半閉央不圓唇元音
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| 半閉央不圓唇元音 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɘ | |||
| ë | |||
| ɤ̈ | |||
| ə̝ | |||
| IPA編號 | 397 | ||
| 編碼 | |||
| HTML碼（十進制） |
ɘ | ||
| Unicode碼（十六進制） | U+0258 | ||
| X-SAMPA音標 |
@\ | ||
| ASCII音標 |
@<umd> | ||
| IPA盲文 |
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| 音頻範例 | |||
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半閉央不圓唇元音（close-mid central unrounded vowel、high-mid central unrounded vowel[1]）是元音的一種，存在于一些語言當中，國際音標是⟨ɘ⟩，形如左右翻转的“e”。此符号于1993年添加进IPA中，在此之前，此元音的音标记作⟨ë⟩。X-SAMPA符号是⟨@\⟩。
特征[编辑]
| 國際音標：元音 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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表內成對的元音分別為不圓唇／圓唇。 |
- 其圓唇度為不圓唇元音，嘴唇自然放鬆，不特別向前突起。
举例[编辑]
| 语言 | 单词 | IPA | 词义 | 注释 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 英语 | 澳大利亚英语[2][3] | bird | /bɘːd/ | 鸟 | 通常读作/ɜː/.同时很多人读作[ɵː]. |
| 新西兰英语[4] | bit | /bɘt/ | 小块 | 其它方言中一般读作/ɪ/ | |
| 美国南部英语[5] | nut | /nɘt/ | 坚果 | 见于美国南部的一些方言.[5]其它方言中一般读作/ʌ/. | |
| 蒙古语[6] | үсрэ | /usɘɾɘ̆/ | 跳 | ||
| Paicî | /kɘ̄ɾɘ̄/ | 蜘蛛 | |||
| 波兰语[7] | mysz | /mɘ̟ʂ/ | 老鼠 | 音位比[ɘ]略靠前.[7] 通常读作 /ɨ/. | |
| 俄语[8] | солнце | /ˈsont͡sɘ/ | 太阳 | 部分人在辅音/t͡s/后将相应元音读作读作此音. | |
| 斯科尔特萨米语 | vuõˊlǧǧem | /vʲuɘlɟ͡ʝːɛm/ | 离开 | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[9] | ne | /nɘ/ | 与 | |
註釋[编辑]
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Cox (2006:?)
- ^ Durie & Hajek (1994:?)
- ^ Bauer et al. (2007)
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Jones & Ward:38)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109–10)
参考文献[编辑]
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire, Estonian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George, New Zealand English, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Bishop, Nancy, A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 1996, 25
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya, Lizu (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013a, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242[永久失效連結]
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya, Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013b, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157[永久失效連結]
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja, Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169[永久失效連結]
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of Cardiff English, (编) Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard, English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd.: 87–103, 1990, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students 3rd, Routledge, 2013 [First published 2003], ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Cox, F.M., The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers, Australian Journal of Linguistics, 2006, 26: 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf, Das Aussprachewörterbuch 7th, Berlin: Dudenverlag, 2015 [First published 1962], ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4 （德语）
- Durie, M.; Hajek, J., A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels, Australian Journal of Linguistics, 1994, 14 (1): 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard, Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, 1975
- Hillenbrand, James M., American English: Southern Michigan (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221
- Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa, A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College, 1965
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe, Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery, Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble, Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP), 2009, 3: 675–685
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis, The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, 1969, ISBN 0-521-06736-7
- Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V., Temne, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2010, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X
- Kerr, Harland, Cotabato Manobo Grammar (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 1988, 7 (1): 1–123[永久失效連結]
- Kohler, Klaus J., German, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 86–89, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Lee, Hyun Bok, Korean, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 120–122, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Lodge, Ken, A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Merrill, Elizabeth, Tilquiapan Zapotec (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Olson, Kenneth S., Mono (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (02): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid, Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne, Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, 2000, ISBN 0-946452-97-0 （爱尔兰语）
- Pearce, Mary, Kera, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2011, 41 (2): 249–258, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000168
- Pop, Sever, Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj, 1938
- Popperwell, Ronald G., Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, 2010 [First published 1963], ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
- Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong, Luanyjang Dinka (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-09）
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn, A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing, 1999, ISBN 0-631-21345-7
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto, Mapudungun, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos, Shiwilu (Jebero) (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370
- Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Wendel, Åsa; Wendel, Dag, Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 1978, 2 (1): 191–203[永久失效連結]
| 國際音標：元音 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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表內成對的元音分別為不圓唇／圓唇。 |
