政治光譜

政治光譜（英語：political spectrum），也称政治坐标，是用作量度個人政治立場傾向（即不同意识形态）的工具。政治光譜正如一般光譜一樣，由多条几何学上的坐標軸構成。政治光譜这一概念通常指代常用的二维政治光譜模型^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]。

大多数政治光谱都包括两大派，左派和右派，这是从18世纪法国大革命时期法国议会的坐席方向沿袭而来的，在当时左派偏向激进政治（英语：Political radicalism）而右派偏向贵族政治^[6]^[7]^[8]。现今，共产主义及社会主义在国际上常被视为左派，而保守主义及反动主义则常被视为右派^[6]。而自由主義因其左右分支较多而分布于诸多，如主張抽取富裕階層更多稅賦以提供人們更多的社會福利，的「社會自由主義^{[註 1]}」，偏向左派。原本的經濟自由主義則成為保守主義及右派。

不同政治傾向的人會在政治光譜的不同位置之上，而各个国家、地区的政治光谱也略有差异。例如美國兩大政黨民主黨和共和黨中，美國民主黨为偏左，共和黨為偏右，中國國民黨的政治光譜為中间偏右，民主進步黨為中間偏左，英國、加拿大、澳大利亞三大政黨均是偏左（兩左一右）。^{[來源請求]}

那些觀點中等的人有時被列為中間派。也就是說，自由主義者和社會自由主義者也經常被稱為中間派。

政治學家注意到，一個單一的左右軸太簡單了，不足以描述政治信念的現有變化，因此在政治信念的探讨上常常使用两维或更高维度的图表描述政治信念^[6]^[9]。

起源

政治上的左右派起源於1789-1799的法國革命時代的早期。從大會前議長席位上可以看到，貴族坐在右邊（傳統上是榮譽席位），平民則坐在左邊，對應右翼政治和左翼政治。

參見

註釋

^ 亦被稱作「進步自由主義」、「福利自由主義」或「現代自由主義」。

参考文献

^ Slomp, Hans. European Politics Into the Twenty-First Century: Integration and Division. Westport: Praeger. 2000. ISBN 0275968146.
^ Petrik, Andreas. Core Concept "Political Compass". How Kitschelt's Model of Liberal, Socialist, Libertarian and Conservative Orientations Can Fill the Ideology Gap in Civic Education. JSSE – Journal of Social Science Education. 2010-12-03: 4–2010: Social Science Literacy I: In Search for Basic Competences and Basic Concepts for Testing and Diagnosing [2019-06-27]. doi:10.4119/jsse-541. （原始内容存档于2019-06-22）（英语）.
^ Sznajd-Weron, Katarzyna; Sznajd, Józef. Who is left, who is right?. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. June 2005, 351 (2–4): 593–604. Bibcode:2005PhyA..351..593S. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2004.12.038 （英语）.
^ Lester, J. C. The Political Compass and Why Libertarianism is not Right-Wing. Journal of Social Philosophy. September 1996, 27 (2): 176–186. ISSN 0047-2786. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9833.1996.tb00245.x （英语）.
^ Stapleton, Julia. Resisting the Centre at the Extremes: 'English' Liberalism in the Political Thought of Interwar Britain. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. October 1999, 1 (3): 270–292. ISSN 1369-1481. doi:10.1111/1467-856X.00016 （英语）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Heywood, Andrew. Political Ideologies: An Introduction 6th. Basingstoke: Macmillan International Higher Education. 2017: 14–17. ISBN 9781137606044. OCLC 988218349.
^ Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent. 1 French political traditions in a changing context (ebk). The Government and Politics of France 5. Taylor and Francis. 2006. ISBN 978-0-203-40260-3 （英语）. France invented the terms Left and Right early in the great Revolution of 1789– 94 which first limited the powers of, and then overthrew, the Bourbon monarchy. ^{[失效連結]}
^ Norberto Bobbio. Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. John Wiley & Sons. 2016: 112. ISBN 978-1-5095-1412-0.
^ Fenna, Alan; Robbins, Jane; Summers, John. Government Politics in Australia. Robbins, Jane., Summers, John. 10th. Melbourne: Pearson Higher Education AU. 2013: 126 f. ISBN 9781486001385. OCLC 1021804010.
^ Forman, F. N.; Baldwin, N. D. J. Mastering British Politics. London: Macmillan Education UK. 1999: 8 f. ISBN 9780333765487. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-15045-8 （英语）.
^ Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis. British Politics Today. Kavanagh, Dennis. 7th. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2003: 259. ISBN 9780719065095. OCLC 52876930.
^ Körösényi, András. Government and Politics in Hungary. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. 1999: 54. ISBN 9639116769. OCLC 51478878.

外部链接

政治坐標測試（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Idealog (Education+Quiz)
Politopia (Quiz)
The Political Compass
Redefining the Political Spectrum — The Rational Spectrum
World Values Survey, The WVS Cultural Map of the World (archived page)
【读图识政治】中国的左派与右派（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（简体中文）

[9] 亦被稱作「進步自由主義」、「福利自由主義」或「現代自由主義」。

[slomp-1] Slomp, Hans. European Politics Into the Twenty-First Century: Integration and Division. Westport: Praeger. 2000. ISBN 0275968146.

[:5-2] Petrik, Andreas. Core Concept "Political Compass". How Kitschelt's Model of Liberal, Socialist, Libertarian and Conservative Orientations Can Fill the Ideology Gap in Civic Education. JSSE – Journal of Social Science Education. 2010-12-03: 4–2010: Social Science Literacy I: In Search for Basic Competences and Basic Concepts for Testing and Diagnosing [2019-06-27]. doi:10.4119/jsse-541. （原始内容存档于2019-06-22）（英语）.

[:6-3] Sznajd-Weron, Katarzyna; Sznajd, Józef. Who is left, who is right?. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. June 2005, 351 (2–4): 593–604. Bibcode:2005PhyA..351..593S. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2004.12.038 （英语）.

[4] Lester, J. C. The Political Compass and Why Libertarianism is not Right-Wing. Journal of Social Philosophy. September 1996, 27 (2): 176–186. ISSN 0047-2786. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9833.1996.tb00245.x （英语）.

[5] Stapleton, Julia. Resisting the Centre at the Extremes: 'English' Liberalism in the Political Thought of Interwar Britain. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. October 1999, 1 (3): 270–292. ISSN 1369-1481. doi:10.1111/1467-856X.00016 （英语）.

[:0-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Heywood, Andrew. Political Ideologies: An Introduction 6th. Basingstoke: Macmillan International Higher Education. 2017: 14–17. ISBN 9781137606044. OCLC 988218349.

[Knapp5ed-7] Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent. 1 French political traditions in a changing context (ebk). The Government and Politics of France 5. Taylor and Francis. 2006. ISBN 978-0-203-40260-3 （英语）. France invented the terms Left and Right early in the great Revolution of 1789– 94 which first limited the powers of, and then overthrew, the Bourbon monarchy. ^{[失效連結]}

[Bobbio2016-8] Norberto Bobbio. Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. John Wiley & Sons. 2016: 112. ISBN 978-1-5095-1412-0.

[:4-10] Fenna, Alan; Robbins, Jane; Summers, John. Government Politics in Australia. Robbins, Jane., Summers, John. 10th. Melbourne: Pearson Higher Education AU. 2013: 126 f. ISBN 9781486001385. OCLC 1021804010.

[11] Forman, F. N.; Baldwin, N. D. J. Mastering British Politics. London: Macmillan Education UK. 1999: 8 f. ISBN 9780333765487. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-15045-8 （英语）.

[12] Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis. British Politics Today. Kavanagh, Dennis. 7th. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2003: 259. ISBN 9780719065095. OCLC 52876930.

[13] Körösényi, András. Government and Politics in Hungary. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. 1999: 54. ISBN 9639116769. OCLC 51478878.

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