核倫理學

核倫理學是一個跨學科的學術和政策相關的研究領域，通過一個或多個倫理或道德理論或框架來研究與核戰爭、核威懾、核軍備控制、核裁軍或核能相關的問題。^[1]^[2]^[3]

早期的倫理問題

核技術的應用，無論是作為能源還是作為戰爭工具，一直存在爭議^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]。

甚至在第一批核武器研製出來之前，參與曼哈頓計劃的科學家們就對該武器的使用存在分歧。幾十年來，兩次原子彈爆炸在日本投降中所扮演的角色以及美國對其進行的道德辯護一直是學術界和民眾爭論的話題。各國是否應該擁有核武器或試驗核武器的問題一直以來都存在着幾乎普遍的爭議^[8]。

自 1954 年左右在太平洋進行大規模核試驗以來，公眾開始擔心核武器試驗。 1961年，冷戰最激烈的時期，「婦女和平罷工」組織召集了約5萬名婦女，在美國60個城市遊行，抗議核武器^[9]^[10]。 1963年，許多國家批准了《部分禁止核試驗條約》，禁止大氣層核試驗^[11]。

20世紀60年代初期，當地出現了一些反對核電的聲音，而在1960年代末^[12]，科學界的一些成員開始表達他們的擔憂^[13]。 20 世紀 70 年代初，德國維爾的核電站建設引發了大規模抗議。該項目於 1975 年被取消，威爾的反核成功激起了歐洲和北美其他地區對核電的反對。 20 世紀 70 年代，核電成為公眾強烈抗議的一個問題^[14]。

參考文獻

^ Doyle, II, Thomas E. Reviving Nuclear Ethics: A Renewed Research Agenda for the Twenty-first Century. Ethics and International Affairs. 2010, 24 (3): 287–308 [2022-01-07]. S2CID 144502441. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7093.2010.00268.x. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-24）.
^ Nye, Jr., Joseph. Nuclear Ethics. New York: The Free Press. 1986. ISBN 978-0-02-923091-6.
^ Sohail H. Hashmi and Steven P. Lee (編). Ethics and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Religious and Secular Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-521-54526-6.
^ Sunday Dialogue: Nuclear Energy, Pro and Con. The New York Times. February 25, 2012 [2023-10-19]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-06）.
^ Robert Benford. The Anti-nuclear Movement (book review) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 89, No. 6, (May 1984), pp. 1456–1458.
^ James J. MacKenzie. Review of The Nuclear Power Controversy （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Arthur W. Murphy The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1977), pp. 467–468.
^ Jim Falk (1982). Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power, Oxford University Press.
^ Jerry Brown and Rinaldo Brutoco (1997). Profiles in Power: The Anti-nuclear Movement and the Dawn of the Solar Age, Twayne Publishers, pp. 191–192.
^ Woo, Elaine. Dagmar Wilson dies at 94; organizer of women's disarmament protesters. Los Angeles Times. January 30, 2011 [2023-10-19]. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-05）.
^ Hevesi, Dennis. Dagmar Wilson, Anti-Nuclear Leader, Dies at 94. The New York Times. January 23, 2011 [2023-10-19]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-08）.
^ Wolfgang Rudig (1990). Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy, Longman, pp. 54–55.
^ Garb, Paula. Review of Critical Masses. Journal of Political Ecology: 1999. [2023-10-19]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-01）.
^ Wolfgang Rudig (1990). Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy, Longman, p. 52.
^ Jim Falk (1982). Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power, Oxford University Press, pp. 95–96.

[1] Doyle, II, Thomas E. Reviving Nuclear Ethics: A Renewed Research Agenda for the Twenty-first Century. Ethics and International Affairs. 2010, 24 (3): 287–308 [2022-01-07]. S2CID 144502441. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7093.2010.00268.x. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-24）.

[2] Nye, Jr., Joseph. Nuclear Ethics. New York: The Free Press. 1986. ISBN 978-0-02-923091-6.

[3] Sohail H. Hashmi and Steven P. Lee (編). Ethics and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Religious and Secular Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-521-54526-6.

[4] Sunday Dialogue: Nuclear Energy, Pro and Con. The New York Times. February 25, 2012 [2023-10-19]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-06）.

[contr-5] Robert Benford. The Anti-nuclear Movement (book review) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 89, No. 6, (May 1984), pp. 1456–1458.

[6] James J. MacKenzie. Review of The Nuclear Power Controversy （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Arthur W. Murphy The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1977), pp. 467–468.

[7] Jim Falk (1982). Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power, Oxford University Press.

[brow-8] Jerry Brown and Rinaldo Brutoco (1997). Profiles in Power: The Anti-nuclear Movement and the Dawn of the Solar Age, Twayne Publishers, pp. 191–192.

[dagmar2011-9] Woo, Elaine. Dagmar Wilson dies at 94; organizer of women's disarmament protesters. Los Angeles Times. January 30, 2011 [2023-10-19]. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-05）.

[10] Hevesi, Dennis. Dagmar Wilson, Anti-Nuclear Leader, Dies at 94. The New York Times. January 23, 2011 [2023-10-19]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-08）.

[rudig2-11] Wolfgang Rudig (1990). Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy, Longman, pp. 54–55.

[well-12] Garb, Paula. Review of Critical Masses. Journal of Political Ecology: 1999. [2023-10-19]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-01）.

[rudig-13] Wolfgang Rudig (1990). Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy, Longman, p. 52.

[jimfalk-14] Jim Falk (1982). Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power, Oxford University Press, pp. 95–96.

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