紅肉:修订间差异

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紅肉含有的[[血紅素鐵]]攝取“過多”,會導致過多[[自由基]]的產生及N-[[亞硝基化合物]]的形成,進而促進發炎、動脈硬化、癌症等。
紅肉含有的[[血紅素鐵]]攝取“過多”,會導致過多[[自由基]]的產生及N-[[亞硝基化合物]]的形成,進而促進發炎、動脈硬化、癌症等。


在2012年,[[哈佛大學]]最新的統計數據顯示,為了減少癌症及心血管疾病的風險,每人每天的紅肉攝取量應該低於42g,其原因是高量的[[飽和脂肪]]與[[膽固醇]],而加工肉品(包含由白肉為原料的加工肉品)的攝取量則要更低,因為加工肉品高[[盐 (化学)|鹽]]高脂肪又有[[硝]]等致癌物質。<ref>[https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/paper/567997 每天吃紅肉 增加早死風險]{{Unreliable medical source}}</ref>
在2012年,[[哈佛大學]]最新的統計數據顯示,為了減少癌症及心血管疾病的風險,每人每天的紅肉攝取量應該低於42g,其原因是高量的[[飽和脂肪]]與[[膽固醇]],而加工肉品(包含由白肉為原料的加工肉品)的攝取量則要更低,因為加工肉品高[[盐 (化学)|鹽]]高脂肪又有[[硝]]等致癌物質。<ref>[https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/paper/567997 每天吃紅肉 增加早死風險] {{Wayback|url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/paper/567997 |date=20211114083331 }}{{Unreliable medical source}}</ref>


紅肉的主要[[健康]]風險被認為是來自於飽和脂肪與膽固醇(主要出現在肥肉)、加工(高鹽及添加致癌物質)、[[燒烤]]、及缺乏[[ω-3脂肪酸]](可以另外補充);而紅肉生產商一直表示,去除可見脂肪的精瘦紅肉,其膽固醇與飽和脂肪含量只會略高於精瘦的白肉,因此精瘦的紅肉及白肉在控制心血管疾病上幾乎無差別;美國心臟協會前會長也表示,控制[[心血管疾病]]的飲食中可以包含精瘦紅肉,而且其安全攝取量是高於哈佛大學的統計數據。因此,相較於白肉,紅肉目前沒有足夠證據顯示有明顯的[[健康]]風險。
紅肉的主要[[健康]]風險被認為是來自於飽和脂肪與膽固醇(主要出現在肥肉)、加工(高鹽及添加致癌物質)、[[燒烤]]、及缺乏[[ω-3脂肪酸]](可以另外補充);而紅肉生產商一直表示,去除可見脂肪的精瘦紅肉,其膽固醇與飽和脂肪含量只會略高於精瘦的白肉,因此精瘦的紅肉及白肉在控制心血管疾病上幾乎無差別;美國心臟協會前會長也表示,控制[[心血管疾病]]的飲食中可以包含精瘦紅肉,而且其安全攝取量是高於哈佛大學的統計數據。因此,相較於白肉,紅肉目前沒有足夠證據顯示有明顯的[[健康]]風險。


對於精瘦紅肉是否健康的問題,美國「自然—醫學期刊」的文章中指出,紅肉的瘦肉中所含[[左旋肉鹼]]被腸道中的細菌分解後產生[[三甲胺]],接著被肝臟轉化為[[氧化三甲胺]](TMAO),此氧化物會促進巨噬細胞堆積在血管壁、抑制膽固醇回收路徑、增強血小板凝集活性,可能進而導致粥狀動脈硬化與栓塞的形成,增加罹患[[心臟病]]的風險;因此,食用“過量”紅肉對健康有害。<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23563705/</ref>
對於精瘦紅肉是否健康的問題,美國「自然—醫學期刊」的文章中指出,紅肉的瘦肉中所含[[左旋肉鹼]]被腸道中的細菌分解後產生[[三甲胺]],接著被肝臟轉化為[[氧化三甲胺]](TMAO),此氧化物會促進巨噬細胞堆積在血管壁、抑制膽固醇回收路徑、增強血小板凝集活性,可能進而導致粥狀動脈硬化與栓塞的形成,增加罹患[[心臟病]]的風險;因此,食用“過量”紅肉對健康有害。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23563705/ |title=存档副本 |access-date=2021-03-15 |archive-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302215109/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23563705/ }}</ref>


由于脂肪含量、加工处理上的差异,不同的红肉对健康也有不同的影响<ref>[https://topick.hket.com/article/1499533?lcc=at 一幅圖睇晒患癌風險 多食腸仔火腿最危險?],香港經濟日報,2016-09-09</ref>。食用加工红肉与死亡率增加有很强的关联性,其中,心血管疾病及癌症是主要死因。<ref name="BMC03713">{{cite journal |author1=Sabine Rohrmann |author2=Kim Overvad |title=Meat consumption and mortality – results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition |journal=BMC Medicine |date=7 March 2013 |volume=11:63 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-11-63 |url=https://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/63/abstract |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |author3=European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition |author3link=European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition |quote=The results of our analysis support a moderate positive association between processed meat consumption and mortality, in particular due to cardiovascular diseases, but also to cancer. |issue=1 |pages=63 |display-authors=etal |archive-date=2013-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309181210/http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/63/abstract |dead-url=no }}</ref> 亦有证据表明食用未加工红肉可能对人体[[健康]]造成负面影响。<ref name="Larsson">{{cite journal |author=Larsson SC, Orsini N |title=Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=179 |issue=3 |pages=282–9 | date=February 2014 |pmid=24148709 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwt261 |type=Meta-analysis}}</ref>
由于脂肪含量、加工处理上的差异,不同的红肉对健康也有不同的影响<ref>[https://topick.hket.com/article/1499533?lcc=at 一幅圖睇晒患癌風險 多食腸仔火腿最危險?] {{Wayback|url=https://topick.hket.com/article/1499533?lcc=at |date=20210118051249 }},香港經濟日報,2016-09-09</ref>。食用加工红肉与死亡率增加有很强的关联性,其中,心血管疾病及癌症是主要死因。<ref name="BMC03713">{{cite journal |author1=Sabine Rohrmann |author2=Kim Overvad |title=Meat consumption and mortality – results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition |journal=BMC Medicine |date=7 March 2013 |volume=11:63 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-11-63 |url=https://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/63/abstract |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |author3=European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition |author3link=European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition |quote=The results of our analysis support a moderate positive association between processed meat consumption and mortality, in particular due to cardiovascular diseases, but also to cancer. |issue=1 |pages=63 |display-authors=etal |archive-date=2013-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309181210/http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/63/abstract |dead-url=no }}</ref> 亦有证据表明食用未加工红肉可能对人体[[健康]]造成负面影响。<ref name="Larsson">{{cite journal |author=Larsson SC, Orsini N |title=Red meat and processed meat consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=179 |issue=3 |pages=282–9 | date=February 2014 |pmid=24148709 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwt261 |type=Meta-analysis}}</ref>


== 與癌症的相關性 ==
== 與癌症的相關性 ==
很多營養專家都認為其他肉類比紅肉要[[健康]],因為紅肉中含有很高的[[飽和脂肪]]。有一些研究表明紅肉在[[直腸癌]]的形成中起了很大作用。{{請求來源}}
很多營養專家都認為其他肉類比紅肉要[[健康]],因為紅肉中含有很高的[[飽和脂肪]]。有一些研究表明紅肉在[[直腸癌]]的形成中起了很大作用。{{請求來源}}


流行病学研究发现,随着加工红肉摄入量的增加,患大肠癌的风险也增加。而白肉(如鸡肉)则没有表现出这种关联。<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cross|first1=Amanda|title=Meat-related mutagens/carcinogens in the etiology of colorectal cancer. (2004)|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/em.20030/abstract|publisher=Environ. Mol. Mutagen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Figueiredo|first1=Jane|title=Genome-Wide Diet-Gene Interaction Analyses for Risk of Colorectal Cancer.|url=http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004228|publisher=PLOS Genetics}}</ref> [[世界癌症研究基金会]](WCRF)和[[美国癌症研究协会]](AICR)认定食用红肉可增加患[[大肠癌]]的风险。<ref name=cruk-bowel/>在[[英国]],约21%的大肠癌都与食用红肉有关。<ref name=cruk-bowel>{{cite web |publisher=[[Cancer Research UK]] |title=Bowel cancer risk factors |date=17 December 2013 |accessdate=September 2014 |url=http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/bowel/riskfactors/bowel-cancer-risk-factors}}</ref>WCRF建议每周摄入的红肉不超过300克(烹煮后的质量),其中“加工红肉应尽可能少”。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dietandcancerreport.org/?p=recommendation_05|title=WCRF-AICR Diet and Cancer Report|work=dietandcancerreport.org|accessdate=6 May 2015|archive-date=2015-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018115754/http://www.dietandcancerreport.org/?p=recommendation_05|dead-url=no}}</ref>
流行病学研究发现,随着加工红肉摄入量的增加,患大肠癌的风险也增加。而白肉(如鸡肉)则没有表现出这种关联。<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cross|first1=Amanda|title=Meat-related mutagens/carcinogens in the etiology of colorectal cancer. (2004)|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/em.20030/abstract|publisher=Environ. Mol. Mutagen|access-date=2015-10-27|archive-date=2017-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202055600/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/em.20030/abstract}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Figueiredo|first1=Jane|title=Genome-Wide Diet-Gene Interaction Analyses for Risk of Colorectal Cancer.|url=http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004228|publisher=PLOS Genetics|access-date=2015-10-27|archive-date=2014-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225011537/http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004228}}</ref> [[世界癌症研究基金会]](WCRF)和[[美国癌症研究协会]](AICR)认定食用红肉可增加患[[大肠癌]]的风险。<ref name=cruk-bowel/>在[[英国]],约21%的大肠癌都与食用红肉有关。<ref name=cruk-bowel>{{cite web |publisher=[[Cancer Research UK]] |title=Bowel cancer risk factors |date=17 December 2013 |accessdate=September 2014 |url=http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/bowel/riskfactors/bowel-cancer-risk-factors |archive-date=2015-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512082305/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/bowel/riskfactors/bowel-cancer-risk-factors }}</ref>WCRF建议每周摄入的红肉不超过300克(烹煮后的质量),其中“加工红肉应尽可能少”。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dietandcancerreport.org/?p=recommendation_05|title=WCRF-AICR Diet and Cancer Report|work=dietandcancerreport.org|accessdate=6 May 2015|archive-date=2015-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018115754/http://www.dietandcancerreport.org/?p=recommendation_05|dead-url=no}}</ref>


已有证据显示,摄入红肉可能增加罹患以下癌症的风险:[[食道癌]]、[[胰腺癌]]、[[胃癌]]、[[子宫内膜癌]]、[[肺癌]]、[[膀胱癌]]。<ref name="aicr">{{cite book|isbn=978-0-9722522-2-5 | page=116|title=Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Song P, Lu M, Yin Q, etal |title=Red meat consumption and stomach cancer risk: a meta-analysis |journal=J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. |volume=140 |issue=6 |pages=979–92 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24682372 |doi=10.1007/s00432-014-1637-z |type=Meta-analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bandera EV, Kushi LH, Moore DF, Gifkins DM, McCullough ML |title=Consumption of animal foods and endometrial cancer risk: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis |journal=Cancer Causes Control |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=967–88 |date=November 2007 |pmid=17638104 |pmc=2592095 |doi=10.1007/s10552-007-9038-0 |type=Systematic review &amp; meta-analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ferrís J, Berbel O, Alonso-López J, Garcia J, Ortega JA |title=Environmental non-occupational risk factors associated with bladder cancer |journal=Actas Urol Esp |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=579–86 |date=October 2013 |pmid=23618510 |doi=10.1016/j.acuro.2013.02.004 |type=Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Xue XJ, Gao Q, Qiao JH, Zhang J, Xu CP, Liu J |title=Red and processed meat consumption and the risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of 33 published studies |journal=Int J Clin Exp Med |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=1542–53 |year=2014 |pmid=25035778 |pmc=4100964 |type=Meta-analysis}}</ref>
已有证据显示,摄入红肉可能增加罹患以下癌症的风险:[[食道癌]]、[[胰腺癌]]、[[胃癌]]、[[子宫内膜癌]]、[[肺癌]]、[[膀胱癌]]。<ref name="aicr">{{cite book|isbn=978-0-9722522-2-5 | page=116|title=Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Song P, Lu M, Yin Q, etal |title=Red meat consumption and stomach cancer risk: a meta-analysis |journal=J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. |volume=140 |issue=6 |pages=979–92 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24682372 |doi=10.1007/s00432-014-1637-z |type=Meta-analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bandera EV, Kushi LH, Moore DF, Gifkins DM, McCullough ML |title=Consumption of animal foods and endometrial cancer risk: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis |journal=Cancer Causes Control |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=967–88 |date=November 2007 |pmid=17638104 |pmc=2592095 |doi=10.1007/s10552-007-9038-0 |type=Systematic review &amp; meta-analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ferrís J, Berbel O, Alonso-López J, Garcia J, Ortega JA |title=Environmental non-occupational risk factors associated with bladder cancer |journal=Actas Urol Esp |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=579–86 |date=October 2013 |pmid=23618510 |doi=10.1016/j.acuro.2013.02.004 |type=Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Xue XJ, Gao Q, Qiao JH, Zhang J, Xu CP, Liu J |title=Red and processed meat consumption and the risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of 33 published studies |journal=Int J Clin Exp Med |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=1542–53 |year=2014 |pmid=25035778 |pmc=4100964 |type=Meta-analysis}}</ref>
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2010年的一项研究显示,没有充分证据能够表明食用红肉会增加[[乳癌]]及[[前列腺癌]]的风险。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Alexander DD, Morimoto LM, Mink PJ, Cushing CA |title=A review and meta-analysis of red and processed meat consumption and breast cancer |journal=Nutr Res Rev |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=349–65 |date=December 2010 |pmid=21110906 |doi=10.1017/S0954422410000235 |type=Review &amp; meta-analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Alexander DD, Mink PJ, Cushing CA, Sceurman B |title=A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat intake and prostate cancer |journal=Nutr J |volume=9 |issue= 1|pages=50 |year=2010 |pmid=21044319 |pmc=2987772 |doi=10.1186/1475-2891-9-50 |type=Review &amp; meta-analysis}}</ref>
2010年的一项研究显示,没有充分证据能够表明食用红肉会增加[[乳癌]]及[[前列腺癌]]的风险。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Alexander DD, Morimoto LM, Mink PJ, Cushing CA |title=A review and meta-analysis of red and processed meat consumption and breast cancer |journal=Nutr Res Rev |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=349–65 |date=December 2010 |pmid=21110906 |doi=10.1017/S0954422410000235 |type=Review &amp; meta-analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Alexander DD, Mink PJ, Cushing CA, Sceurman B |title=A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat intake and prostate cancer |journal=Nutr J |volume=9 |issue= 1|pages=50 |year=2010 |pmid=21044319 |pmc=2987772 |doi=10.1186/1475-2891-9-50 |type=Review &amp; meta-analysis}}</ref>


2015年10月26日,[[世界卫生组织]]的[[国际癌症研究机构]]发表报告称,食用[[加工肉类]](如[[培根]]、[[香肠]]、[[火腿]]、[[热狗]])和红肉与某些[[癌症]]存在关联。<ref name="WHO-20151026">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=World Health Organization - IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat |url=http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |date=October 26, 2015 |work=[[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] |accessdate=October 26, 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028055602/https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20151026">{{cite news |last=Hauser |first=Christine |title=W.H.O. Report Links Some Cancers With Processed or Red Meat |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/27/health/report-links-some-types-of-cancer-with-processed-or-red-meat.html |date=October 26, 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=October 26, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="BBC-20151026">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Processed meats do cause cancer - WHO |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-34615621 |date=October 26, 2015 |work=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=October 26, 2015 }}</ref>
2015年10月26日,[[世界卫生组织]]的[[国际癌症研究机构]]发表报告称,食用[[加工肉类]](如[[培根]]、[[香肠]]、[[火腿]]、[[热狗]])和红肉与某些[[癌症]]存在关联。<ref name="WHO-20151026">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=World Health Organization - IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat |url=http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |date=October 26, 2015 |work=[[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] |accessdate=October 26, 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028055602/https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20151026">{{cite news |last=Hauser |first=Christine |title=W.H.O. Report Links Some Cancers With Processed or Red Meat |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/27/health/report-links-some-types-of-cancer-with-processed-or-red-meat.html |date=October 26, 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=October 26, 2015 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030215/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/27/health/report-links-some-types-of-cancer-with-processed-or-red-meat.html }}</ref><ref name="BBC-20151026">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Processed meats do cause cancer - WHO |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-34615621 |date=October 26, 2015 |work=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=October 26, 2015 |archive-date=2021-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214095349/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-34615621 }}</ref>


== 参考文献 ==
== 参考文献 ==

2022年7月13日 (三) 01:49的版本

红肉作为营养学名词,指的是在烹飪前呈現岀紅色的,具體來說,牛肉豬肉羊肉鹿肉兔肉哺乳動物的肉都是紅肉,不包括禽類和魚類。根据这个定义,有些肉類如豬肉,在營養學中分类为紅肉,只有在营养学外,因其他如烹調的因素才会称之为白肉(如:蒜泥白肉)。

肉色的成因與歸類

紅肉的顔色來自於哺乳動物肉中含有的肌紅蛋白;肌紅蛋白是一種蛋白質,能夠將儲存於動物的肌肉中。烹飪好後的食物的顔色不能作為判斷是否紅肉的標準。不管牛肉做成什麼顔色都是紅肉;同樣,豬肉雖在烹飪時變為白色,仍然是紅肉。相反地,鳥類火雞等)、爬行動物兩棲動物、甲殼類動物(等)或雙殼類動物(牡蠣蛤蜊等)等非哺乳動物的肉都不是紅肉(可以算作白肉);儘管如鮭魚肉是紅色,也不能算作紅肉,因為其為蝦紅素的呈色,而非肌紅蛋白的顏色;實際上鳥類的肌肉是含有微量肌紅蛋白,而鳥類翅膀和腿部及鵝、鴨、鴕鳥鴯鶓等肌肉上含有較多的肌紅蛋白,但卻也不算是紅肉,而被稱為深色肉(dark meat)。

名詞區別

紅肉(red meat)與紅肌(red muscle)的概念是不同的;後者是骨骼肌根據肌纖維顏色不同而作的“過時”分類,現在已知其成分大略是慢縮肌纖維Type I 與快縮肌纖維 Type IIA 的籠統合稱,因具較多的微血管、肌紅蛋白及粒腺體,而有高的有氧呼吸能力及抗疲勞能力。

營養與人體健康

紅肉中有豐富的素食主義者和不進食紅肉的人應該多吃含鐵豐富的食物。紅肉中也含有豐富的蛋白質煙酸、維生素B12硫胺核黃素等。

目前一些研究懷疑红肉具有對人體的壞處:

紅肉含有的血紅素鐵攝取“過多”,會導致過多自由基的產生及N-亞硝基化合物的形成,進而促進發炎、動脈硬化、癌症等。

在2012年,哈佛大學最新的統計數據顯示,為了減少癌症及心血管疾病的風險,每人每天的紅肉攝取量應該低於42g,其原因是高量的飽和脂肪膽固醇,而加工肉品(包含由白肉為原料的加工肉品)的攝取量則要更低,因為加工肉品高高脂肪又有等致癌物質。[1]

紅肉的主要健康風險被認為是來自於飽和脂肪與膽固醇(主要出現在肥肉)、加工(高鹽及添加致癌物質)、燒烤、及缺乏ω-3脂肪酸(可以另外補充);而紅肉生產商一直表示,去除可見脂肪的精瘦紅肉,其膽固醇與飽和脂肪含量只會略高於精瘦的白肉,因此精瘦的紅肉及白肉在控制心血管疾病上幾乎無差別;美國心臟協會前會長也表示,控制心血管疾病的飲食中可以包含精瘦紅肉,而且其安全攝取量是高於哈佛大學的統計數據。因此,相較於白肉,紅肉目前沒有足夠證據顯示有明顯的健康風險。

對於精瘦紅肉是否健康的問題,美國「自然—醫學期刊」的文章中指出,紅肉的瘦肉中所含左旋肉鹼被腸道中的細菌分解後產生三甲胺,接著被肝臟轉化為氧化三甲胺(TMAO),此氧化物會促進巨噬細胞堆積在血管壁、抑制膽固醇回收路徑、增強血小板凝集活性,可能進而導致粥狀動脈硬化與栓塞的形成,增加罹患心臟病的風險;因此,食用“過量”紅肉對健康有害。[2]

由于脂肪含量、加工处理上的差异,不同的红肉对健康也有不同的影响[3]。食用加工红肉与死亡率增加有很强的关联性,其中,心血管疾病及癌症是主要死因。[4] 亦有证据表明食用未加工红肉可能对人体健康造成负面影响。[5]

與癌症的相關性

很多營養專家都認為其他肉類比紅肉要健康,因為紅肉中含有很高的飽和脂肪。有一些研究表明紅肉在直腸癌的形成中起了很大作用。[來源請求]

流行病学研究发现,随着加工红肉摄入量的增加,患大肠癌的风险也增加。而白肉(如鸡肉)则没有表现出这种关联。[6][7] 世界癌症研究基金会(WCRF)和美国癌症研究协会(AICR)认定食用红肉可增加患大肠癌的风险。[8]英国,约21%的大肠癌都与食用红肉有关。[8]WCRF建议每周摄入的红肉不超过300克(烹煮后的质量),其中“加工红肉应尽可能少”。[9]

已有证据显示,摄入红肉可能增加罹患以下癌症的风险:食道癌胰腺癌胃癌子宫内膜癌肺癌膀胱癌[10][11][12][13][14]

2010年的一项研究显示,没有充分证据能够表明食用红肉会增加乳癌前列腺癌的风险。[15][16]

2015年10月26日,世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构发表报告称,食用加工肉类(如培根香肠火腿热狗)和红肉与某些癌症存在关联。[17][18][19]

参考文献

  1. ^ 每天吃紅肉 增加早死風險页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆[不可靠的醫學來源?]
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  7. ^ Figueiredo, Jane. Genome-Wide Diet-Gene Interaction Analyses for Risk of Colorectal Cancer.. PLOS Genetics. [2015-10-27]. (原始内容存档于2014-12-25). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Bowel cancer risk factors. Cancer Research UK. 17 December 2013 [September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-12). 
  9. ^ WCRF-AICR Diet and Cancer Report. dietandcancerreport.org. [6 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-18). 
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  12. ^ Bandera EV, Kushi LH, Moore DF, Gifkins DM, McCullough ML. Consumption of animal foods and endometrial cancer risk: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control (Systematic review & meta-analysis). November 2007, 18 (9): 967–88. PMC 2592095可免费查阅. PMID 17638104. doi:10.1007/s10552-007-9038-0. 
  13. ^ Ferrís J, Berbel O, Alonso-López J, Garcia J, Ortega JA. Environmental non-occupational risk factors associated with bladder cancer. Actas Urol Esp (Review). October 2013, 37 (9): 579–86. PMID 23618510. doi:10.1016/j.acuro.2013.02.004. 
  14. ^ Xue XJ, Gao Q, Qiao JH, Zhang J, Xu CP, Liu J. Red and processed meat consumption and the risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of 33 published studies. Int J Clin Exp Med (Meta-analysis). 2014, 7 (6): 1542–53. PMC 4100964可免费查阅. PMID 25035778. 
  15. ^ Alexander DD, Morimoto LM, Mink PJ, Cushing CA. A review and meta-analysis of red and processed meat consumption and breast cancer. Nutr Res Rev (Review & meta-analysis). December 2010, 23 (2): 349–65. PMID 21110906. doi:10.1017/S0954422410000235. 
  16. ^ Alexander DD, Mink PJ, Cushing CA, Sceurman B. A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat intake and prostate cancer. Nutr J (Review & meta-analysis). 2010, 9 (1): 50. PMC 2987772可免费查阅. PMID 21044319. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-50. 
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參見