对伊斯兰国的军事打击
此条目可参照英语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 (2022年12月21日) |
此条目需要更新。 (2018年12月21日) |
对伊斯兰国的军事打击 | ||||||||
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叙利亚内战、伊拉克内战、利比亚内战、博科圣地叛乱、阿富汗战争、马里北部冲突、马格里布叛乱、北高加索叛乱、摩洛冲突、西奈半岛动乱、反恐战争的一部分 | ||||||||
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参战方 | ||||||||
在叙利亚和伊拉克: 只限于叙利亚: 支援: 军事援助: 人道援助: 俄叙两伊联盟:
当地部队: 伊拉克当地部队: 叙利亚当地部队:
尼日利亚领导的干预: |
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指挥官与领导者 | ||||||||
唐纳德·特朗普(2017年1月-2021年1月) 鲍里斯·约翰逊 (首相;2019-) 亚历山大·德克罗(首相;2020年10月-) 努里·马利基(总理;至2014年9月) 马苏德·巴尔扎尼(至2017年) 阿里·哈梅内伊 弗拉基米尔·普京 纳瓦兹·谢里夫 阿卜杜勒-法塔赫·塞西 穆罕默杜·布哈里 阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·布特弗利卡 阿卜杜勒-马利克·塞拉勒 Ahmed Gaid Salah(武装部队参谋长) |
阿布·易卜拉欣·哈希米·库雷希(首领;2019至今) †
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兵力 | ||||||||
美国; 澳大利亚: 法国: 意大利: 北约: 荷兰:
葡萄牙:
西班牙:
土耳其:
英国:
俄罗斯:
伊朗: 埃及:
卡麦隆:
非洲联盟:
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ISIL:
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伤亡与损失 | ||||||||
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至少28,000名伊拉克和叙利亚平民被伊斯兰国杀害[156][175][176] |
对伊斯兰国的军事打击是指自2014年6月以来,以美国、俄罗斯和世界上多达70多个的国家的多国军事部队为打击伊斯兰国而在伊拉克、叙利亚、阿富汗、埃及、俄罗斯、利比亚、马格里布(北非国境)、尼日利亚等国家境内实施的军事行动。
在此之前伊斯兰国势力快速夺取了伊拉克和叙利亚两地的大片领土,成为2014年上半年迅速崛起的一股武装势力。出于国际社会对其侵犯人权行为的广泛谴责和担忧,以及自身怀疑其势力的崛起可能会进一步加剧中东特别是叙利亚地区的混乱态势,许多国家纷纷出兵介入伊拉克和叙利亚的局势,对伊斯兰国进行监控、干预以及剿灭[181]。
2014年6月中旬伊朗根据美国和英国的情报,开始派遣无人驾驶飞机前往伊拉克。据路透社报导,伊朗士兵在伊拉克与伊斯兰国战斗。同时美国政府派出了少量的部队前往伊拉克,并派遣飞机在伊拉克地区监视伊斯兰国的行踪。
幼发拉底河南岸的全部伊斯兰国据点早在2017年12月17日就被叙利亚政府军攻陷[182],然而,由于叙政府军与叙利亚民主力量之间的协议,由叙利亚民主力量接收的幼发拉底河北岸伊斯兰国势力直至2019年3月末才被完全攻陷。
背景
[编辑]2014年6月,极端伊斯兰圣战组织伊斯兰国由叙利亚入侵伊拉克北部,在短时间内攻陷了伊拉克北部大片地区,控制了叙利亚和伊拉克的大片地区。8月,因应情况恶化,英美联军开始对伊拉克北部的伊斯兰国目标实施空袭,以支援伊拉克对抗伊斯兰国武装分子。[183]
9月11日,奥巴马在对全国电视观众发表的直播讲话中表示,将扩大空袭行动至伊斯兰国控制的叙利亚地区。奥巴马表示任何威胁美国的团伙“都不会有安全的藏身之处”。[184]9月12日,来自巴林、埃及、约旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、阿曼、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯和阿联酋的外长与美国国务卿克里举行会谈后,同意协助美国共同打击“伊斯兰国”。[185]
经过
[编辑]2014年
[编辑]9月22日凌晨,美国与盟国展开对叙利亚境内的伊斯兰国目标的首轮空袭。美军战机和军舰打击了数十个目标。沙特阿拉伯、卡塔尔、约旦、巴林和阿联酋亦有参与或支持空袭行动。[186][187]据报,F-22猛禽亦有参与空袭行动,是次是其自服役以来第一次参与的战斗任务。[188]
9月24日,美国、沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋的战斗机进行新一轮空袭。12座伊斯兰国控制下的炼油厂在空袭中被破坏。“伊斯兰国”过往一直靠黑市交易石油以获得资金。美国此次空袭是为了摧毁为“伊斯兰国”提供资金的相关设施。[189]9月28日和29日,联军再破坏多四个临时炼油厂。[190][191]
同期,由于阿尔及利亚有效忠伊斯兰国的武装组织把其法国人质斩首,法国表示考虑将空袭行动扩大至叙利亚。[192]
10月6日,伊斯兰国攻入被围攻多日的土耳其、叙利亚边境要道科巴尼,伊斯兰国武装份子与叙利亚库尔德人爆发巷战,并占据了制高点。[193]10月8日,美国在科巴尼进行了8次空袭,摧毁了伊斯兰国几辆装甲运兵车、武装车辆及一门火炮。[194]支援科巴尼守军的空袭仍在持续进行中。
截至2014年10月20日,以美国为首的多国部队在叙利亚境内发动了231次空袭。[195]“叙利亚人权观察”在11月22日称联军空袭已造成785名伊斯兰国武装分子、72名努斯拉阵线成员及52名平民丧生。[196]
2015年
[编辑]此条目需要扩充。 (2015年12月30日) |
1月27日,在经过联军多个月来的空袭,伊斯兰国被迫主动撤离科巴尼。库尔德人彻底夺回科巴尼的控制权,结束三个月来的艰苦战斗。[197]
伊斯兰国于2月3日上传约旦飞行员卡萨斯贝被烧死的影片到YouTube。约旦国王阿卜杜拉二世誓言将倾尽全力打击伊斯兰国。2月6日,约旦大幅加强空袭力度,作为针对卡萨斯贝被杀一事的报复行动。[198]在3日内,约旦空军对伊斯兰国发动了56次空袭。主要的空袭目标集中在伊斯兰国在叙利亚的据点拉卡。[199]约旦盟友阿联酋亦派出一支F-16战机中队前往约旦,支持约旦轰炸伊斯兰国的行动。[200]
“叙利亚人权观察”在2015年4月底报告联军在叙利亚的空袭已杀死超过1,922名伊斯兰国武装分子,另造成66名平民丧生。[201]
2016年
[编辑]2016年8月31日,俄罗斯国防部宣布俄罗斯军队的一架苏-34战斗轰炸机在叙利亚阿勒颇省的一次空袭中打死了伊斯兰国的二号人物阿德纳尼,但美国国防部亦宣布美国军队的一架无人机对阿德纳尼进行了“定点清除”行动,美国国防部的一名官员对于俄罗斯宣布击毙阿德纳尼表示:“考虑到俄罗斯在叙利亚行动的性质,这很可笑”。[202]
伊斯兰国崩溃
[编辑]2019年3月23日,伊斯兰国最后据点上巴古斯被叙利亚民主力量攻占,丧失全部实际控制领土。不过打击伊斯兰国的一方亦有误伤亡,4月25日,联合特遣队-坚决行动发表检讨声明称,联军自2014年8月在叙利亚和伊拉克开展打击伊斯兰国行动以来,已造成1291名平民死亡[203]。
后续
[编辑]2022年5月11日,打击伊斯兰国全球联盟年度部长级会议在摩洛哥马拉喀什举行,84个成员国及国际组织的代表参加了此次会议。[204]
国家参与
[编辑]下表总结了每个国家参与针对伊斯兰国的整体国际干预措施。有几个涉及军事行动的国家也提供人道援助。
内容:
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国家 | 于伊拉克境内 | 于叙利亚境内 | 于利比亚境内 | 于尼日利亚境内[205] | 于阿富汗境内 |
阿富汗 | — | — | — | — | |
阿尔巴尼亚 | — | — | — | ||
澳大利亚 | — | — | — | ||
奥地利 | — | — | — | ||
巴林 | — | — | — | — | |
比利时 | — | — | — | ||
波黑 | — | — | — | ||
保加利亚 | — | — | — | ||
喀麦隆 | — | — | — | — | |
加拿大 | — | — | — | ||
乍得 | — | — | — | — | |
哥伦比亚 | — | — | — | [206][207] | — |
克罗地亚 | — | — | — | ||
捷克 | — | — | — | ||
丹麦 | — | — | — | ||
埃及 | — | — | — | — | |
爱沙尼亚 | — | — | — | ||
法国 | [208] | [209] | — | ||
德国 | — | — | |||
希腊 | — | — | — | ||
匈牙利 | — | — | — | ||
印度尼西亚 | — | — | — | ||
伊朗 | — | — | — | ||
伊拉克 | — | — | — | — | |
爱尔兰 | — | — | — | ||
以色列 | — | — | |||
意大利 | — | ||||
日本 | — | — | — | ||
约旦 | [210] | — | — | ||
科威特 | — | — | — | ||
黎巴嫩 | — | — | — | ||
利比亚 | — | — | — | — | |
卢森堡 | — | — | — | ||
摩洛哥 | — | — | — | ||
荷兰 | — | — | — | ||
新西兰 | — | — | — | ||
尼日尔 | — | — | — | — | |
尼日利亚 | — | — | — | — | |
挪威 | — | — | [211] | ||
波兰 | — | — | — | ||
卡塔尔 | — | — | — | — | |
俄罗斯 | — | — | — | — | |
沙特阿拉伯 | — | — | — | — | |
新加坡 | — | — | — | ||
斯洛伐克 | — | — | — | ||
斯洛文尼亚 | — | — | — | ||
韩国 | — | — | — | ||
西班牙 | — | — | — | ||
苏丹 | — | — | — | — | — |
瑞典 | — | — | — | — | |
叙利亚 | — | — | — | ||
中华民国 | — | — | — | ||
北马其顿 | — | — | — | — | |
土耳其 | — | — | — | ||
阿联酋 | — | — | — | — | |
英国 | [212] | [213] | [214] | [215] | [216] |
美国 |
参见
[编辑]参考文献
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Shalamanov does not consider the conflict in Ukraine to be the only short-term threat for Bulgarian national security, which is why our country is sending armaments to the opponents of Islamic State... According to him, the events in northern Iraq and Syria represent a growing risk that threatens our national interests.
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- ^ Libyan forces prepare for last push against Islamic State in Sirte. 31 August 2016 [3 October 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-22) –通过Reuters.
- ^ Algerian army claims killing 22 Isis-inspired Islamists. International Business Times. May 20, 2015 [14 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-10).
- ^ 54.0 54.1 Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS. Associated Press. Fox News. March 8, 2015 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-20).
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- ^ U.S. Airstrike Kills More Than 100 al-Qaida Fighters in Syria. US Department of Defense. 20 January 2017 [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-14).
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- ^ Pentagon: 11 al Qaeda terrorists killed in airstrikes near Idlib, Syria - FDD's Long War Journal. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-01).
- ^ As Caliphate Shrinks, ISIS Expected to Head for the Hills. Middle East Online. 12 January 2017 [14 January 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-10).
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- ^ Boko Haram War Not Yet Over. Leadership. 24 February 2017 [24 February 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017年2月24日).
- ^ France strikes Islamic State group's depot in Iraq. ABC News. [2017-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-02).
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firstUKsortie
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A "small number" of Chinook helicopters would also be sent for "further relief options", the Foreign Office said.
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The first Operational Atlas load was delivered to Op SHADER in Cyprus on 3 Mar - a sign of things to come.
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They will join the 450 British troops already in the country - and will aid counter-terrorism efforts and provide leadership training.
; Better Canals, bigger harvests and more electricity in Bamyan. Department for International Development. 1 February 2016 [2 February 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-17).The UK is a key donor to the Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund (ARTF), which supports reconstruction needs and the delivery of basic services across Afghanistan.