城市绿地
城市绿地为城市中用作公园或其他绿地的开放空间[1]，世界卫生组织将其定义为“有任何植被覆盖的城市土地”[2]，可能伴随着游乐场、蓝色空间（水体或水道）等人工设施或自然景观，有休憩、生态、美观与健康等用途[2][3]。城市绿地有时为大学校园、社区花园等私人或机构的用地，但一般均对公众开放，位于城市范围以外的州立公园和国家公园则不属于城市绿地。早在一世纪古罗马即有rus in urbe（意指城市中的乡村）的概念，将绿地融入城市规划中[4][5]，现代城市绿地则可追溯至十七至十八世纪英国伦敦的城市广场[6]。
城市绿地可减缓地表径流与热岛效应[7]，还可降低空气污染，对周围社区的居民生理和心理健康有正面影响[8][9]。历史上以弱势族群为主的社区通常较缺乏绿地，为政策（如过去美国住宅政策中的红线制度）与经济不平等所致[10]，近年的绿地规划开始重视环境正义与社区参与[11]。清理污染与增设绿地可提升周围住宅的价值，即环境缙绅化[12]，但此过程也可能有负面影响，使弱势族群无力负担房价而被迫迁出[13][14]。
参见[编辑]
参考文献[编辑]
- ^ What is Open Space/Green Space?. United States Environmental Protection Agency. [2021-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Urban green spaces: a brief for action. UN City, Denmark: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. 2017.
- ^ Jayasinghe, DBC; Hemakumara, GPTS; Hewage, P. GIS-Based Assessment of the Green Space Per Capita in the City of Galle, Sri Lanka (PDF). Sri Lanka Journal of Advanced Social Studies (Sri Lanka: NCAS). 2018, 7 (2): 3–24 [29 December 2020]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-04-30）.
- ^ A brief history of urban green spaces. Urban Rambles. 2015-12-28 [2018-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-01）.
- ^ Giovagnorio, Ilaria; Usai, Daniela; Palmas, Alessandro; Chiri, Giovanni Marco. The environmental elements of foundations in Roman cities: A theory of the architect Gaetano Vinaccia. Sustainable Cities and Society. July 2017, 32: 42–55. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.03.002.
- ^ Lawrence, Henry W. The Greening of the Squares of London: Transformation of Urban landscapes and Ideals. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. March 1993, 83 (1): 90–118. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1993.tb01924.x.
- ^ Zhanga, Yujia; Murray, Alan; Turner, B. Optimizing green space locations to reduce daytime and nighttime urban heat island effects in Phoenix, Arizona. Landscape and Urban Planning. Sep 2017, 165: 162–171. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.04.009.
- ^ Shishegar, Nastaran. The Impact of Green Areas on Mitigating Urban Heat Island Effect: A Review. The International Journal of Environmental Sustainability. Jan 2013, 9 (1): 119–130. doi:10.18848/2325-1077/CGP/v09i01/55081.
- ^ Maas, Jolanda; Verheij, Robert A.; Groenewegen, Peter P.; Vries, Sjerp de; Spreeuwenberg, Peter. Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation?. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 1 July 2006, 60 (7): 587–592. PMC 2566234
. PMID 16790830. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.043125.
- ^ Rigolon, Alessandro; Németh, Jeremy. What Shapes Uneven Access to Urban Amenities? Thick Injustice and the Legacy of Racial Discrimination in Denver's Parks. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 25 July 2018: 0739456X1878925. doi:10.1177/0739456X18789251.
- ^ Ep. 51: Urban Greening with Sandra Albro. Sustainability Defined. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-30）.
- ^ Banzhaf, H. Spencer; McCormick, Eleanor. Moving beyond cleanup: Identifying the crucibles of environmental gentrification. NCEE Working Paper Series. 2006 [2021-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-19）.
- ^ Dooling, Sarah. Ecological gentrification: A research agenda exploring justice in the city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 2009: 621–639.
- ^ Sieg, Holger; Smith, V. Kerry; Banzhaf, H. Spencer; Walsh, Randall. Estimating the general equilibrium benefits of large changes in spatially delineated public goods. International Economic Review. 2004, 45 (4): 1047–77. doi:10.1111/j.0020-6598.2004.00297.x.
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