中世紀大國列表

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現代意義當中的「大國」（英語：great power）這一術語，只在1815年的維也納會議之後才開始被史料編纂和政治學所使用。[1]在1814年，在提到《肖蒙條約》時，英國外交大臣卡斯爾雷勳爵在他的外交文件中首次用到了這個術語。因此，在中世紀相關的史料中使用這一術語，對於每位作者來說都顯得怪異。在前現代時期（pre-modern period）的史料中，更典型的說法是：帝國。

格里·辛普森（英語：Gerry Simpson）將「大國」區別分類為：通過「強大勢力」（great powers）、帝國或國家來操縱國際法律秩序的一個國家的精英組織，並且其軍事與政治力量可以定義一個時代。.[2]

以下是一個在中世紀被叫作過「大國」帝國的列表：

另見[編輯]

參考[編輯]

  1. ^ Fueter, Eduard. World history, 1815–1930. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1922: 25–28, 36–44. ISBN 1-58477-077-5. Great Powers Congress of Vienna. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Gerry Simpson, Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 68, uses the Vikings as an example of a great power that was not a Great Power.
  3. ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 William Eckhardt, Civilizations, Empires, and Wars: A Quantitative History of War (McFarland, 1992), p. 113: "Medieval Great Powers included China throughout, Persia (500-600, 900-50, 1400-50), Byzantium (500-1050), Tu Chueh (550-600), Tibet (650- 1250), Muslim (650-850), Turkey (650, 1050-1100, 1450-1500), Prati (850), Khazar (850-900), Kiev (900-1050), Bujid (950), Fatimid (950-1050), Liao (950-1150), Ghaznavid (1050), Al-mohad (1150-1250), Egypt (1250-1450), Mongolia (1250-1450), Khmer (1250), Mali (1300, 1450), Chagatai (1350), Lithuania (1450), Inca (1500) and Russia (1500)."
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Szabolcs József Polgár, "The Character of the Trade between the Nomads and their Settled Neighbours in Eurasia in the Middle Ages", Studia Uralo-altaica 53 (2019): 253, contrasts "the nomads of the Eurasian steppe with their settled neighbours", calling the former "steppe empires (that is, the greatest nomadic confederations)" and the latter "medieval great powers". He gives China, Sassanian Persia, the Caliphate and the Eastern Roman Empire as medieval great powers.
  5. ^ Henry Davis（英語：Henry William Carless Davis）: Medieval Europe. Williams and Norgate, London 1911, p. 55: "These crowded years of war leave the Frankish Empire established as the one great power west of the Elbe and Adriatic."
  6. ^ Thomas Hodgkin（英語：Thomas Hodgkin (historian)）: The life of Charlemagne (Charles The Great), London 1897, p. 11
  7. ^ Daniel Ziemann: Das Erste bulgarische Reich （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Eine frühmittelalterliche Großmacht zwischen Byzanz und Abendland. (German: An early medieval great power between Byzantium and the Occident) In: Online handbook on the history of South-East Europe. Volume I Rule and politics in Southeastern Europe until 1800. Published by the Institute for East and Southeast European Studies of the Leibniz Association, Regensburg 2016
  8. ^ Frank Rexroth: Deutsche Geschichte im Mittelalter. C.H. Beck（英語：C.H. Beck）, Munich 2005, ISBN 978-3-406-48007-2, p. 22 ("The special proximity of the Ottonian and early Salian rulers to the Imperial Church was to contribute quite considerably to the rise of the East Frankish Empire to a European great power, as was already noticeable in the 940s".)
  9. ^ Johannes Haller and Heinrich Dannenbauer: Von den Karolingern zu den Staufern: Die altdeutsche Kaiserzeit (900–1250). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1970, p. 129 ( 「It became apparent that the German leadership in the West「 [after the year 1200] 「had ceased to exist and that the new French great power was rising in its place.」 )
  10. ^ Jürgen Miethke: Philipp IV. der Schöne (German: Philip IV of France) 1285 – 1314 In: Joachim Ehlers, Heribert Müller, Bernd Schneidmüller: Die Französische Könige des Mittelalters von Odo bis Karl VIII. (German: The French kings of the Middle Ages: from Odo to Charles VIII 888 – 1498), C. H. Beck Munich 2006, ISBN 978-3-406-54739-3, p. 184: 「France finally grew into a European great power, even defining in the first place what it means to be a European great power」
  11. ^ Jack S. Levy: War in the Modern Great Power System 1495 – 1975. The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington 1983, ISBN 978-0-8131-5339-1, p. 20

擴展閱讀[編輯]

  • Cooper, F. (2008). Empires and Political Imagination in World History. Princeton [u.a.]: Princeton University Press.
  • Doyle, M. W. (1986). Empires. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
  • English, Edward D. ed. Encyclopedia Of The Medieval World (2 vol. 2004).
  • Farrington, K. (2003). Historical Atlas of Empires. London: Mercury.
  • Harrison, T., & J. Paul Getty Museum. (2009). The Great Empires of the Ancient World. Los Angeles, Calif: J. Paul Getty Museum.
  • Khan, A. (2004). A Historical Atlas of India. New York: Rosen Pub.
  • Jordan, William Chester. (1996) The Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia for Students (4 Volumes)
  • Labberton, R. H. (1884). An historical atlas: A chronological series of one hundred and twelve maps at successive periods. New York.
  • Litwin, H. (2016), Central European Superpower （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, BUM Magazine, October 2016.
  • Loyn, H. R. (1989) The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. (1989)
  • Morris, I., & Scheidel, W. (2009). The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State power from Assyria to Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Pella, John & Erik Ringmar, History of International Relations Open Textbook Project （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Cambridge: Open Book, forthcoming.
  • Petitjean, P., Jami, C., Moulin, A. M., & Equipe REHSEIS (Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France)). (1992). Science and Empires: Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Shepherd, W. R., & C.S. Hammond & Company. (1911). Historical Atlas （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. New York: Henry Holt and Co.
  • Stearns, Peter N. ed. The Encyclopedia of World History (2001).
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