砂拉越王国
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砂拉越王国 Kerajaan Sarawak Raj of Sarawak | |||||||||||||
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1841年-1942年 1945年-1946年 | |||||||||||||
国歌:向海上前进 | |||||||||||||
![]() 砂拉越王国的疆域范畴 | |||||||||||||
地位 | 文莱帝国附庸国(1841年-1842年) 独立国(1842年-1888年) 英属北加里曼丹岛保护国(1888年-1942年,1945年-1946年) | ||||||||||||
首都 | 古晋 | ||||||||||||
常用语言 | 官方语言:英语 通用语言:南方汉语、马来语、伊班语 | ||||||||||||
政府 | 君主制 | ||||||||||||
拉者 | |||||||||||||
• 1841年—1868年 | 詹姆斯·布鲁克 | ||||||||||||
• 1868年—1917年 | 查尔斯·布鲁克 | ||||||||||||
• 1917年—1946年 | 查尔斯·维纳·布鲁克 | ||||||||||||
立法机构 | 国民议会 | ||||||||||||
历史时期 | 新帝国主义 | ||||||||||||
• 独立,成为文莱帝国的属国 | 1841年8月18日 | ||||||||||||
1888年6月14日 | |||||||||||||
• 成为直辖殖民地 | 1946年6月30日 | ||||||||||||
• 马来西亚联邦成立 | 1963年9月16日 | ||||||||||||
面积 | |||||||||||||
124,450平方公里 | |||||||||||||
货币 | 砂拉越元 | ||||||||||||
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今属于 | ![]() |
马来西亚历史 |
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历史系列条目 |
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砂拉越王国(英语:Raj of Sarawak;马来语:Kerajaan Sarawak),是19至20世纪位于加里曼丹岛岛西北部的君主制国家,原本是文莱的属地,后来成为英国的保护国。砂拉越王国于1850年被美国承认,1864年被英国承认。
创建于1841年,王朝地点位于东南亚加里曼丹岛砂拉越地区。该王朝创建者为白人拉者詹姆斯·布鲁克。因支持文莱苏丹平定叛乱,逐渐获得原属文莱的大量土地。在统治期间,詹姆斯建立并巩固砂拉越的统治支配权,并重整行政架构、制定法律并与海盗抗争。1888年,砂拉越王国获得了英国的保护,成为了加里曼丹岛的三个保护国之一,因而避免了被其他国家吞并。
1941年12月,布鲁克王朝属地逐渐遭到日军侵占,直至1945年8月日军于太平洋战场宣布投降和撤离为止。1946年,该王朝最后一位拉者查尔斯·维纳·温特·布鲁克决定放弃头衔,并将主权交予英国。1963年7月22日砂拉越自治,并在1963年9月16日砂拉越以邦之地位与马来亚、沙巴及新加坡共组马来西亚联邦。
历史
[编辑]发现马来群岛
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pangeran_Raja_Muda_Hashim.jpg/150px-Pangeran_Raja_Muda_Hashim.jpg)
布鲁克王朝由英国探险家詹姆斯·布鲁克建立。他在1839年来到砂拉越河处并停泊在此[3]。在第一次英缅战争中在战争服役的詹姆斯受了重伤[4][5],于是在1825年返回英国,并逐渐从伤中恢复。由于他逾期休假,其军职被没收[6][7][8],但因为是在服役过程中受伤所以得到了英国政府的抚恤金。因此,在伤势尚未痊愈的情况下,詹姆斯就试图再返印度。之后,詹姆斯从印度前往中国养伤[9]。
1830年,在詹姆斯扬帆前往中国时,他发现了马来群岛,此时的欧洲人并未来到这里。在他的父亲还未离世之前的1835年,詹姆斯回到英国并在芬德利进行了一次失败的贸易之旅[10]。由于受到他父亲生前服务的公司东印度公司和斯坦福·莱佛士的冒险旅途及故事启发,詹姆斯用他的生父留给他的3万英镑购买了一艘多桅纵帆船,詹姆斯为它取名为“保皇号”。在1838年10月27日正式扬帆前往远东之前的1836年,他招募了几位船员,并在地中海上训练他们。1839年7月,詹姆斯来到了新加坡地区。在那里,他遇到了文莱苏丹奥马尔·阿里·塞夫丁二世(Omar Ali Saifuddin II)的叔叔彭坚然·拉惹·穆达·哈欣(Pengeran Raja Muda Hashim),并在哈欣的帮助下找到了一名遇难的英国水手。
詹姆斯原本计划航行至加里曼丹岛西北部的马鲁杜湾(Marudu Bay),但是英国驻新加坡总督要求他到加里曼丹岛西南部去为他们感谢哈欣。接下来的一个月,詹姆斯到达了目的地加里曼丹岛西南部,并在1839年8月14日将他的帆船停泊在砂拉越河畔,会见到了哈欣,并传达了谢意。哈欣告诉他,他来这里是为了控制因皇室近亲彭坚然·印德拉·马哥达(Pengiran Indera Mahkota)所颁布的压迫政策而反叛的民众。马哥达早前被苏丹派去垄断该地区的锑,但这直接影响了当地马来人的收入。土著达雅族和比达友人被压迫得更甚,他们往往在矿山中被迫工作十余年。据称,文莱的叛乱得到了邻国桑巴斯王朝和荷属东印度政府的帮助,他们希望能得到开采锑矿的经济利益。尽管哈欣尽力阻止这场叛乱,却都无济于事,这导致了哈欣向詹姆斯求助。
詹姆斯响应了哈欣的请求,并领导当地土著军队设法暂且阻止了叛乱。作为奖赏,文莱当局把砂拉越河畔的矿山中出产的锑矿赠与詹姆斯。在那之后,詹姆斯回到新加坡。他在苏拉威西群岛的海岸间航行了约6个月,最后在1840年8月29日返回砂拉越。
建国
[编辑]在詹姆斯走后,反文莱统治的叛乱死灰复燃。詹姆斯重返砂拉越后,他再次设法平息叛乱,并赦免那些叛乱的人民,让他们加入自己的阵营,提供他们一些权力,但同时也限制一些人的权力。尽管哈欣不曾想过赦免叛军,但在詹姆斯的说服下,哈欣最终决定原谅他们,这次事件在镇压叛军中发挥了极大的作用。为了换取詹姆斯对文莱的帮助,哈欣三思后,决定将古晋地区租给詹姆斯,而詹姆斯则每年进贡500英镑给文莱。后来,詹姆斯还成为了砂拉越的一位拉惹。但是,这一度让马哥达发怒,因为哈欣把他原属于他的土地剥夺,而且还租借给了一个白人。马哥达与哈欣因此发生争执,导致哈欣延迟将已承诺的租界给予詹姆斯,而这反过来激怒了詹姆斯。詹姆斯带着保皇号,全副武装,攻打文莱,并呼吁哈欣展开谈判。
1841年9月14日,哈欣别无选择,只好将砂拉越全境地区授予詹姆斯。詹姆斯得到砂拉越后,立即废止了砂拉越地区的奴隶制、猎头及海盗,并颁布新法律。1842年7月,他在砂拉越的统治权得到了文莱苏丹奥马尔·阿里·塞夫丁二世的确认。
历任拉惹
[编辑]序号 | 姓名 | 肖像 | 在位时间 | 备注 | |||||||
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拉者 | |||||||||||
1 | 詹姆斯·布鲁克 James Brooke |
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1842年8月18日 - 1868年6月11日 | 获文莱苏丹委任为拉惹 | |||||||
2 | 查尔斯·布鲁克 Charles Brooke |
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1868年8月3日 - 1917年5月17日 | 在位期间砂拉越成为英国保护国 | |||||||
3 | 查尔斯·维纳·布鲁克 Charles Vyner Brooke |
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1917年5月24日 - 1942年4月1日 | 二战日本攻占砂捞越,期间失去对砂拉越的统治 | |||||||
1942年4月1日至1945年8月15日日本占领砂拉越 (日治加里曼丹岛由日治加里曼丹岛最高指挥官治理,查尔斯仅为日本扶持的傀儡) | |||||||||||
复任 | 查尔斯·维纳·布鲁克 Charles Vyner Brooke |
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1945年8月15日 - 1946年7月1日 | 在位期间将砂拉越治权交至英国,结束砂拉越王国的统治 | |||||||
在1946年砂拉越成为英属砂拉越直辖殖民地后,原布鲁克家族继承者安东尼·布鲁克曾经试图发动“反让渡运动”以此来抵制英国殖民政府将砂拉越纳为殖民地。而安东尼在砂拉越亦得到了马来人与达雅人的拥戴欲成为下一任白人拉惹。 | |||||||||||
王位觊觎者 | 安东尼·布鲁克 Anthony Brooke |
(王位觊觎者) | 砂拉越王国名义上的继承者,但因1946年其父皇温纳·布鲁克将砂拉越让渡予英国殖民政府成为直辖殖民地。期间曾经支持马来人与当地土著发动砂拉越反让渡运动,但最终1951年退出该反让渡运动而失败告终。2011年3月2日于新西兰逝世。 |
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