果食主義
果食主義（英語：Fruitarianism）是素食主義或純素主義的一種，主張植物同樣具有不可踐踏的生命，因此主義實踐者只吃植物的果實。果食主義中關於果的定義來自於植物學而非日常用語，也就是說黃瓜、茄子、蕃茄、辣椒等通常不歸類於水果的植物學果實是可以食用的。基於各種理由人們選擇採取果食主義，包括道德、宗教、環保、文化與健康等等。有些人的當飲食超過75%都是由果實組成便自稱為果食主義者。[1]
定義
[編輯]有些果食主義者只吃會從植物上自然掉落的食物，也就是不用傷害植物就能收割的食物[2][3][4] ，這些食物主要包括水果、堅果與種子[5]。根據作者Adam Gollner，有些果食主義者只吃已經掉落的果實 [6] 。也有一些不吃穀物的人，他們相信這是不自然的作法 [7]。有些人則認為不應食用會長成植物[6]、堅果、種子[8]及水果之前的一切植物的種子[9] [10] 。還有人相信應該只吃會在被吃掉後散播種子的植物[11]。一些果食主義者採用植物學的定義食用包括豆科植物在內的果實。也有包括生果、果乾、蜂蜜、橄欖油在內[12]，或食用水果、堅果、種子及巧克力的人[13]。
動機
[編輯]一些果食主義者為猶太基督徒，根據創世紀第一章二十九節，他們認為果食主義是亞當與夏娃，也就是人類最初的飲食模式。同時他們也相信若要回歸一個伊甸園般的樂園，將需要簡單的生活與一個完全接納健康與飲食的方法。[14]有些果食主義者(如耆那教徒)則希望避免殺害包括植物在內的任何生命，而被稱為不害的果食主義者。[15]有些果食主義者主張吃植物的果食實際上是幫了它們一個大忙，因為有肉質的果食是演化成適合被動物所食用，藉此得以繁衍後代。
科學研究
[編輯]生物學研究
[編輯]在1979年，一名約翰·霍普金斯大學的古人類學家亞倫‧渥克教授(Professor Allen Walker)回報了一項關於原始人類牙齒琺琅質的初步研究，他發現人類祖先的飲食主要來自於果實。這項發現令他感到非常驚訝。[16]
臨床研究
[編輯]於1971年，一項由B. J. Meyer所主導的短期研究被發表在南非醫學期刊(South African Medical Journal)上[17]。內容提到純果食者其體內的血脂與葡萄糖耐受度都有所進步[18]。根據該研究中更進一步的試驗，對於一些過重的試驗者在嘗試果食法之後，其理想體重有下降的趨勢。[19]
著名的果食主義者
[編輯]一些知名的果食主義鼓吹者，或其飲食習慣被認為是果食主義者包括以下人物：
- 伊迪·阿敏，烏干達的軍事獨裁者，他在流亡到沙烏地阿拉伯的期間成為了一名果食主義者。[20]
- 莫罕達斯·卡拉姆昌德·甘地，更為人知的是他身為印度政治與靈性導師聖雄甘地的這個名字，他持續了果食主義超過了五年以上。[21] 然而他之後因為肋膜炎，在醫生的強迫下停止了這樣的飲食模式回歸素食主義。[22][23]
- 本·克拉森，白人種族至上主義者，是創意運動的創辦人。[24] 他鼓吹純果實飲食應包含水果、蔬菜和堅果。[25]
- 史提夫·賈伯斯，他將自己的公司命名為"蘋果公司"就是因為當時他正在實驗性地嘗試果食主義。[26]
- 周兆祥：在香港提倡果食及生食的翻譯講師。
相關條目
[編輯]註釋
[編輯]- ^ Tom Billings. Living and Raw Foods: Types of Raw Food Diets: A Brief Survey. Living and Raw Foods. [2017-04-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-26）.
- ^ Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought, Rod Preece, UBC Press, 2008, "Since plants have life, it is necessary, if one is not to starve, to live from the fruit of the plant in such a manner that the host plant itself does not die."
- ^ Nutrition for the recreational athlete, Catherine G. Ratzin Jackson, page 95, 「The fruitarian diet usually consists of consuming those parts of the plant that are cast off or dropped from the plant and that do not involve the destruction of the plant itself.」, 249 page, CRC Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8493-7914-8, ISBN 978-0-8493-7914-7
- ^ Handbook Of Pediatric Nutrition, Patricia Samour, 「A fruitarian diet consists of only fruits. Any plant food that is botanically a fruit or can be obtained without killing or harming the plant is considered a fruit." Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2003, page 143.
- ^ The Vegetarian Society UK—Information Sheet—Definitions. Vegsoc.org. 2014-07-22 [2014-08-09]. （原始內容存檔於1999-11-28）.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 'The Fruit Hunters, Adam Leith Gollne, "Some factions eat only fallen fruit. Others refuse to eat any seeds because they contain future plants."
- ^ Raw Food Explained. Human Dietetic Character, I—Are We Grain Eaters?. Rawfoodexplained.com. [2014-08-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-22）.
- ^ The Ascensional Science of Spiritualizing Fruitarian Dietetics, Dr Johnny Lovewisdom, Ecuador: International University of the Natural Vitalogical Sciences, 1999, Introduction: "Nature is betrayed when man ingests the seeds of plants, depriving them of their means of propagating their own species"; chapter: Sugar & Starch-Friends Or Foes? "grains, nuts and other seeds are wrong as food sources"
- ^ To Those Considering A Fruitarian Diet. Beyondveg.com. [2014-08-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-26）.
- ^ "Ascensional Science teaches the damaging effects of chlorophyll leafage, earthly roots and lower passion producing seeds. We are healed by levitational forces in fruit sugars and acids." Introduction to Ascensional Science of Spiritualizing Fruitarian Dietetics, Johnny Lovewisdom, International University of the Natural Vitalogical Sciences, 1999
- ^ Living and Raw Foods: Alternative Eating Plans - USA TODAY. Living-foods.com. [2014-08-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-07）.
- ^ Food, nutrition, and diet therapy: a textbook of nutritional care, Marie V. Krause, "The fruitarian diet consists of only raw or dried fruits, nuts, honey and olive oil." page 343, Saunders, 1984, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized Aug 19, 2008, ISBN 0-7216-5514-9, ISBN 978-0-7216-5514-7
- ^ Handbook of Sunfood Living: Resource Guide for Global Health, John McCabe, North Atlantic Books, 2008, "other fruitarians also consumer cucumbers, olives, tomatoes, peppers, squash, beans, melon, avocadoes, berries, grapes, figs, dates, carob, chocolate, goji berries, nuts and even coconuts."
- ^ Berry, Rynn. Satya June/July 03: Raw History. [2017-04-09]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-20）.
- ^ "ahim-sa" - "the Hindu and Buddhist doctrine of refraining from harming any living being", Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ahinsa
- ^ Rensberger, Boyce. Teeth Show Fruit Was The Staple; No Exceptions Found. The New York Times. May 15, 1979: C1 [2009-11-01]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-01）.
- ^ "The South African Medical Journal is published by the South African Medical Association, which represents most medical professionals in South Africa.", African Journals Online, http://ajol.info/index.php/samj （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- ^ B. J. Meyer; E. J. P. de Bruin; D. G. du Plessis; M. van der Merwe; A. C. Meyer. Some biochemical effects on a mainly fruit diet in man (PDF). South African Medical Journal. 1971-03-06, 45 (10): 253–61 [2009-11-11]. PMID 5573330. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-10-19）."The effect of a nut-supplemented fruit diet on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, plasma proteins and plasma lipids was investigated. The results suggest that, at least for the period covered by the experiment and under the prevailing conditions, the diet was adequate with respect to the parameters investigated, and may even have something to commend it."
- ^ Meyer BJ et al. "Some physiological effects of a mainly fruit diet in man". South African Medical Journal, February 20, 1971; vol. 45, pp. 191-5. "An interesting aspect of the diet was the tendency for the weights to level off more or less at the 'theoretically ideal' weight for the subject."
- ^ Goline, Adam Leith (2013) The Fruit Hunters: A Story of Nature, Adventure, Commerce and Obsession New York: Scribner ISBN 9781476704999. Quote: "Idi Amin, the tyrannical Ugandan dictator, lived his final years in Saudi Arabia as a fruitarian (his affinity for oranges earned him the nickname "Dr. Jaffa")."
- ^ Mahatma Gandhi, Desai, Valji Govindji (trans.)"Tolstoy Farm III" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） in Satyagraha in South Africa ~ XXXV. Quote: "[D]uring five years of a purely fruitarian life I never felt weak, nor did I suffer from any disease".
- ^ Autobiography: the story of my experiments with truth, Social Sciences Series, Mohandas Gandhi, Gandhi (Mahatma), Mahadev Haribhai Desai, Dover, 1983, p. 318. "Dr. Jivraj Mehta treated me. He pressed me hard to resume milk and cereals, but I was obdurate."
- ^ Gokhale's Charity, My Experiments with Truth, M. K. Gandhi.
- ^ Berlet, Chip, Vysotsky, Stanislavstated. "Overview of U.S. White Supremacist Groups" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Journal of Political and Military Sociology, Summer 2006.
- ^ Salubrious Living (Creativity Book Publishers, 1982, and World Church of Creativity, 2003), chapter 'The Fruitarian Diet': "The fruitarian diet is composed of the products of the plant kingdom which are delicious and appealing to our taste in their natural uncooked condition. As fruits, vegetables and nuts are the foods which meet this qualification in an ideal manner they are the primary foods used by the fruitarian."
- ^ "Steve Jobs" by Walter Isaacson. "Finally Jobs proposed Apple Computer. 'I was on one of my fruitarian diets,' [Jobs] explained." p. 120. "She just wanted him to be healthy, and [Jobs] would be making weird pronouncements like, 'I'm a fruitarian and I will only eat leaves picked by virgins in the moonlight.'" p. 68.
