半閉央不圓唇元音

半閉央不圓唇元音
ɘ
ë
ɤ̈
ə̝
IPA編號	397
編碼
HTML碼（十進制）	ɘ
Unicode碼（十六進制）	U+0258
X-SAMPA音標	@\
ASCII音標（英语：Kirshenbaum）	@<umd>
IPA盲文（英语：IPA Braille）
圖像
音頻範例
	來源 · 幫助

半閉央不圓唇元音（close-mid central unrounded vowel、high-mid central unrounded vowel^[1]）是元音的一種，存在于一些語言當中，國際音標是⟨ɘ⟩，形如左右翻转的“e”。此符号于1993年添加进IPA中，在此之前，此元音的音标记作⟨ë⟩。X-SAMPA符号是⟨@\⟩。

特征[编辑]

國際音標：元音

	前	央	後
閉	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
次閉	ɪ ʏ	ɨ̞ ʉ̞	ɯ̞ ʊ
半閉	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
中	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
半開	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
次開	æ	ɐ
開	a ɶ	ä ɒ̈	ɑ ɒ

表內成對的元音分別為不圓唇／圓唇。

其元音高度是半閉，表示舌頭的位置是在閉元音和中元音之間。

其元音舌位是央，表示舌的位置是在央元音的地方，大約在前元音和後元音中間。

其圓唇度為不圓唇元音，嘴唇自然放鬆，不特別向前突起。

举例[编辑]

语言		单词	IPA	词义	注释
英语	澳大利亚英语^[2]^[3]	bird	/bɘːd/	鸟	通常读作/ɜː/.同时很多人读作[ɵː].
	新西兰英语^[4]	bit	/bɘt/	小块	其它方言中一般读作/ɪ/
	美国南部英语^[5]	nut	/nɘt/	坚果	见于美国南部的一些方言.^[5]其它方言中一般读作/ʌ/.
蒙古语^[6]		үсрэ	/usɘɾɘ̆/	跳
Paicî		/kɘ̄ɾɘ̄/		蜘蛛
波兰语^[7]		mysz	/mɘ̟ʂ/ （幫助·關於）	老鼠	音位比[ɘ]略靠前.^[7] 通常读作 /ɨ/.
俄语^[8]		солнце	/ˈsont͡sɘ/	太阳	部分人在辅音/t͡s/后将相应元音读作读作此音.
斯科尔特萨米语		vuõˊlǧǧem	/vʲuɘlɟ͡ʝːɛm/	离开
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[9]	ne	/nɘ/	与

註釋[编辑]

^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
^ Cox (2006:?)
^ Durie & Hajek (1994:?)
^ Bauer et al. (2007)
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Jassem (2003:105)
^ Jones & Ward:38)
^ Merrill (2008:109–10)

参考文献[编辑]

Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire, Estonian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George, New Zealand English, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
Bishop, Nancy, A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 1996, 25
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya, Lizu (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013a, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242 ^{[永久失效連結]}
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya, Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013b, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157 ^{[永久失效連結]}
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja, Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169 ^{[永久失效連結]}
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of Cardiff English, (编) Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard, English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd.: 87–103, 1990, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students 3rd, Routledge, 2013 [First published 2003], ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
Cox, F.M., The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers, Australian Journal of Linguistics, 2006, 26: 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494
Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf, Das Aussprachewörterbuch 7th, Berlin: Dudenverlag, 2015 [First published 1962], ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4 （德语）
Durie, M.; Hajek, J., A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels, Australian Journal of Linguistics, 1994, 14 (1): 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
Fast Mowitz, Gerhard, Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, 1975
Hillenbrand, James M., American English: Southern Michigan (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221
Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa, A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College, 1965
Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe, Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery, Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble, Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP), 2009, 3: 675–685
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Merrill, Elizabeth, Tilquiapan Zapotec (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Olson, Kenneth S., Mono (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (02): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
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國際音標：元音

	前	央	後
閉	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
次閉	ɪ ʏ	ɨ̞ ʉ̞	ɯ̞ ʊ
半閉	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
中	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
半開	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
次開	æ	ɐ
開	a ɶ	ä ɒ̈	ɑ ɒ

表內成對的元音分別為不圓唇／圓唇。

[1] While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".

[2] Cox (2006:?)

[3] Durie & Hajek (1994:?)

[4] Bauer et al. (2007)

[sae-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Roca & Johnson (1999:186)

[6] Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)

[mysz-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Jassem (2003:105)

[8] Jones & Ward:38)

[9] Merrill (2008:109–10)

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半閉央不圓唇元音

目录

特征[编辑]

举例[编辑]

註釋[编辑]

参考文献[编辑]

导航菜单

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