 [108]
C-反應蛋白 (CRP) n/a 5[110][3], 6[111] mg/L
200[112], 240[112] nmol/L
α1-抗胰蛋白酶 (AAT) 20[113], 22[114] 38[114], 53[113] μmol/L
89[115], 97[3] 170[3], 230[115] mg/dL

抗體的種類[編輯]

項目 檢驗者 下限值 上限值 單位 參考
免疫球蛋白A(IgA) 成人 70[3], 110[116] 360[3], 560[116] mg/dL
免疫球蛋白D(IgD) 0.5[116] 3.0[116]
免疫球蛋白E(IgE) 0.01[116] 0.04[116]
免疫球蛋白G(IgG) 800[116] 1800[116]
免疫球蛋白M(IgM) 54[116] 220[116]

自身抗體[編輯]

項目 陰性 疑似陽性 陽性 單位
抗SS-A抗體 (Ro) < 15[117] 15-25[117] > 25[117] Units
per
millilitre
(U/mL)
抗SS-B抗體 (La) < 3[117] 3 – 4[117] > 4[117]
Anti ds-DNA < 40[117] 40 – 60[117] > 60[117]
Anti ss-DNA < 8[117] 8 - 10[117] > 10[117]
Anti-histone antibodies < 25[117] n/a[117] > 25[117]
Cytoplasmic/classical
抗中性粒細胞胞漿抗體 (c-ANCA)
< 20[117] 21 - 30[117] > 30[117]
Perinuclear
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
antibodies (p-ANCA)
< 5[117] n/a > 5[117]
抗線粒體抗體 (AMA) < 10 [117] n/a[117] > 10[117]
類風濕因子 (RF) < 20 20 - 30 > 30[2]
抗鏈球菌溶血素 O titre
(ASOT)
(學齡前)
> 100
ASOT(就學期) > 250[2]
ASOT(成人) > 125[2]
項目 陰性 弱陽性 中陽性 高陽性 單位
抗磷脂 IgG < 20[117] 20 –30[117] 31 – 50[117] > 51[117] GPLU/ml[117]
抗磷脂 IgM < 1.5[117] 1.5 –2.5[117] 2 – 9.9[117] > 10[117] MPL /ml [117]
抗磷脂 IgA < 10[117] 10 -20[117] 21 – 30[117] > 31[117] arb U/ml[117]
抗瓜氨酸蛋白抗體
(Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies)
< 20[117] 20 – 39[117] 40 - 59[117] > 60[117] EU[117]

其他酶及蛋白質[編輯]

項目 下限值 上限值 單位 備註
乳酸脫氫酶 (LDH) 50[20] 150[20] U/L
0.4[42] 1.7[42] μmol/L
LDH (酶的活性) 1.8[3] 3.4[3] µkat/L < 70歳[3]
澱粉 25[1], 30[2], 53[20] 110[2], 120[118], 123[20], 125[1], 190[42] U/L
0.15[3] 1.1[3] µkat/L
200[112] 240[112] nmol/L
D-二聚體 n/a 500[119] ng/mL 妊婦で高い。[120]
0.5[3] mg/L
脂肪酶 7[2], 10[20], 23[42] 60[2], 150[20], 208[42] U/L
血管緊張素轉換酶 (ACE) 23[42] 57[42] U/L
酸性磷酸酶 3.0[42] ng/mL
嗜酸性粒細胞陽離子蛋白 (ECP) 2.3[3] 16[3] µg/L

其他電解質及代謝物[編輯]

項目 檢驗者類型 下限值 上限值 單位 參考
滲透壓 275[1], 280[20], 281[3] 295[1], 296[20], 297[3] mOsm/kg 不包含溶質的血漿重量
滲透壓 Slightly less than osmolality mOsm/l 包含溶質的血漿容量
尿素 1.2[1], 3.0[121] 3.0[1], 7.0[121] mmol/L 尿素氮(BUN - Blood urea nitrogen)
7[1] 18[1], 21[2] mg/dL
*尿酸[2] 0.18[1] 0.48[1] mmol/L
女性 2.0[20] 7.0[20] mg/dL
男性 2.1 [20] 8.5[20] mg/dL
肌酐 男性 60[3], 68[122] 90[3], 118[122] μmol/L 參見肌酐清除率
0.7[123], 0.8[123] 1.0[123], 1.3[123] mg/dL
女性 50[3], 68[122] 90[3], 98[122] μmol/L
0.6[123], 0.8[123] 1.0[123], 1.1[123] mg/dL
尿素氮/肌酐比 5[20] 35[20] -
血漿血糖值 (空腹時) 3.8[1], 4.0[3] 6.0[3], 6.1[124] mmol/L 糖化血紅蛋白
65[2], 70[1], 72[125] 100[124], 110[20] mg/dL
總血糖値 (空腹時) 3.3[3] 5.6[3] mmol/L
60[125] 100[125] mg/dL
乳酸 (靜脈) 4.5[20] 19.8[20] mg/dL
0.5[126] 2.2[126] mmol/L
乳酸 (動脈) 4.5[20] 14.4[20] mg/dL
0.5[126] 1.6[126] mmol/L
丙酮酸 300[20] 900[20] μg/dL
34 [127] 102[127] μmol/L

脂質[編輯]

項目 檢驗者類型 下限值 上限值 單位 最適範圍
中性脂肪 10 – 39 歲 54[20] 110[20] mg/dL < 100 mg/dL[31]
or 1.1[31] mmol/L
0.61[128] 1.2 [128] mmol/L
40 – 59 歲 70[20] 150[20] mg/dL
0.77[128] 1.7[128] mmol/L
> 60 歲 80[20] 150[20] mg/dL
0.9[128] 1.7[128] mmol/L
膽固醇 3.0[129], 3.6[1][129] 5.0[3][130], 6.5[1] mmol/L < 3.9 [31]
120[2], 140[1] 200[2], 250[1] mg/dL < 150 [31]
HDL膽固醇 女性 1.0[131], 1.2[3], 1.3[129] 2.2[131] mmol/L > 1.0[131] or 1.6[129]  mmol/L
> 40[132] or 60[133] mg/dL
40[132], 50[134] 86[132] mg/dL
HDL膽固醇 男性 0.9[131][3] 2.0[131] mmol/L
35[132] 80[132] mg/dL
LDL膽固醇
(中性脂肪 >5.0 mmol/L
的情況下無效)
2.0[131], 2.4[130] 3.0[130][3], 3.4[131] mmol/L < 2.5 [131]
80[132], 94[132] 120[132], 130[132] mg/dL < 100[132]
LDL/HDL比 n/a 5[3] (unitless)

注釋[編輯]

  1. ^ 臨床生化學、化學病理學、純血液化學的總稱

參考資料[編輯]

  1. ^ 1.000 1.001 1.002 1.003 1.004 1.005 1.006 1.007 1.008 1.009 1.010 1.011 1.012 1.013 1.014 1.015 1.016 1.017 1.018 1.019 1.020 1.021 1.022 1.023 1.024 1.025 1.026 1.027 1.028 1.029 1.030 1.031 1.032 1.033 1.034 1.035 1.036 1.037 1.038 1.039 1.040 1.041 1.042 1.043 1.044 1.045 1.046 1.047 1.048 1.049 1.050 1.051 1.052 1.053 1.054 1.055 1.056 1.057 1.058 1.059 1.060 1.061 1.062 1.063 1.064 1.065 1.066 1.067 1.068 1.069 1.070 1.071 1.072 1.073 1.074 1.075 1.076 1.077 1.078 1.079 1.080 1.081 1.082 1.083 1.084 1.085 1.086 1.087 1.088 1.089 1.090 1.091 1.092 1.093 1.094 1.095 1.096 1.097 1.098 1.099 1.100 1.101 1.102 1.103 1.104 1.105 1.106 1.107 Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. 2007. ISBN 0-07-149868-0. 
  2. ^ 2.000 2.001 2.002 2.003 2.004 2.005 2.006 2.007 2.008 2.009 2.010 2.011 2.012 2.013 2.014 2.015 2.016 2.017 2.018 2.019 2.020 2.021 2.022 2.023 2.024 2.025 2.026 2.027 2.028 2.029 2.030 2.031 2.032 2.033 2.034 2.035 2.036 2.037 2.038 2.039 2.040 2.041 2.042 2.043 2.044 2.045 2.046 2.047 2.048 2.049 2.050 2.051 2.052 2.053 2.054 2.055 2.056 2.057 2.058 2.059 2.060 2.061 2.062 2.063 2.064 2.065 2.066 2.067 2.068 2.069 2.070 2.071 2.072 2.073 2.074 2.075 2.076 2.077 2.078 2.079 2.080 2.081 2.082 2.083 2.084 2.085 2.086 2.087 2.088 2.089 2.090 2.091 2.092 2.093 2.094 2.095 2.096 2.097 2.098 2.099 2.100 2.101 2.102 2.103 2.104 2.105 2.106 Normal Reference Range Table頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
  3. ^ 3.000 3.001 3.002 3.003 3.004 3.005 3.006 3.007 3.008 3.009 3.010 3.011 3.012 3.013 3.014 3.015 3.016 3.017 3.018 3.019 3.020 3.021 3.022 3.023 3.024 3.025 3.026 3.027 3.028 3.029 3.030 3.031 3.032 3.033 3.034 3.035 3.036 3.037 3.038 3.039 3.040 3.041 3.042 3.043 3.044 3.045 3.046 3.047 3.048 3.049 3.050 3.051 3.052 3.053 3.054 3.055 3.056 3.057 3.058 3.059 3.060 3.061 3.062 3.063 3.064 3.065 3.066 3.067 3.068 3.069 3.070 3.071 3.072 3.073 3.074 3.075 3.076 3.077 3.078 3.079 3.080 3.081 3.082 3.083 3.084 3.085 3.086 3.087 3.088 3.089 3.090 3.091 3.092 3.093 3.094 3.095 3.096 3.097 3.098 3.099 3.100 3.101 3.102 3.103 3.104 3.105 3.106 3.107 3.108 3.109 3.110 3.111 3.112 3.113 3.114 3.115 3.116 3.117 3.118 3.119 3.120 3.121 3.122 3.123 3.124 3.125 3.126 3.127 Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g·mol−1
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g·mol−1
  6. ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 MERCK MANUALS > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Last full review/revision February 2003
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g·mol−1
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Larsson, L.; Ohman, S. Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism. Clinical Chemistry. 1978-11, 24 (11): 1962–1965 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0009-9147. PMID 709830. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-27). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08  g·mol−1
  10. ^ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 Slon S. Serum Iron. University of Illinois Medical Center. 2006-09-22 [2006-07-06]. (原始內容存檔於2012-04-26). 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) July 15, 2005
  12. ^ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g·mol−1
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Table 1.頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Page 133. Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Ferritin頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g·mol−1
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Mitchell, M. L.; Filippone, M. D.; Wozniak, T. F. Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2001-08, 125 (8): 1084–1087 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0003-9985. PMID 11473464. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2001)1252.0.CO;2. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-02). 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Diaz, J.; Tornel, P. L.; Martinez, P. Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion. Clinical Chemistry. 1995-07, 41 (7): 1048 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0009-9147. PMID 7600690. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-02). 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
  20. ^ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 20.20 20.21 20.22 20.23 20.24 20.25 20.26 20.27 20.28 20.29 20.30 20.31 20.32 20.33 20.34 20.35 20.36 20.37 20.38 20.39 20.40 20.41 20.42 20.43 20.44 20.45 20.46 20.47 20.48 20.49 20.50 20.51 20.52 20.53 20.54 20.55 20.56 20.57 20.58 20.59 20.60 20.61 20.62 20.63 20.64 20.65 20.66 20.67 20.68 20.69 20.70 20.71 20.72 20.73 20.74 20.75 20.76 Blood Test Results with Normal Range Reference Chart - BloodBook, Blood Information for Life. www.bloodbook.com. [2020-12-25]. (原始內容存檔於2012-11-02). 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g·mol−1
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08  g·mol−1
  24. ^ Walter F., PhD. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. 2005. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.  Page 849
  25. ^ Reference range for copperGPnotebook
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 存档副本 (PDF). [2010-01-17]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2010-03-07). 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
  31. ^ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 31.11 31.12 31.13 31.14 Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on July 9, 2009
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  33. ^ 33.00 33.01 33.02 33.03 33.04 33.05 33.06 33.07 33.08 33.09 33.10 33.11 The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g·mol−1
  35. ^ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
  36. ^ 36.0 36.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
  38. ^ Reference range (albumin)GPnotebook
  39. ^ 39.0 39.1 Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
  40. ^ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
  41. ^ 41.0 41.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol
  42. ^ 42.00 42.01 42.02 42.03 42.04 42.05 42.06 42.07 42.08 42.09 42.10 42.11 42.12 42.13 42.14 42.15 42.16 42.17 42.18 Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004. ISBN 3437151207, 9783437151200. Length: 1288 pages
  43. ^ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 GPnotebook > reference range (AST)頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009
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  45. ^ 45.0 45.1 Creatine kinaseGPnotebook
  46. ^ 46.00 46.01 46.02 46.03 46.04 46.05 46.06 46.07 46.08 46.09 46.10 46.11 46.12 46.13 46.14 46.15 Saint Francis Hospital Laboratory > BNP reference range change頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Jay Hupp & Dr. Michel S. Medawar. Effective November, 2002
  47. ^ 47.00 47.01 47.02 47.03 47.04 47.05 47.06 47.07 47.08 47.09 The University of Iowa (UIHC) > Department of Pathology > LABORATORY SERVICES HANDBOOK > N-terminal-pro-BNP頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Showing 95th percentiles. Epic Lab Code: LAB649. Updated: 10/27/2009
  48. ^ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on April 22, 2010
  49. ^ 49.00 49.01 49.02 49.03 49.04 49.05 49.06 49.07 49.08 49.09 South London Healthcare NHS Trust
  50. ^ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Moderately Elevated Serum Troponin Concentrations Are Associated With Increased Morbidity and Mortality Rates in Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Rene P. Relos, MD; Ian K. Hasinoff, MD; Greg J. Beilman, MD. Posted: 12/05/2003; Crit Care Med. 2003;31(11)
  51. ^ 51.0 51.1 Kay, Stephen E.; Doery, James; Sholl, David. Clozapine associated pericarditis and elevated troponin I. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002-02, 36 (1): 143–144 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0004-8674. PMID 11929456. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.0988f.x. (原始內容存檔於2021-08-10). 
  52. ^ GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125)頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
  53. ^ ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
  54. ^ 54.0 54.1 Bjerner, Johan; Høgetveit, Anita; Wold Akselberg, Katrine; Vangsnes, Kirsti; Paus, Elisabeth; Bjøro, Trine; Børmer, Ole Petter; Nustad, Kjell. Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2008, 68 (8): 703–713 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 1502-7686. PMID 18609108. doi:10.1080/00365510802126836. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-02). 
  55. ^ Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA)頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) at MedicineNet
  56. ^ The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right...頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
  57. ^ 57.0 57.1 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
  58. ^ 58.0 58.1 The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right...頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
  59. ^ 59.0 59.1 Demers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer. LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry英語National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA). 2002 [2007-04-13]. (原始內容存檔於2008-11-20).  - see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
  60. ^ 60.00 60.01 60.02 60.03 60.04 60.05 60.06 60.07 60.08 60.09 Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) UNC Health Care System
  61. ^ 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.03 61.04 61.05 61.06 61.07 61.08 61.09 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
  62. ^ 62.00 62.01 62.02 62.03 62.04 62.05 62.06 62.07 62.08 62.09 62.10 62.11 62.12 62.13 62.14 Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) - Thyroid Disease Manager
  63. ^ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 Euthyroid Patient with Elevated Serum Free Thyroxine頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) George van der Watt1,a, David Haarburger1 and Peter Berman
  64. ^ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
  65. ^ 65.0 65.1 Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Cioffi Michele; Gazzerro Patrizia; Vietri Maria Teresa; Magnetta Rosa; Durante Adriana; D'Auria Annamaria; Puca Giovanni Alfredo; Molinari Anna Maria ;
  66. ^ 66.0 66.1 Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis. [2012-12-19]. (原始內容存檔於2012-02-17). 
  67. ^ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
  68. ^ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 68.6 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
  69. ^ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 MedlinePlus > Testosterone頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
  70. ^ 70.00 70.01 70.02 70.03 70.04 70.05 70.06 70.07 70.08 70.09 reference range (FSH)頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
  71. ^ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 71.4 71.5 71.6 71.7 Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer.頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Reto Stricker, Raphael Eberhart, Marie-Christine Chevailler, Frank A. Quinn, Paul Bischof and Rene´ Stricker. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44(7):883–887 PMID 16776638
  72. ^ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4 72.5 New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges[永久失效連結] Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
  73. ^ 73.00 73.01 73.02 73.03 73.04 73.05 73.06 73.07 73.08 73.09 GPNotebook - reference range (oestradiol)頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on September 27, 2009
  74. ^ 74.00 74.01 74.02 74.03 74.04 74.05 74.06 74.07 74.08 74.09 74.10 74.11 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
  75. ^ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 Wu, C. H.; Motohashi, T.; Abdel-Rahman, H. A.; Flickinger, G. L.; Mikhail, G. Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1976-08, 43 (2): 436–445 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 950372. doi:10.1210/jcem-43-2-436. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-02). 
  76. ^ 76.0 76.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
  77. ^ 77.0 77.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 4540g/mol according to PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on September 28, 2009
  78. ^ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal. WebMD. 09-03-2006 [2008-11-09]. (原始內容存檔於2008-12-22). 
  79. ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 4540g/mol according to PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on September 28, 2009
  80. ^ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
  81. ^ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
  82. ^ 82.0 82.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
  83. ^ 83.0 83.1 Table 2 in: Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK. Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone. Endocr Pract. 2006, 12 (2): 137–44. PMC 1482827可免費查閱. PMID 16690460. 
  84. ^ 84.0 84.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
  85. ^ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 85.5 Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
  86. ^ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 Bender, David A. Vitamin D. Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-521-80388-8.  Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
  87. ^ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., Dietrich, T., Orav, J.E., Hu, F.B., Zhang, Y., Karlson, E., Dawson-Hughes, B. 2004. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with better lower extremity function in both active and inactive adults 60+ years of age. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80:752-758.
  88. ^ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 Reusch, J.; Ackermann, H.; Badenhoop, K. Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population. Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones Et Metabolisme. 2009-05, 41 (5): 402–407 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 1439-4286. PMID 19241329. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-01). 
  89. ^ 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 89.4 89.5 89.6 89.7 Vasquez, Alex; Cannell, John. Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: Data are not sufficient to show inefficacy. BMJ. 2005-07-07, 331 (7508): 108–109 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 16002891. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-03) (英語). 
  90. ^ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 90.5 90.6 90.7 The Doctor's Doctor: Homocysteine. [2012-12-19]. (原始內容存檔於2008-12-05). 
  91. ^ 91.0 91.1 91.2 91.3 91.4 91.5 91.6 91.7 Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
  92. ^ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 92.5 Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on July 9, 2009
  93. ^ University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  94. ^ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 94.4 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1
  95. ^ 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 95.5 95.6 GPnotebook > B12頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  96. ^ 96.0 96.1 Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
  97. ^ 97.0 97.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
  98. ^ 98.0 98.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
  99. ^ 99.0 99.1 99.2 For 醉酒駕駛 by country, see Drunk driving law by country英語Drunk driving law by country
  100. ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
  101. ^ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 101.4 Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol, according to Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG. Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 2001, 90 (2): 511–519. PMID 11160049. 
  102. ^ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol (Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG. Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 2001, 90 (2): 511–519. PMID 11160049. ). 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L
  103. ^ 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 103.4 103.5 103.6 103.7 lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on May 14, 2009
  104. ^ 104.00 104.01 104.02 104.03 104.04 104.05 104.06 104.07 104.08 104.09 104.10 104.11 104.12 104.13 104.14 104.15 104.16 104.17 104.18 104.19 104.20 Clinical Laboratory Medicine. By Kenneth D. McClatchey. Page 807.. [2012-12-19]. (原始內容存檔於2012-11-12). 
  105. ^ Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in polish population Central European Journal of Immunology 1-2/2006. (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1-2): 1-5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
  106. ^ 106.0 106.1 MedlinePlus百科全書 003652
  107. ^ 107.0 107.1 [1]頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on November 20, 2009
  108. ^ 108.0 108.1 Miller, A.; Green, M.; Robinson, D. Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983-01-22, 286 (6361): 266 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0267-0623. PMC 1546487可免費查閱. PMID 6402065. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-02). 
  109. ^ Böttiger, L. E.; Svedberg, C. A. Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age. British Medical Journal. 1967-04-08, 2 (5544): 85–87 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0007-1447. PMC 1841240可免費查閱. PMID 6020854. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-02). 
  110. ^ C-reactive proteinGPnotebook
  111. ^ 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
  112. ^ 112.0 112.1 112.2 112.3 Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
  113. ^ 113.0 113.1 Sipahi, Tansu; Kara, Cengiz; Tavil, Betül; Inci, Ayşe; Oksal, Ayşegül. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2003-03, 25 (3): 274–275 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 1077-4114. PMID 12621252. doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-02). 
  114. ^ 114.0 114.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
  115. ^ 115.0 115.1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
  116. ^ 116.00 116.01 116.02 116.03 116.04 116.05 116.06 116.07 116.08 116.09 The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
  117. ^ 117.00 117.01 117.02 117.03 117.04 117.05 117.06 117.07 117.08 117.09 117.10 117.11 117.12 117.13 117.14 117.15 117.16 117.17 117.18 117.19 117.20 117.21 117.22 117.23 117.24 117.25 117.26 117.27 117.28 117.29 117.30 117.31 117.32 117.33 117.34 117.35 117.36 117.37 117.38 117.39 117.40 117.41 117.42 chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved on April 29, 2010
  118. ^ Reference range (amylase)GPnotebook
  119. ^ Plasma Measurement of D-Dimer Levels for the Early Diagnosis of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Walter Ageno, MD; Sergio Finazzi, MD; Luigi Steidl, MD; Maria Grazia Biotti, MD; Valentina Mera, MD; GianVico Melzi d'Eril, MD; Achille Venco, MD. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2589-2593.
  120. ^ Kline, Jeffrey A.; Williams, Ginger W.; Hernandez-Nino, Jackeline. D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed. Clinical Chemistry. 2005-05, 51 (5): 825–829 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0009-9147. PMID 15764641. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-01). 
  121. ^ 121.0 121.1 Gardner, M D; Scott, R. Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town.. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1980-04, 33 (4): 380–385. ISSN 0021-9746. PMC 1146084可免費查閱. PMID 7400337. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380. 
  122. ^ 122.0 122.1 122.2 122.3 Finney, H.; Newman, D. J.; Price, C. P. Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2000-01,. 37 ( Pt 1): 49–59 [2020-12-25]. ISSN 0004-5632. PMID 10672373. doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-01). 
  123. ^ 123.0 123.1 123.2 123.3 123.4 123.5 123.6 123.7 Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL
  124. ^ 124.0 124.1 MedlinePlus百科全書 Glucose tolerance test
  125. ^ 125.0 125.1 125.2 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
  126. ^ 126.0 126.1 126.2 126.3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
  127. ^ 127.0 127.1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
  128. ^ 128.0 128.1 128.2 128.3 128.4 128.5 Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol?頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
  129. ^ 129.0 129.1 129.2 129.3 Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
  130. ^ 130.0 130.1 130.2 Reference range (cholesterol)GPnotebook
  131. ^ 131.0 131.1 131.2 131.3 131.4 131.5 131.6 131.7 Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) - plasma or serum頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
  132. ^ 132.00 132.01 132.02 132.03 132.04 132.05 132.06 132.07 132.08 132.09 Derived from values in mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
  133. ^ What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean.頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009
  134. ^ American Association for Clinical Chemistry; HDL Cholesterol. [2012-12-19]. (原始內容存檔於2001-09-03). 

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