支气管炎

支氣管炎
	圖A展示了肺臟與氣管的位置。圖B為正常氣管的放大圖。圖C為氣管炎時的支氣管放大圖。
类型	支氣管痙攣、慢性阻塞性肺病、respiratory signs and symptoms[*]、疾病
分类和外部资源
醫學專科	胸腔醫學
ICD-11	CA20
ICD-10	J20-J21, J42
ICD-9-CM	466, 491, 490
DiseasesDB	29135
MedlinePlus	001087
eMedicine	article/807035 article/297108
MeSH	D001991
	[编辑此条目的维基数据]

支氣管炎是肺部支氣管（中至大的大小之呼吸道）的發炎。^[1]症狀包括咳痰、喘鳴、呼吸急促及胸口不適。^[1]支氣管炎有急性和慢性兩種。^[1]

急性支氣管炎的咳嗽症狀一般持續三週，^[2]逾九成是病毒感染引起的。^[2]病毒經人們咳嗽的飛沫或直接接觸傳播。風險因素包括吸煙、塵埃和空氣污染。^[1]一小部份病症是高量空氣污染物或細菌直接引起，細菌包括肺炎黴漿菌和百日咳桿菌。^[2]^[3]急性支氣管炎的治療是休息、止痛藥(乙醯酚胺) 和非類固醇抗發炎藥物幫助退燒。^[4]^[5]

慢性支氣管炎的定義是持續兩年或以上，^[6]每年裡超過三個月的有痰咳嗽。大部分慢性支氣管炎患者有慢性阻塞性肺病。^[7]吸煙是最常見的致病原因，其他原因包括空氣污染和基因（後者重要性較低）。^[8]慢性支氣管炎的治療是戒煙、疫苗預防、復康治療、吸入性支氣管擴張劑和類固醇。^[9]一些患者需要長期吸氧治療或肺臟移植。^[9]

急性支氣管炎是最常見的病症之一。^[4]^[10]分別約5%成人和約6%兒童每年最少一次出現症狀。^[11]^[12]在2010年，慢性阻塞性肺病3億2900萬人，即約5%人口。^[13]在2013年，它引起的死亡數字為2900萬，比1990年的2400 萬有所上升。^[14]

症状

支氣管炎經常伴隨其他症狀，如咳嗽和粘液。此外，患者也可能有呼吸不順，並在一些身體部分（如胸部或肌肉）感到疼痛。發熱和疲勞是支氣管炎患者常見的另外兩種症狀。

诊断

体检时常会发现呼吸气声强度降低、喘息和呼气时间延长。多数医生靠持续的干咳或湿咳作为支气管炎诊断的证据。

胸部X光；
痰样本显示了中性粒细胞及病原微生物培养证明有细菌感染；
验血显示炎症反应（如白血球增加，C-反应蛋白增高）。

治疗

对细菌性急性支气管炎患者，可以使用相应的抗生素；
在大多数情况下，急性支气管炎是由病毒引起的，几天后将自行痊愈，无需抗生素；如怀疑合并有细菌感染或防止细菌感染，抗生素也可以考虑；
避免吸烟。

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 What Is Bronchitis?. August 4, 2011 [1 April 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）. 引用错误：带有name属性“NIH2011Def”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Albert, RH. Diagnosis and treatment of acute bronchitis.. American family physician. 1 December 2010, 82 (11): 1345–50. PMID 21121518.
^ What Causes Bronchitis?. August 4, 2011 [1 April 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Tackett, KL; Atkins, A. Evidence-based acute bronchitis therapy.. Journal of pharmacy practice. December 2012, 25 (6): 586–90. PMID 23076965.
^ How Is Bronchitis Treated?. August 4, 2011 [1 April 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
^ Vestbo, Jørgen. Diagnosis and Assessment (PDF). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. 2013: 9–17. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-10-04）.
^ Reilly, John J.; Silverman, Edwin K.; Shapiro, Steven D. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph (编). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 18th. McGraw Hill. 2011: 2151–9. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.
^ Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. April 2012, 379 (9823): 1341–51. PMID 22314182. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. September 2007, 176 (6): 532–55 [2017-06-02]. PMID 17507545. doi:10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO. （原始内容存档于2013-01-02）.
^ Braman, SS. Chronic cough due to acute bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.. Chest. January 2006, 129 (1 Suppl): 95S–103S. PMID 16428698.
^ Wenzel, RP; Fowler AA, 3rd. Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis.. The New England journal of medicine. 16 November 2006, 355 (20): 2125–30. PMID 17108344.
^ Fleming, DM; Elliot, AJ. The management of acute bronchitis in children.. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. March 2007, 8 (4): 415–26. PMID 17309336.
^ Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V; et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. December 2012, 380 (9859): 2163–96. PMID 23245607. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2.
^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.. Lancet. 17 December 2014. PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2.

外部链接

Acute bronchitis （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Merck Manual of Diagnosis & Therapy
Bronchitis （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Merck Manual - Second Home Edition
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Merck Manual - Second Home Edition
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Merck Manual of Geriatrics
Bronchitis Lungs OnLine
Acute Bronchitis FamilyDoctor.org（American Academy of Family Physicians）

参见

[NIH2011Def-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 What Is Bronchitis?. August 4, 2011 [1 April 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）. 引用错误：带有name属性“NIH2011Def”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次

[AFP2010-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Albert, RH. Diagnosis and treatment of acute bronchitis.. American family physician. 1 December 2010, 82 (11): 1345–50. PMID 21121518.

[3] What Causes Bronchitis?. August 4, 2011 [1 April 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.

[Tac2012-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Tackett, KL; Atkins, A. Evidence-based acute bronchitis therapy.. Journal of pharmacy practice. December 2012, 25 (6): 586–90. PMID 23076965.

[5] How Is Bronchitis Treated?. August 4, 2011 [1 April 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.

[GOLD2013Chp2-6] Vestbo, Jørgen. Diagnosis and Assessment (PDF). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. 2013: 9–17. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-10-04）.

[Harr2012-7] Reilly, John J.; Silverman, Edwin K.; Shapiro, Steven D. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph (编). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 18th. McGraw Hill. 2011: 2151–9. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.

[Lancet2012-8] Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. April 2012, 379 (9823): 1341–51. PMID 22314182. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9.

[GOLD2007-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. September 2007, 176 (6): 532–55 [2017-06-02]. PMID 17507545. doi:10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO. （原始内容存档于2013-01-02）.

[Chest2006-10] Braman, SS. Chronic cough due to acute bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.. Chest. January 2006, 129 (1 Suppl): 95S–103S. PMID 16428698.

[Wen2006-11] Wenzel, RP; Fowler AA, 3rd. Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis.. The New England journal of medicine. 16 November 2006, 355 (20): 2125–30. PMID 17108344.

[Flem2007-12] Fleming, DM; Elliot, AJ. The management of acute bronchitis in children.. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. March 2007, 8 (4): 415–26. PMID 17309336.

[YLD2012-13] Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V; et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. December 2012, 380 (9859): 2163–96. PMID 23245607. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2.

[GDB2013-14] GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.. Lancet. 17 December 2014. PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2.

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