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使用者:Vanished user 1231123/沙盒/TS20

維基百科，自由的百科全書
ReactOS
ReactOS 0.4.4版桌面
開發者ReactOS基金會
程式語言C, C++[1][2]
作業系統家族類Windows作業系統
運作狀態Alpha
源碼模式開放原始碼
首次發布1998年，​26年前​（1998）
當前版本0.4.6 （2017年9月1日，​7年前​（2017-09-01）[3]）
最新預覽0.4.6 RC1 （2017年7月30日，​7年前​（2017-07-30））
市場取向PC
更新方式CD-ROMISO、QEMU鏡像，VirtualBox鏡像, VMware鏡像，或者原始碼更新[4]
支援平台IA-32、x86-64、ARM
內核類別混合核心（為與Windows NT及以上版本兼容而設計）
默認用戶界面圖形用戶界面 （ReactOS Explorer）
許可證GNU GPLv2+以及部分LGPL與BSD許可證
官方網站www.reactos.org
ReactOS 0.3運行Firefox網頁瀏覽器
ReactOS 0.3.1桌面：左側為開始菜單右側為ReactOS的文件管理器
ReactOS（v0.4.0及以上版本）的新版外殼

ReactOS是一個為x86/x64架構的個人電腦開發與Windows Server 2003二進制兼容（英語：binary code compatibility）的程序與驅動程序的自由及開放原始碼的作業系統。[5]

Windows 95復刻版（英語：clone (computing)）計劃於1996年開始，於1998年化為ReactOS繼續發展並擁有新版本Windows的新功能。ReactOS一直認為是潛在的Windows和其他未被記錄的Windows API[6]開源版替代品（英語：clone (computing)）[7][8][9]。正如先前ReactOS官方網頁上所寫：

截至2017年9月 (2017-09)，ReactOS仍處於Alpha版本。雖然一些特性還未完成，但許多Windows應用已可運行（Adobe Reader 6.0、OpenOffice等[11]）[12] ，所以開發者只建議將ReactOS用於評估和測試用途。[13][14]

ReactOS主要由C寫成，如文件管理器在內的其他元素用C++寫成。此項目一部分補充了Windows API的功能且被移植到了AMD64指令集架構上。[15]作為自由和開源軟體生態系統的一部分，ReactOS重新使用並與其他很多自由和開源軟體[16][17]，尤其是在類Unix系統上開發出Windows兼容層的Wine。

歷史

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早期發展

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大約在1996年，一組自由及開放原始碼軟體的開發者開始了一項名為FreeWin95的項目，旨在實現一個Windows 95的復刻版（英語：clone (computing)）作業系統。這個項目當時只停留在關於系統實現的討論上。

雖然人們都翹首以盼FreeWin95的發布，但是到1997年末開發者團隊都沒有向公眾發布任何版本。結果由傑森·費爾比（英文：Jason Filby）所帶領的團隊加入到了其中挽救這一項目。新項目的目標是複製Windows NT的功能性。[18]在創建這一新項目的過程中，開發者團隊選取了ReactOS這一名字。ReactOS團隊於1992年2月開始進行新NT內核和基礎驅動的開發。[19]ReactOS這一名稱是在開發者的一次IRC聊天的時候想出來的。「OS」代表作業系統（Operating System），「React」則是對微軟的壟斷地位（英語：Microsoft litigation）做出的回應與內心的不滿。[8]

Ekush OS分支

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在2004年，ReactOS團隊發現了有人將ReactOS以Ekush OS的名義分發，進而發現了對GPL協議發布的ReactOS代碼（和其他FOSS代碼）的盜版行為。[20][21][22]網站隨後變得不可用。

內部審核

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為了防止版權訴訟，ReactOS的代碼必須完全與Windows的代碼不同，且ReactOS不能為Windows的衍生作品，此項工作需要進行得極其細緻。[23] 2006年2月17日，前ReactOS開發者哈特穆特·博爾（Hartmut Birr）在郵件列表（英語：mailing list）（ros-dev）上稱ReactOS包含了源於反編譯Microsoft Windows得到的代碼。[24]博爾所爭論的代碼包含了在syscall.S中的函數BadStack[25]和其他未指明的代碼。[26]對比從Windows XP反編譯得到的庫得出的結果，博爾發現這兩份BadStack函數完全相同，而ReactOS團隊只是做了簡簡單單的複製粘貼。這段代碼的作者亞歷克斯·約內斯庫（英文：Alex Ionescu）宣稱尚存疑的Windows XP庫的確經過了反編譯和研究，但這段代碼並不完全是複製粘貼的，而是重新實現過的；約內斯庫又提出之所以兩個函數完全一致，是因為只有一種方法能實現此函數。[27]

2006年2月27日，ReactOS的開發者在進行了一次討論關於對ReactOS指控的會議後禁止了公眾對代碼庫的訪問。當NewsForge（英語：Geeknet）對微軟進行採訪的時候，微軟拒絕對此事件作出評論。由於ReactOS是一個自由及開放原始碼軟體項目，此舉導致了自由軟體社群的負面反應；其中，尤其是Wine禁止非活躍開發者對Wine做出貢獻的行為[28]。Wine與ReactOS的正式的高級合作也變得舉步維艱。截至2006年 (2006-Missing required parameter 1=month!)[29]，來自多個ReactOS的活躍開發者的代碼提交都進行了定期審核，兩個項目之間的低層次的代碼修複合作仍在進行。

ReactOS網站上的陳述引用了對於淨室反向工程造成了衝突的原因的多個不相同的司法定義。[30]包括美國在內的一些國家要求基於反編譯後的代碼進行重新實現的代碼必須由非反編譯者進行改寫，[31][32]而其他國家要求反編譯者和改寫代碼者為同一人。所以ReactOS宣稱其智慧財產權政策聲明符合美國法規在淨室反向工程上的要求。ReactOS團隊進行了一次內部代碼審計，確保僅使用了淨室反向工程所得的代碼，而所有開發者被強制要求籤署遵守項目中有關反向工程的政策。[29] 但為ReactOS添磚加瓦的貢獻者並沒有受到這些事件的影響，隨後所有的軟體開發工具都在短期內恢復。2007年9月，代碼審計臨近完成，ReactOS首頁上的代碼審計狀態也被移除。雖然代碼審計被完成了，但是具體的細節並未向公眾開放，這項任務僅僅是為了確保項目遵守了項目本身的規章制度所做出的內部努力。[33]

許多依其申述為複製粘貼得來的彙編碼隨著項目的發展與可移植性的原因被開發者使用C語言重新實現。[來源請求]

同時，2004年的Windows原始碼洩露（英語：source code leak）事件[34]並未認為是ReactOS的法律風險。因為微軟的商業機密被廣泛傳播，所以商業機密這一說法在法庭上是站不住腳的。[35]

參與Google編程之夏

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自2006年以來[36]，ReactOS項目就參與了多次Google編程之夏。例如在Google編程之夏2011中[37]，ReactOS團隊輔導了一個學生項目將lwIP整合進網絡堆疊中。[38]ReactOS團隊在2006年、2011年、2016年、2017年共計參加了四次編程之夏。

公眾演示

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ReactOS項目協調者阿列克謝·布拉金（左）向維克多·阿爾克斯尼（英語：Viktor Alksnis）展示ReactOS
開發人員向俄羅斯總理德米特里·阿納托利耶維奇·梅德韋傑夫 （左）展示ReactOS

ReactOS作業系統的演示主要向俄羅斯政治人物進行。2007年，維克多·阿爾克斯尼（英語：Viktor Alksnis）接見了項目的協調者阿列克謝·布拉金（英文：Aleksey Bragin），布拉金向阿爾克尼斯展示在ReactOS上運行Total Commander與Mozilla Firefox。[39]2011年，開發者團隊的一員當時任俄羅斯總統德米特里·梅德韋傑夫訪問斯塔夫羅波爾伏內魯思科的一個高中時向梅德韋傑夫展示了ReactOS。[40]

2012年7月31日，時任俄羅斯總統弗拉基米爾·普京訪問謝利格爾青年論壇（英語：Seliger (forum)）時，ReactOS開發者之一馬拉·卡拉多芬（英文：Marat Karatov）向普京展示了ReactOS。[41]

融資活動

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2012年5月1日，一項目標用30000歐元支持ReactOS團隊的額外開發項目的融資活動開始舉行。[42][43]截止年末，ReactOS團隊達到了大約50%的融資目標，他們決定無限期繼續此項融資活動。[44]融得的資金隨後流向ReactOS德國e.V。由於在德國的稅法（英語：tax law）中，經民事登記過的協會（註冊機構（英語：Eingetragener Verein））無法使資金直接流向開發者[45]，諸如ReactOS團隊評估了發放薪俸（英語：stipend）等間接方式。

釷核雲端桌面項目（Thorium Core Cloud Desktop）

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2013年6月，ReactOS項目被評為SourceForge本月最佳項目，同時在與項目的協調者阿列克謝·布拉金會談的時候，ReactOS團隊宣布將於Kickstarter上舉行一次群眾募資活動。[46]2013年12月23日，在Kickstarter上宣布了目標為120000美元的募資項目後，此項目開始生根發芽。[47][48]釷核雲端桌面項目自稱其會使用ReactOS作為雲計算的核心並允許在行動裝置（比如智慧型手機與平板電腦）、工作站或其他相連的設備上使用與Windows相兼容的應用程式。2014年2月21日，目標為120000美元的募資活動僅僅收到了48965美元，導致沒有轉帳進入開發者的帳戶。[49]

ReactOS社區版

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2014年4月，ReactOS項目在Indiegogo宣布了啟動基於ReactOS 0.4版的社區版項目。這項靈活的集資活動將目標定為50000美元，此外還有一些額外的延伸目標。[50]ReactOS社區版的開發以社群為中心，ReactOS用戶得以選擇這一項目應支持哪些軟體和硬體驅動。[51][52]2014年6月1日，這一在Indiegogo上進行的靈活募資活動獲得了25141美元的捐款，[53][54]投票支持硬體和軟體的工作很快開始。[55]

ReactOS黑客節2015

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ReactOS的首次列印

ReactOS項目在2015年8月7日至12日於德國城市亞琛組織了一次黑客節。[56][57][58]團隊宣稱黑客節取得了成功，它向ReactOS增添了許多的功能與特性。

發布歷史

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系統版本 發布日期 發布信息
舊版本，不再支援： 0.2.0 2004年1月25日 第一個運行GUI的發布版本
舊版本，不再支援： 0.2.1 2004-03-03 漏洞修復
舊版本，不再支援： 0.2.2 2004-04-27 漏洞修復
舊版本，不再支援： 0.2.3 2004-06-26 全新的LiveCD鏡像，增強了內核和win32k的穩定性，對網絡、外殼、命令提示符以及硬體驅動進行了優化
舊版本，不再支援： 0.2.4 2004-09-13 與Wine進行了代碼同步、修復編譯器以及清除文件頭
舊版本，不再支援： 0.2.5 2005-01-02 從WINE中導入了記事本，並添加了日期/時間應用
舊版本，不再支援： 0.2.6 2005-04-09 添加對NVIDIA OpenGL硬體加速的支持， 創建生成系統調用資料庫文件的NCITool
舊版本，不再支援： 0.2.7 2005-08-21 全新的命令提示符、我的電腦和ReactOS圖標，改進了安裝程序第一階段的外觀
舊版本，不再支援： 0.2.8 2005-10-29 檢測VMWare，重寫CSRSS
舊版本，不再支援： 0.2.9 2005-12-22 漏洞修復
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.0 2006-08-27 第一個支持網絡的官方版本
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.1 2007-03-10 包含了程序管理器，開始重寫內核
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.2 跳過 建立了這個分支但從沒有發布
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.3 2007-09-12 內核和Win32k改進
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.4 2008-01-22 重寫支持了註冊表、遠程桌面以及即插即用
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.5 2008-06-30 漏洞修復
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.6 2008-08-06 支持RTL
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.7 2008-11-04 改善x86-64；MSVC，新棧
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.8 2009-02-04 在LiveCD中引入了PSEH和多分區HDD模式支持
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.9 2009-04-26 24MB的最小RAM，加快了hyperspace(超級空間)映射，開始支持音效
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.10 2009-07-05 開始支持SATA，USB鍵盤/滑鼠支持，畫圖的複製，開始支持MSVC.[59][60]
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.11 2009-12-16 重寫kdcom；中文/韓文字體; 兼容性更新；聲音系統改良
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.12 2010-10-20 重寫自陷處理程序；重寫定時器和消息處理，支持NMI；支持SxS（英語：Side-by-side assembly）；部分支持EMS[61]
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.13 2011-03-22 重寫堆管理器；改善了對SATA的支持，修復了圖形界面的問題[62]
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.14 2012-02-07 預設啟用ACPI，WiFi支援（包含未加密的與WEP），主題支援，新的TCP/IP驅動程式，MSVC相容性改進，支援Scatter/GatherDMA操作，shell32重寫[63]
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.15 2013-05-30 對於滑鼠，鍵盤和存儲設備的USB支持、工作階段管理重寫、跟隨著較新UniATA驅動程式的AHCI支援、ReactOS記憶體管理模組已經取代了幾乎所有其他的記憶體管理功能、使用WinDbg對ReactOS組件進行除錯的初步支援、基於從AutoHotkey應用程式測試套件處所得的結果進行了改進、對數個附帶的驅動程式以驅動程式驗證器執行後的結果進行了錯誤修復[64]
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.16 2014-02-06 重寫CSRSS，主題支持改善，RTL8139的網卡驅動程序, 讓ReactOS的支持較新版本的QEMU的開箱即用[65]
舊版本，不再支援： 0.3.17 2014-11-05 引入了 NTVDM，改善字體，漏洞修復[66]
舊版本，不再支援： 0.4.0 2016-02-16 對USB更好的支持，完全實現了新的資源管理器，改善了網絡以及用戶友好的wifi設置，更好的音效支持
舊版本，不再支援： 0.4.1 2016-05-17[67] 改進活化上下文（Activation Context）、外殼、對Btrfs的支持，修復USB的漏洞，增加對虛擬機共用文件夾的支持
舊版本，不再支援： 0.4.2 2016-08-16[68] 增加了對Btrfs、延伸檔案系統、ReiserFS和UFS/FFS的支持，引入了對.NET框架2.0和4.0版的支持，對外殼進行了修補與改進
舊版本，不再支援： 0.4.3 2016-11-16[69] 全新的Winsock庫，對初始段的支持以及漏洞修復
舊版本，不再支援： 0.4.4 2017-02-16[70] 最初版列印堆疊支持，微小的字體修復，日常改進與修復
舊版本，不再支援： 0.4.5 2017-05-18[71] 改善了字體渲染和字體度量標準，重要內核和驅動修復，支持Microsoft Office 2010
當前版本： 0.4.6 2017-09-01[72] 修復了多個多重引導的問題，改善對主題的支持，添加了NFS的驅動，對內核與文件系統的幾個問題進行了修復
格式：
舊版本
舊版本，仍被支援
當前版本
最新的預覽版
未來版本

開發

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ReactOS核心開發

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ReactOS主要由C語言寫成，內含有由C++寫成的其他元素，比如ReactOS Explorer與音效棧。項目同時使用MinGW和Microsoft Visual Studio進行編譯，並通過向其功能元素提交補丁的方式為其構建系統做出貢獻。[73]

The developers aim to make the kernel and usermode APIs more compatible with Windows NT version 5.2 (Windows Server 2003) and to add support for more applications and hardware with plans to target newer versions of Windows as development matures.[74] DirectX support is undertaken through ReactX, an in-house implementation. 2D hardware-accelerated rendering is done natively, while other drawing functionality is redirected to OpenGL as a stopgap solution.[15]

The development progress is influenced by the size of the development team and the level of experience among them. As an estimate of the effort required to implement Windows 7, Microsoft employed 1,000 or so developers, organized into 25 teams, with each team averaging 40 developers.[75] 截至2011年9月2日 (2011-09-02), in the ReactOS entry in Ohloh（英語：Ohloh）, the page followed through the "Very large, active development team" link lists 33 developers who have contributed over a 12-month period and a cumulative total of 104 present and former users who have contributed code to the project via Subversion since its inception.[76] In his presentation at Hackmeeting 2009 in Milan, ReactOS developer Michele C. noted that most of the developers learn about Windows architecture while working on ReactOS and have no prior knowledge.[77]

While ReactOS targets currently mainly the x86/AMD64 PC platform,[78] an effort to port to the ARM architecture was at one point "under way",[15] while it didn't produce much functionality and was abandoned.[79] Support for the Xbox, a variant IA-32 architecture, was added through the use of an architecture-specific HAL,[77] although this, along with a port to PowerPC, are no longer actively maintained.[13]

Collaboration and reuse

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While ReactOS has the aim to build a Windows-compatible kernel as open-source software, much of the surrounding required functionality to create a complete OS is already available in the greater open-source ecosystem. When available and possible, ReactOS therefore builds on and collaborates with already existing open-source projects.[17] Conversely, projects like Wine,[16] former Captive NTFS（英語：Captive NTFS）,[80] and Longene re-use the open-source ReactOS code-base as well.[81]

Hardware driver stack

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On the hardware driver side, for instance the UniATA project provides Serial ATA drivers for ReactOS.[14][82] The project has also experimented with using the FullFAT library in its rewrite of its FAT Installable File System（英語：Installable File System）.[83] ReactOS makes use of the USB stack from Haiku both as a reference and as a foundation for its USB support.[84][85] Mesa 3D provides OpenGL rendering.[14][73]

Networking

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ReactOS's network stack is built on the TCP portion of OSKit's port of the network stack in FreeBSD, along with an internally developed implementation for packet-oriented protocols like IP.[86] Later, lwIP was integrated into the ReactOS's network stack.[38] Windows network services like LSASS, SAM（英語：Security Account Manager）, NETLOGON, and print spooling are already available as open-source alternative by the Samba/Samba TNG project. A fork of rdesktop（英語：rdesktop） is used as an implementation of a client software for Microsoft's proprietary Remote Desktop Protocol.

Wine cooperation

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A simplified architecture diagram of ReactOS, with Wine dependencies indicated with the Wine logo. White boxes denote third party binary software. Green boxes are "userland" components, red are kernel components.

The ReactOS and the Wine projects share the goal to run binary Windows software natively and can share therefore many dependencies and development.[16][87] ReactOS uses portions of the Wine project so that it can benefit from Wine's progress in implementing the Win32 API.[87] While Wine's NTDLL, USER32（英語：USER32）, KERNEL32, GDI32, and ADVAPI32 components cannot be used directly by ReactOS due to architectural differences, code snippets of them and other parts can be shared between both projects. The kernel is developed by ReactOS separately as Wine relies here on existing Unix-like kernels.[73][77]

Separately, the experimental Arwinss branch was created as an alternative means to improve USER32 and GDI32 support through an alternative implementation of the Win32 API. Whereas ReactOS's original Win32 subsystem was closely modeled after its equivalent in Windows, Arwinss combines the architecture of that subsystem with the corresponding implementation in Wine. To this end, Arwinss uses Wine's GDI32 and USER32 libraries with few changes to take fuller advantage of Wine's existing software compatibility. Arwinss also allows the user to optionally use a remote X server instead of a local display.[88]

Other

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The Tango Desktop Project initiative provides open-source design guidelines and resources (as icons) for applications on desktop environments. FreeType is an open-source software development library, used to render text on to bitmaps and provides support for other font-related operations.[14] The KernelEx project is an Windows-API extension and compatibility layer project, which provides open-source implementations of some Windows-APIs.[89] Other contributing projects are MinGW, SYSLINUX, adns（英語：adns）, ICU（英語：International Components for Unicode）, GraphApp, Ext2, GNU FreeFont, DejaVu fonts, and Liberation fonts.[90][91][92]

分支

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偶爾會出現基於ReactOS的分支：

  • Ekush OS（2004）[20][21][22]
  • ReactOS伺服器版[93][94]
  • OpenROS（2013）[95]
  • FusionOS（2013）[96]
  • ReactOS NG（2015）—著力於與Windows 8的兼容性[97]
  • Greentea OS（2016）—著力於加速和簡化開發流程[98]

Reception

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Various people have acknowledged ReactOS and the implications of having a viable open-source drop-in replacement（英語：clone (computing)） for Windows.[8] A 2004 article and interview of the German weekly magazine Der Spiegel describes ReactOS as directed at Windows users who want to renounce use of proprietary commercial software without having to switch to Linux.[8] DistroWatch, a Linux distribution's monitoring website, lists also ReactOS and describes it as "a free and open-source operating system based on the best design principles found in the Windows NT architecture.".[99]

In his column for Free Software Magazine（英語：Free Software Magazine）, David Sugar noted in 2006 that ReactOS would allow the use of applications depending on older versions of Windows whose APIs have been deprecated. He also recognized its potential to expand the total deployed base of free software, and as a resource for developers wanting to know undocumented（英語：undocumented feature） Windows APIs in the course of writing portable applications.[6] PC Magazine columnist John C. Dvorak（英語：John C. Dvorak） remarked in 2008 that the Windows NT architecture had remained largely unchanged, making it an ideal candidate for cloning, and believed that ReactOS could be "a bigger threat than Linux to Microsoft's dominance".[9] In response to Dvorak's column, ZDNet technology journalist Dana Blankenhorn noted in 2008 that a lack of corporate sponsors and partners had rendered the project harmless to Microsoft.[100][101] Echoing this, Thom Holwerda of OSNews（英語：OSNews） in 2009 categorized ReactOS under a family of hobby operating systems maintained only by small groups of developers working in their spare time, lacking the financial support of more mainstream operating systems and the legacy of formerly mainstream ones such as RISC OS.[102]

In October 2015, a Network World review of ReactOS v0.3.17 noted impressed "It's just like running Windows 2000" and praised the extension by an application package manager, a feature the original Windows is missing.[103]

Awards

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The ReactOS Project won on the annual Seliger Youth Forum（英語：Seliger (forum)） "The Best Presentation" award with 100,000 Russian rubles (≈US$2700) in 2011, attended by Alexander Rechitskiy, one of the development team members.[104]

ReactOS was a featured project on SourceForge for the week beginning 27 February 2012, and 25 April 2013[105] along with several others. It was Project of the Month on Sourceforge for June 2013.[106]

In 2015, ReactOS was named by the Russian Ministry of Communications as support-worthy "client operating system / Server Operating System" alternative,[107][108] for its potential in reducing Russia's dependency from proprietary software imports.[7][109]

See also

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  • Binary code compatibility（英語：Binary code compatibility）
  • coLinux, a project allowing Microsoft Windows and the Linux kernel to run simultaneously in parallel on the same machine
  • FreeDOS, a clone of MS-DOS
  • Longene, a hybrid operating system kernel intended to be binary-compatible with both the Microsoft Windows and Linux ecosystem
  • NDISwrapper（英語：NDISwrapper）, a recreation of Windows NT kernel parts inside the Linux Kernel to allow the use of Windows drivers in Linux
  • Wine, compatibility layer which runs Microsoft Windows applications on Unix-like operating systems

References

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  1. ^ ReactOS on Open Hub. openhub.net. Black Duck Open Hub. [2014-10-24]. 
  2. ^ ReactOS on GitHub. github.com. GitHub. [2014-10-24]. 
  3. ^ ReactOS 0.4.6 released. ReactOS Project. ReactOS Foundation. 2017-09-01 [2017-09-01]. 
  4. ^ Download | ReactOS Project. www.reactos.org. [2017-07-28]. 
  5. ^ ReactOS Targets Windows 2003, Vista on OSNews（英語：OSNews） posted by Thom Holwerda (March 2009)
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Sugar, David. A reaction to ReactOS. Free Software Magazine（英語：Free Software Magazine）. 2006-01-31 [2009-12-11]. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Russland-erklaert-ReactOS-zu-favorisierter-Windows-Alternative on heise online（英語：heise online） by Louis-F. Stahl (23 June 2015, in German)
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Sixtus, Von Mario. ReactOS: Das Nicht-Windows. Spiegel Online. 2004-02-20 [2009-12-11] （German）. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Dvorak, John C. What A New OS Needs. PC Magazine. 2008-04-04 [2009-12-11]. 
  10. ^ Frontpage. ReactOS Web-page. ReactOS Foundation. [2013-06-23]. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-20）. 
  11. ^ Thom Holwerda. ReactOS Gets OpenOffice.org 2 Support; New Release Plans. OSNews（英語：OSNews）. 2007-11-14. 
  12. ^ Tests_for_0.4.4 on reactos.org (February 2017)
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Kupfer, Matthias; Bragin, Aleksey. ReactOS - Das zu Windows binärkompatible Open-Source-Betriebssystem. Chemnitzer Linux-Tage. Chemnitz, Germany. 2010-03-14 [2010-03-15] （German）. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Royal, Simon. ReactOS: A Windows Compatible Alternative OS. lowendmac.com. 2014-02-16 [2016-01-10]. While the main core of ReactOS is built from scratch, it has some dependencies on existing software and protocols. It uses parts of Wine, networking in the form of lwIP, USB from Haiku, as well as FreeType, Mesa3D, and UniATA. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Holwerda, Thom. ReactOS: Looking Back Upon 2008. OSNews（英語：OSNews）. 2009-01-17 [2009-12-10]. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Vincent, Brian. Interview with Steven Edwards. winehq.com. 2004-05-15 [2016-01-06]. BV: Wine and ReactOS have had a mutually beneficial relationship. Is there anything Wine could do different that would help ReactOS development?[...] BV: You guys have certainly contributed a lot of your work back to Wine, including some of the utilities you've written. For instance, the task manager was recently ported from ReactOS. Do you guys have any plans in the works for developing more tools? Steven: I really want to see a solitaire clone make it in to Wine and ReactOS.[...] At some point we are going to have to develop replacement components for everything in Windows so if there is a program that Wine needs and ReactOS implements it then I will try to make sure it's released under a compatible license. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 ReactOS gets USB Stack, with Help from Us. Haiku. 2012-02-20 [2016-01-02]. The ReactOS and Haiku projects have had a friendly working relationship for several years now, with each group helping the other whenever possible. 
  18. ^ Interview with Jason Filby from the ReactOS Project on OSNews（英語：OSNews） by Eugenia Loli on 16 October 2001
  19. ^ Loschwitz, Martin, Projects on the Move (pdf), Linux Magazine（英語：Linux Magazine）, March 2004: 87 [2009-11-18] 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Ekush Emulator And its License Pains on OSNews（英語：OSNews） by Eugenia Loli (10 November 2004)
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Ekush OS – stolen source code/copyright violation (archived 2004)
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 EKUSH The Next Generation Operating System on akshor.com (archived 2004)
  23. ^ Hancock, Terry. What if copyright didn't apply to binary executables?. Free Software Magazine（英語：Free Software Magazine）. 2008-08-29 [2016-01-25]. ReactOS aims to run actual Windows binary executable programs. This means that ReactOS must implement the entire Windows environment. Functions must do exactly what their Windows counterparts would do. In other words, like our notional parallel stew recipes, ReactOS and Windows should be functionally identical. In order to avoid copyright prosecution, though, ReactOS must be expressly completely distinct and non-derivative from Windows. This is a careful tightrope walk! ReactOS is a free, clean room re-implemented drop-in replacement for WindowsReactOS is a free, clean room re-implemented drop-in replacement for Windows So, consider this, especially regarding extremely simple library calls: is it legal for ReactOS to produce identical binary code to Windows? 
  24. ^ Birr, Hartmut. Bye bye. ros-dev (郵件列表). 2006-01-18 [2009-01-03]. 
  25. ^ BadStack in syscall.S. ReactOS. 2006-01-17 [2009-11-16]. 
  26. ^ Birr, Hartmut. Bye bye. ros-dev (郵件列表). 2006-01-18 [2009-11-16]. 
  27. ^ Ionescu, Alex. Bye bye. ros-dev (郵件列表). 2006-01-18 [2009-11-16]. 
  28. ^ Vincent, Brian. Interview with Steven Edwards. winehq.com. 2004-05-25 [2013-06-23]. BV: You guys have certainly contributed a lot of your work back to Wine, including some of the utilities you've written. For instance, the task manager was recently ported from ReactOS. 
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Feller, Stephen. ReactOS suspends development for source code review. Linux.com. 2006-02-01 [2009-12-10]. 
  30. ^ Reset, Reboot, Restart, legal issues and the long road to 0.3 on reactos.org by Steven Edwards (27 January 2006)
  31. ^ Schwartz, Mathew. Reverse-Engineering. computerworld.com. 2001-11-12 [2013-06-23]. To protect against charges of having simply (and illegally) copied IBM's BIOS, Phoenix reverse-engineered it using what's called a "clean room," or "Chinese wall," approach. First, a team of engineers studied the IBM BIOS—about 8KB of code—and described everything it did as completely as possible without using or referencing any actual code. Then Phoenix brought in a second team of programmers who had no prior knowledge of the IBM BIOS and had never seen its code. Working only from the first team's functional specifications, the second team wrote a new BIOS that operated as specified. 
  32. ^ Hogle, Sean. Clean Room Defeats Software Infringement Claim in US Federal Court. 2008-10-23 [2013-05-23]. [...] dirty room reverse engineering should be done in conjunction with clean room development by using two physically and electronically isolated teams where one team does dirty room reverse engineering and the other does clean room development. If a dirty room team exists, the clean room engineers can write a description of the portion of the specification that needs elaboration or clarification. The dirty room engineers then use that request to create additional functional specifications or tests. 
  33. ^ Bragin, Aleksey. Audit. ros-dev (郵件列表). 2007-09-18 [2009-01-03]. 
  34. ^ Windows Code May Be Stolen on PC World by Joris Evers (February 2004)
  35. ^ Reset, Reboot, Restart, legal issues and the long road to 0.3 "Now as for the issue of leaked source code, I want to try to put all fears to rest. We don't know what the legal ramifications are for someone downloading and having leaked code, as the party that maintains copyright ownership of that code might still try to claim Trade Secrecy on information contained in the sources in a court of law. It is our point of view that the source code leaks of Windows have been spread to a broad enough audience that it would be impossible to claim the product is still under Trade Secrecy." on reactos.org by Steven Edwards (27 January 2006)
  36. ^ Google Summer of Code 2006. This is a page lists the students and organizations that participated in the Google Summer of Code 2006 program. [...] ReactOS 
  37. ^ TCP/IP driver replacement for ReactOS, using lwIP. Google. [August 9, 2011]. 
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 Gutman, Cameron. ReactOS is now using lwIP for TCP. lwip-devel (郵件列表). 2011-08-07 [2011-08-09]. 
  39. ^ Alksnis, Viktor. Виктор Имантович Алкснис – Знакомство с проектом ReactOS. 2007-06-06 [2009-12-11] （russian）. 
  40. ^ Russian President Medvedev asked to fund Windows clone. BBC News. 2011-09-13 [2011-09-15]. 
  41. ^ Z98. ReactOS Presented to President Putin. ReactOS News. 2012-08-05 [2013-06-23]. 
  42. ^ Oliver Diedrich. ReactOS: Spenden gesucht. heise.de（英語：heise.de）. 2012-05-03 （German）. 
  43. ^ A personal appeal from ReactOS Project Coordinator Aleksey Bragin, accessed on 15 April 2013
  44. ^ Spenderliste 24 December 2012, accessed on 15 April 2013 (in German)
  45. ^ January 2013 Meeting Minutes. 2013-02-07 [2013-06-19]. （原始內容存檔於2013-04-03）. Late last year the German foundation learned that the contracts it was issuing for developers might not be compliant with German regulations involving non-profits. Due to this, the German foundation needed to temporarily halt payment to developers and consult with tax attorneys to determine how to proceed in a compliant manner. 
  46. ^ Sourceforge POTM June 2013. Sourceforge.com. 2013-06-17 [2013-06-17]. Well I don’t want to spread too many rumors, but I can say that we do have something in the works. If all goes well, it’s going to be announced within a week. While I cannot go into too many details, I can say that it involves Kickstarter and what we believe to be a viable commercial product based off of ReactOS. 
  47. ^ ReactOS Wants To Bring Open-Source Windows To The Cloud on Phoronix by Michael Larabel (22 January 2014)
  48. ^ Oliver Diedrich. ReactOS: Freier Windows-Klon braucht Unterstützung]. heise.de（英語：heise.de）. 2014-01-21 （German）. 
  49. ^ Aleksey Bragin/Steven Edwards. Thorium Core Cloud Desktop. Kickstarter.com. 2013-12-23 [2014-04-08]. 
  50. ^ Torsten Kleinz. XP ist tot, es lebe Windows [XP is dead, long live Windows]. Die Zeit. 2014-04-08 （German）. 
  51. ^ ReactOS Working On A Community Windows OS on Phoronix by Michael Larabel (19 April 2014)
  52. ^ Silviu Stahie. ReactOS goes to Indiegogo, will run Windows apps natively. softpedia.com. 2014-04-04 [2014-04-08]. 
  53. ^ Hoffman, Chris. Why prominent 'hobbyist' operating systems face an existential crisis. PCWorld. 2014-11-14 [2015-12-29]. ReactOS raised more than $25,000 in an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign earlier in 2014, for the development of a community edition of the operating system. 
  54. ^ reactos-community-edition on Indiegogo (1 June 2014)
  55. ^ ReactOS: Große Fortschritte und Stipendien für Entwickler beim freien Windows-Nachbau on heise.de（英語：heise.de） by Louis-F. Stahl (2 October 2014, in German)
  56. ^ Russland-erklaert-ReactOS-zu-favorisierter-Windows-Alternative on heise online（英語：heise online） by Louis-F. Stahl "Einen weiteren Schub in der Entwicklung erhofft sich die ReactOS-Community vom ersten ReactOS Hackfest, das vom 7. bis zum 12. August 2015 in Aachen stattfindet." (23 June 2015, in German)
  57. ^ Russland macht ReactOS zu bevorzugter Windows-Alternative on Der Standard "Von 7. bis 12. August lädt die Entwicklergemeinde in Deutschland zum ersten ReactOS-Hackfest, das in Aachen über die Bühne gehen wird." (24 June 2015, in German)
  58. ^ ReactOS Hackfest 2015 from reactos.com (accessed 2015)
  59. ^ ReactOS 0.3.10. OS Revolution. [2009-12-09]. 
  60. ^ Holwerda, Thom. ReactOS 0.3.10 Released. OSNews. 2009-07-06 [2009-12-09]. 
  61. ^ Holwerda, Thom. ReactOS 0.3.12 Released. OSNews. 2010-10-20 [2010-11-08]. 
  62. ^ 0.3.13 - ReactOS, Reactos.org, [2014-02-10] 
  63. ^ 0.3.14 - ReactOS, Reactos.org, [2014-02-10] 
  64. ^ 0.3.15 - ReactOS, Reactos.org, [2014-02-10] 
  65. ^ ReactOS 0.3.16 Released, Reactos.org, [2014-02-10] 
  66. ^ ReactOS 0.3.17 Released, Reactos.org, [2014-11-05] 
  67. ^ ReactOS 0.4.1 Released, Reactos.org, [2016-05-17] 
  68. ^ ReactOS 0.4.2, Reactos.org, [2016-08-16] 
  69. ^ ReactOS 0.4.3, Reactos.org, [2016-11-16] 
  70. ^ ReactOS 0.4.4, Reactos.org, [2017-02-16] 
  71. ^ ReactOS 0.4.5 Released, Reactos.org, [2017-05-19] 
  72. ^ ReactOS 0.4.6 Released, Reactos.org, [2017-05-19] 
  73. ^ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Ionescu, Alex. The ReactOS Project – An Open Source OS Platform for Learning (PDF) (演講). University of Waterloo, Canada. 2006-02-26 [2009-12-10]. 
  74. ^ ReactOS versioning. ReactOS. [2015-03-07]. 
  75. ^ Sinovsky, Steven. The Windows 7 Team. Engineering Windows 7, MSDN. 2008-08-18 [2009-12-09]. 
  76. ^ ReactOS. Ohloh. [2011-09-02]. 
  77. ^ 77.0 77.1 77.2 C., Michele. ReactOS is (not) Windows. Hackmeeting 2009. Milan. 2009-06-19. 
  78. ^ Installing. ReactOS. 2014-01-20 [2014-02-10]. 
  79. ^ https://www.reactos.org/wiki/ReactOS_ports
  80. ^ Captive: NTFS Read/Write Filesystem Addon for Linux on OSNews（英語：OSNews） by Eugenia Loli "They are using WINE and ReactOS code to emulate parts of Windows environment needed to make the driver work." (4 December 2003)
  81. ^ Linux unified kernel 0.2.4.1 "The LUK project does not develop the Windows and the Linux userland libraries. Those libraries are offered by the Wine (or Microsoft Windows/ReactOS) project and the Linux project."
  82. ^ Universal ATA/SATA/AHCI driver for Windows NT3.51/NT4/2000/XP/2003/7. Alter.org.ua. [2014-02-10]. 
  83. ^ Walmsley, James. Features - Portability. 2009 [2010-02-19]. 
  84. ^ ReactOS gets USB stack with Haiku's help on OSNews（英語：OSNews） by Thom Holwerda
  85. ^ ReactOS gets USB Stack, with Help from Us. Haiku. 2012-02-20 [2012-03-02]. 
  86. ^ An interview with Art Yerkes, Network Developer for the ReactOS Project. Network Performance Daily. 2007-03-28 [2010-02-22]. 
  87. ^ 87.0 87.1 Acknowledgements. Wine. [2009-11-15]. 
  88. ^ Holwerda, Thom. ReactOS Proposes Radical New Win32 Subsystem. OSNews（英語：OSNews）. 2010-01-18 [2010-01-18]. 
  89. ^ kernelex on sourceforge.net
  90. ^ Third party libraries - ReactOS. www.reactos.org. [2015-01-08]. 
  91. ^ FishEye: Annotated - reactos/trunk/reactos/media/doc/3rd Party Files.txt. code.reactos.org. [2015-01-08]. 
  92. ^ [reactos] Contents of /trunk/reactos/dll/win32/syssetup/syssetup.rc. svn.reactos.org. [2015-01-08]. 
  93. ^ ReactOS Server – Sourceforge
  94. ^ ReactOS Server Edition
  95. ^ OpenROS – Sourceforge
  96. ^ Fusion Operating System – Sourceforge
  97. ^ ReactOS NG – GitHub
  98. ^ Greentea Operating System – GitHub
  99. ^ reactos on distrowatch.com ReactOS is a free and open-source operating system based on the best design principles found in the Windows NT architecture. (accessed January 2016)
  100. ^ Blankenhorn, Dana. ReactOS no threat to Windows. ZDNet. 2008-05-13 [2009-12-22]. 
  101. ^ Blankenhorn, Dana. ReactOS needs a channel. ZDNet. 2008-05-13 [2009-12-22]. 
  102. ^ Holwerda, Thom. My OS Is Less Hobby Than Yours. OSNews（英語：OSNews）. 2009-12-20 [2009-12-22]. 
  103. ^ Lunduke, Bryan. Linux cousins Part 2: Reviewing ReactOS, the Open Source version of Windows. Network World. 2015-10-28 [2016-01-04]. In short: It's just like running Windows 2000. Except Free and Open Source. Which makes makes it feel both awesome. And dirty. And profound... also infuriating. If I'm honest, I really don't know how ReactOS makes me feel. But it's damned impressive that it exists and works so well. Beyond simply being Open Source, ReactOS has one cool features that Windows never really provided properly: An application manager that is laid out and structured like a Linux package manager. From within it you can even install a large number of FOSS software staples, such as Firefox, LibreOffice, and GIMP. 
  104. ^ Russian president asked to Fund Windows Open Source Clone. Jordan Open Source Association. 2011-09-12 [2013-06-18]. At the forum, ReactOS won "The Best Presentation" award and a grant of 100,000 rubles (approximately 2,400 JDs). In addition, around twenty large investors became interested in the project. 
  105. ^ Featured projects, February 27, 2012. SourceForge.com. 2012-12-27 [2012-12-20]. 
  106. ^ Sourceforge POTM June 2013. Sourceforge.com. 2013-06-17 [2013-06-17]. 
  107. ^ Minutes of the expert evaluation of projects on import substitution infrastructure software according to paragraph 4-8 of import substitution plan software, approved by order of the Ministry of Communications of Russia from 1 April 2015 №96 «On approval of import software" Russian Ministry of Communications（英語：Russian Ministry of Communications） "Direction "client operating system / Server Operating Systems" 1st place - the project "Corporate platform on the basis of domestic operating systems" [...] 2nd place - the project "Creation of the operating system open source based on ReactOS for PCs, laptops and other mobile devices," "Creating the operating system open source-based server ReactOS" (Fund "Reaktos" MSTU. AN Bauman, LLC "Parallelz Research" and others.)." (2 June 2015, translated)
  108. ^ ReactOS as a second OS in Russian government's software freedom effort on reactos.org (June 2015)
  109. ^ Russland macht ReactOS zu bevorzugter Windows-Alternative on Der Standard (24 June 2015, in German)
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維基共享資源中相關的多媒體資源：Vanished user 1231123/沙盒/TS20
Official webpages
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