功能主义 (心灵哲学)
外观
功能主义,也称机能主义是心灵哲学中的观点之一,认为心灵状态(信念、欲望、痛苦等)都仅仅基于它们的功能角色。功能角色是,一个心灵状态与其他心灵状态(其他人的心灵)之间的关系,感官输入和行为输出。[1] 功能主义是同一理论和行为主义的发展演变。
多重实现
[编辑]多重实现是功能主义的重要部分。根据标准的功能主义理论,心灵状态回应功能角色。它们像阀门一样,一个阀门可以由塑料或铁等等构成,只要它们能当作阀门来用。类似地,功能主义者认为,心灵状态也可以被解释,而不需要什么实现它们的物理的中介(例如大脑),人们只需要考虑更高层面的功能即可。
但是,也有功能主义理论与同一理论相组合,否定了多重现实。例如Functional Specification Theories (FSTs) (Levin, § 3.4)。最著名的支持这个观点的人是大卫·刘易斯[2]和戴维·阿姆斯特朗.[3] 根据FSTs,心灵状态是功能角色的特殊“实现者”,而不是功能角色本身。
类型
[编辑]机械状态的功能主义
[编辑]心灵功能主义
[编辑]分析功能主义
[编辑]人体功能主义
[编辑]机械功能主义
[编辑]批判
[编辑]批判这一理论的反例,可见于中文屋、中文脑和倒错光谱、孪生地球。
参见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Block, Ned. (1996). "What is functionalism?" a revised version of the entry on functionalism in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy Supplement, Macmillan. (PDF online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
- ^ Lewis, David. (1980). "Mad Pain and Martian Pain". In Block (1980a) Vol. 1, pp. 216–222.
- ^ Armstrong, D.M. (1968). A Materialistic Theory of the Mind. London: RKP.
推荐阅读
[编辑]- Armstrong, D.M. (1968). A Materialistic Theory of the Mind. London: RKP.
- Baron-Cohen S.; Leslie A.; Frith U. Does the Autistic Child Have a "Theory of Mind"?. Cognition. 1985, 21: 37–46. PMID 2934210. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8.
- Block, Ned. (1980a). "Introduction: What Is Functionalism?" in Readings in Philosophy of Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Block, Ned. (1980b). "Troubles With Functionalism", in Block (1980a).
- Block, Ned. (1994). Qualia. In S. Guttenplan (ed), A Companion to Philosophy of Mind. Oxford: Blackwell
- Block, Ned. What is functionalism? (PDF). a revised version of the entry on functionalism in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy Supplement, Macmillan. 1996 [2020-02-24]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-12-30).
- Block, Ned and Fodor, J. (1972). "What Psychological States Are Not". Philosophical Review 81.
- Chalmers, David. (1996). The Conscious Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Crabb, B.G. (2005). "Fading and Dancing Qualia - Moving and Shaking Arguments", Deunant Books.
- DeLancey, C. (2002). "Passionate Engines - What Emotions Reveal about the Mind and Artificial Intelligence." Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Dennett, D. (1990) Quining Qualia. In W. Lycan, (ed), Mind and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwells
- Levin, Janet. (2004). "Functionalism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2004 Edition), E. Zalta (ed.). (online(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
- Lewis, David. (1966). "An Argument for the Identity Theory". Journal of Philosophy 63.
- Lewis, David. (1980). "Mad Pain and Martian Pain". In Block (1980a) Vol. 1, pp. 216–222.
- Lycan, W. (1987) Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Mandik, Pete. (1998). Fine-grained Supervience, Cognitive Neuroscience, and the Future of Functionalism.
- Marr, D. (1982). Vision: A Computational Approach. San Francisco: Freeman & Co.
- Polgar, T. D. Functionalism. 2008 [2020-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-19).
|encyclopedia=
被忽略 (帮助) - Putnam, Hilary. (1960). "Minds and Machines". Reprinted in Putnam (1975a).
- Putnam, Hilary. (1967). "Psychological Predicates". In Art, Mind, and Religion, W.H. Capitan and D.D. Merrill (eds.), pp. 37–48. (Later published as "The Nature of Mental States" in Putnam (1975a).
- Putnam, Hilary. (1975a). Mind, Language, and Reality. Cambridge: CUP.
- Searle, John. Minds, Brains and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1980, 3 (3): 417–424. doi:10.1017/s0140525x00005756.
- Smart, J.J.C. (1959). "Sensations and Brain Processes". Philosophical Review LXVIII.
外部链接
[编辑]维基教科书中的相关电子教程:Consciousness studies
- Levin, Janet. Functionalism. 扎尔塔, 爱德华·N (编). 《斯坦福哲学百科全书》.
- Dictionary of the Philosophy of Mind(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)