科学领域中的女性

维基百科,自由的百科全书

早在人类有书写历史之前,女性就在科学领域留下重大贡献;研究性别与科学间关系的历史学家已将女性在科学上投注的努力与成就、面临的阻碍,所运用的策略化为文字,让她们的贡献成果能登上主流科学杂志及其他出版品并且广获认可。此类议题的历史、评论和社会学研究本身,如今已经独立成为一门学科。

在早期的文明中,已留有女性投身医学领域的纪录,古希腊自然哲学也对女性广开研究的大门。西元 1-2 世纪左右,就有记录阐述女性在原始科学英语protoscience炼金术的表现,中世纪修道院是女性受教育的重要地点,有些修道院无形中也提供了机会,让女性为学术做出研究与贡献。11 世纪,最早的大学问世之初,大部分的女性并不待见进入大学之门[1];只有义大利的医学领域对女性受教育的态度较其他地方更为自由,而首位在站上科学研究领域教坛的女性,正是 18 世纪的义大利科学家萝拉·巴斯

虽然所谓的性别角色定义泰半是形成于 18 世纪后,但女性在科学领域的角色却已经历了飞跃性的进步。19 世纪,虽然女性仍被排除在大多数正规的科学教育之外,但与此同时,女性已渐渐跻身学术社会。19 世纪后期女子大学兴起,提供了女性受教权与科学领域职业的机会。1903 年,玛丽·居礼成为首位诺贝尔奖(物理学)的女性获奖人,1911 年,玛丽再度获得诺贝尔(化学)奖,二者都是基于她在辐射研究上的重大贡献而颁发。1901-2010年有 40 位女性获得诺贝尔奖,其中 17 位是物理学化学生理学或医学等科学领域贡献而获奖。[2]

17 世纪以前[编辑]

  • 梅里特·普塔英语Merit Ptah,活跃时期约为西元前 27 世纪,是当时古埃及的主治医师[3],也是人类史上最早的女医师。[4][5]
  • 塔普提,西元前11世纪巴比伦香水制造师,普遍认为是世界上第一位化学家。[6]
  • 希帕提娅,活跃时期约为西元 400 年左右,是希腊化古埃及的希腊哲学家、天文学家数学家[7],公认为首位名留青史的女性数学家。[8]
  • 萨莱诺的特洛塔(Trota of Salerno)、Trotula de Ruggiero (名字的其他拼写方式为 Trotula、Trotta、 Trocta 或 Troctula),活跃时期约为西元 11 世纪,义大利的沙列诺医校(现为沙列诺大学英语University of Salerno)女医师,著有《女性疾病(De passionibus mulierum curandarum, Trotula Major)》,详细介绍了女性怀孕、生产、产后护理及新生儿的照护等资讯,此书在 15 世纪成为广泛采用的教科书。[9]
  • 赫德嘉·冯·宾根(德语:Hildegard von Bingen,天主教译名为圣贺德佳, 圣公会译名为圣希尔德格,1098年-1179年9月17日),德国的博学家,活跃于西元 11 世纪中,在医学及药草学上贡献卓越,被视为德国药草学之祖。[10]
  • 玛丽亚·西碧拉·梅里安,又译玛丽亚·西比拉·梅里安(德语:Maria Sibylla Merian,1647年4月2日-1717年1月3日),生于德国的瑞士博物学家和科学插画家,专司研究植物和昆虫并进行详细的描绘记录,1705年发表《苏利南的昆虫变态》(Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium)。基于她对蝴蝶变态及发育的细心观察与笔记,被誉为是昆虫学早期最重要的贡献者之一。[11]

18 世纪[编辑]

19 世纪[编辑]

20 世纪[编辑]

21世纪[编辑]

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