迪涅魯龍屬:修订间差异
Chenyisaurus(留言 | 贡献) 內容擴充 |
Chenyisaurus(留言 | 贡献) 內容擴充 |
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==古生態學== |
==古生態學== |
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在侏儸紀晚期的{{link-en|洛里尼揚層|Lourinhã Formation}},迪涅魯龍與多樣化的恐龍種群共享棲地,<ref name="bonaparte&mateus1999"/>包括數種獸腳類、蜥腳類、[[鳥臀目]],並與同時代北美[[莫里遜層]]有著相似的物種組成。<ref name="weishampeletal2004"/>已知獸腳類包含某種未命名的[[阿貝力龍科]]<ref name="hendrickx&mateus2014">{{cite journal|last1=Hendrickx|first1=C.|last2=Mateus|first2=O.|year=2014|title=Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Teeth from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and Dentition-Based Phylogeny as a Contribution for the Identification of Isolated Theropod Teeth|url=http://docentes.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/omateus/files/hendrickx__mateus_2014._abelisauridae_dinosauria_theropoda_from_the_late_jurassic_of_portugal.pdf|journal=Zootaxa|volume=3759|issue=1|pages=1–74|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1|pmid=24869965}}</ref>;歐洲[[異特龍]];深齒[[角鼻龍]]<ref name="mateusetal2006">{{cite journal|last1=Mateus|first1=O.|last2=Walen|first2=A.|last3=Antunes|first3=M.T.|year=2006|title=The large theropod fauna of the Lourinhã Formation (Portugal) and its similarity to the Morrison Formation, with a description of a new species of ''Allosaurus''|url=http://docentes.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/omateus/files/mateus_walen_antunes_-_2006_-_the_large_theropod_fauna_of_the_lourinha_formation__portugal__and_its_similarity_to_the_morrison_formation__with_a_description_of_a_new_species_of_allosaurus.pdf|journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin|volume=36|pages=123–129}}</ref>;[[虛骨龍類]]的[[祖母暴龍]];<ref name="hendrickx&mateus2014b">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0088905| title = ''Torvosaurus gurneyi'' n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods| editor-last = Evans | editor-first = Alistair Robert| journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 9| issue = 3| pages = e88905| year = 2014| last1 = Hendrickx | first1 = C. | last2 = Mateus | first2 = O.V. | pmid = 24598585 | pmc=3943790| bibcode = 2014PLoSO...988905H| doi-access = free}}</ref>可能的[[理察伊斯特斯龍]];某種未定獸腳類<ref name="hendrickx&mateus2014"/>;以及[[斑龍科]]的格氏[[蠻龍]]<ref name="hendrickx&mateus2014b"/>。蜥腳類種類相對較少,除了迪涅魯龍還有另一種未定梁龍科;<ref name="mannionetal2012"/>[[圓頂龍科]]的[[洛里尼揚龍]];<ref name="mannionetal2012"/>;[[圖里亞龍類]]的[[茲必龍]];<ref name="mateusetal2014">{{cite journal|last1=Mateus|first1=O|last2=Mannion|first2=P.D.|last3=Upchurch|first3=P.|year=2014|title=''Zby atlanticus'', a new turiasaurian sauropod (Dinosauria, Eusauropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal.|url=http://docentes.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/omateus/files/mateus_et_al_2014_zby_atlanticus_a_new_turiasaurian_sauropod_dinosauria_eusauropoda_from_the_late_jurassic_of_portugal.pdf|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=34|issue=3|pages=618–634|doi=10.1080/02724634.2013.822875|s2cid=59387149}}</ref>[[腕龍科]]的[[葡萄牙巨龍]]。<ref name="mannionetal2013">{{cite journal|last1=Mannion|first1=P.D.|last2=Upchurch|first2=P.|last3=Barnes|first3=R.|last4=Mateus|first4=O.|year=2013|title=Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur ''Lusotitan atalaiensis'' (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=168|pages=98–206|doi=10.1111/zoj.12029}}</ref>鳥臀目亦很豐富,已鑑定出的物種包含[[三尖齒龍]]<ref name="ruiz-omenca&canudo2004">{{cite journal|last1=Ruiz-Omeñaca|first1=J.I.|last2=Canudo|first2=J.I.|year=2004|title=Dinosaurios ornitópodos del Cretácico inferior de la Península Ibérica|journal=Geo-Temas|volume=6|issue=5|pages=63–65}}</ref>、[[溝牙龍]]<ref name="thulborn1973">{{cite book|last=Thulborn|first=R.A.|year=1973|chapter=Teeth of ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal, with description of a hypsilophodontid (''Phyllodon henkeli'' gen. et sp. nov.) from the Guimarota lignite|title=Contribuição para o conhecimento da Fauna do Kimerridgiano da Mina de Lignito Guimarota (Leiria, Portugal)|publisher=Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Memória (Nova Série)|volume=22|pages=89–134}}</ref>;[[劍龍類]]的裝甲[[銳龍]]、長刺[[米拉加亞龍]]、<ref name="mateusetal2009">{{cite journal|last1=Mateus|first1=O.|last2=Maidment|first2=S.|last3=Christiansen|first3=N.|year=2009|title=A new long-necked 'sauropod-mimic' stegosaur and the evolution of the plated dinosaurs|url=http://docentes.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/omateus/files/mateus_et_al_2009_stegosaur_miragaia_complete_with_suppl.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B|volume=276|issue=1663|pages=1815–1821|doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.1909|pmid=19324778|pmc=2674496}}</ref>蹄足[[劍龍]]<ref name="escasoetal2007">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00114-006-0209-8| title = New evidence of shared dinosaur across Upper Jurassic Proto-North Atlantic: Stegosaurus from Portugal| journal = Naturwissenschaften| volume = 94| issue = 5| pages = 367–74| year = 2006| last1 = Escaso | first1 = F. | last2 = Ortega | first2 = F. | last3 = Dantas | first3 = P. | last4 = Malafaia | first4 = E. | last5 = Pimentel | first5 = N. L. | last6 = Pereda-Suberbiola | first6 = X. | last7 = Sanz | first7 = J. L. | last8 = Kullberg | first8 = J. C. | last9 = Kullberg | first9 = M. A. C. | last10 = Barriga | first10 = F. | pmid=17187254| bibcode = 2007NW.....94..367E| s2cid = 10930309}}</ref>;[[甲龍類]]的[[龍冑龍]]<ref name="galton1980">{{cite journal|last=Galton|first=P.M.|year=1980|title=Partial skeleton of ''Dracopelta zbyszewskii'' n. gen. and n. sp., an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal|journal=Geobios|volume=13|issue=3|pages=451–457|doi=10.1016/s0016-6995(80)80081-7}}</ref>;[[鳥腳類]]的[[龍爪龍]]<ref name="mateus&antunes2001">{{cite journal|last1=Mateus|first1=O.|last2=Antunes|first2=M.T.|year=2001|title=''Draconyx loureiroi'', a new camptosauridae (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) from the Late Jurassic of Lourinhã, Portugal|url=http://docentes.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/omateus/files/mateus_antunes_2001_draconyx_loureiroi_a_new_camptosauridae_dinosauria_ornithopoda_from_the_late_jurassic_of_lourinha_portugal.pdf|journal=Annales de Paléontologie|volume=87|issue=1|pages=61–73|doi=10.1016/S0753-3969(01)88003-4}}</ref>、[[彎龍]]未命名種<ref name="mateusetal2014"/>、[[葉牙龍]]<ref name="thulborn1973"/>、可能的[[橡樹龍]]未命名種<ref name="antunes&mateus2003">{{cite journal|last1=Antunes|first1=M.T.|last2=Mateus|first2=O.|year=2003|title=Dinosaurs of Portugal|url=http://docentes.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/omateus/files/antunes_mateus_2003_dinosaurs_of_portugal.pdf|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|volume=2|issue=1|pages=77–95|doi=10.1016/S1631-0683(03)00003-4}}</ref>。 |
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===古生物地理學=== |
===古生物地理學=== |
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歐洲的晚侏羅世地層已發現過許多真蜥腳類(包括迪涅魯龍),其年代大約落於提通階。一種未命名的梁龍科標本,包括一些脊椎和其他骨頭,與迪涅魯龍和洛西拉龍有明顯差異,顯示晚侏羅世的伊比利至少有兩種或以上的梁龍科共存著。這是該年代歐洲地區唯一已知有多樣化梁龍科的地區,其他地區則僅發現過如[[鯨龍科]]、[[圖里亞龍類]]、[[雷巴琪龍科]],而牠們在地理分布狀況的資訊比較有限。可以推測的是,這些相對原始的蜥腳類及梁龍科自侏儸紀末倖存下來,一直繁衍到至少[[貝里亞階]]。<ref name="royo-torresetal2007">{{cite journal|last1=Royo-Torres|first1=R.|last2=Cobos|first2=A.|last3=Aberasturi|first3=A.|last4=Espílez|first4=E.|last5=Fierro|first5=I.|last6=González|first6=A.|last7=Luque|first7=L.|last8=Mampel|first8=L.|last9=Alcala|first9=L.|year=2007|title=Riodeva sites (Teruel, Spain) shedding light to European Sauropod phylogeny|url=http://www.sociedadgeologica.es/archivos/geogacetas/Geo41/G41Art46.pdf|journal=Geogaceta|volume=41|pages=183–186|issn=0213-683X|access-date=2014-08-24|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103414/http://www.sociedadgeologica.es/archivos/geogacetas/Geo41/G41Art46.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
歐洲的晚侏羅世地層已發現過許多真蜥腳類(包括迪涅魯龍),其年代大約落於提通階。一種未命名的梁龍科標本,包括一些脊椎和其他骨頭,與迪涅魯龍和洛西拉龍有明顯差異,顯示晚侏羅世的伊比利至少有兩種或以上的梁龍科共存著。這是該年代歐洲地區唯一已知有多樣化梁龍科的地區,其他地區則僅發現過如[[鯨龍科]]、[[圖里亞龍類]]、[[雷巴琪龍科]],而牠們在地理分布狀況的資訊比較有限。可以推測的是,這些相對原始的蜥腳類及梁龍科自侏儸紀末倖存下來,一直繁衍到至少[[貝里亞階]]。<ref name="royo-torresetal2007">{{cite journal|last1=Royo-Torres|first1=R.|last2=Cobos|first2=A.|last3=Aberasturi|first3=A.|last4=Espílez|first4=E.|last5=Fierro|first5=I.|last6=González|first6=A.|last7=Luque|first7=L.|last8=Mampel|first8=L.|last9=Alcala|first9=L.|year=2007|title=Riodeva sites (Teruel, Spain) shedding light to European Sauropod phylogeny|url=http://www.sociedadgeologica.es/archivos/geogacetas/Geo41/G41Art46.pdf|journal=Geogaceta|volume=41|pages=183–186|issn=0213-683X|access-date=2014-08-24|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103414/http://www.sociedadgeologica.es/archivos/geogacetas/Geo41/G41Art46.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
2022年5月23日 (一) 05:13的版本
迪涅魯龍屬 化石时期:晚侏羅世
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正模標本中的第三至第九節背椎圖示 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 蜥形纲 Sauropsida |
总目: | 恐龍總目 Dinosauria |
目: | 蜥臀目 Saurischia |
亚目: | †蜥脚形亚目 Sauropodomorpha |
下目: | †蜥腳下目 Sauropoda |
科: | †梁龙科 Diplodocidae |
属: | †迪涅魯龍屬 Dinheirosaurus Bonaparte & Mateus, 1999 |
模式種 | |
洛里尼揚迪涅魯龍 Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis Bonaparte & Mateus, 1999
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迪涅魯龍(屬名:Dinheirosaurus,意為「迪涅魯港的蜥蜴」)是一屬梁龍科的蜥腳類恐龍,化石發現於葡萄牙中西部的洛里尼揚層,地質年代尚未確認,大約為晚侏羅世提通階早期。
模式種兼唯一種洛里尼揚迪涅魯龍(Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis)於1999年由何塞·波拿巴與奧塔維歐·馬諦尤斯根據僅有的脊椎和其他少量材料而發表命名;種名取自洛里尼揚(Lourinhã)自治市。
已知材料(正模標本ML 414)是個部分骨骼,包括兩節頸椎、九節背椎、一些肋骨、恥骨碎片、大量的胃石。其中僅有脊椎顯示出鑑定特徵,其餘過於破碎無法判定。起初這些標本被描述成洛里尼揚龍屬,但後來發現了差異,於是改建立獨立的屬。另一標本ML 418現認為來自別的葡萄牙梁龍科。由此判斷迪涅魯龍曾與多樣化的蜥腳類(至少包含另一種梁龍科)、獸腳類、裝甲類、鳥腳類共享棲地。
迪涅魯龍屬於梁龍科,與迷惑龍、重龍、拖尼龍、梁龍、超龍近緣,其中最後者於迪涅魯龍關係最為密切,甚至可能彼此為異名。[1]
發現
迪涅魯龍的標本最初於1987年由卡洛斯·阿農夏索(Carlos Anunciação)與其所屬洛里尼揚博物館團隊所發現,挖掘工作一直持續至1992年。[2]標本後來被載往博物館並歸類在編號ML 414。[3] Dantas等人在挖掘完成之際初步公布了標本的發現。化石位在沿海懸崖的頂部,需借助推土機與懸吊垂來從圍岩中移出,並透過起重機區分為兩個岩塊並由船運至洛里尼揚。在迪涅魯龍發表的前一年,他們將ML 414歸入阿連奎爾洛里尼揚龍(Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis),過去曾作為迷惑龍的一種。何塞·波拿巴和奧塔維歐·馬諦尤斯在分析了洛里尼揚龍的標本後,發現414與北美莫里遜組的梁龍科更為近緣,於是須建立成一個新的屬。[2][3]
迪涅魯龍的遺骸包括脊椎、肋骨、部分骨盆、胃石。脊椎確定屬於頸部與背部。兩節頸椎保存狀況不佳,至於十二節背椎關節相連且保存良好。其他脊椎材料有脫落的七個椎體碎片跟少許神經弓。肋骨保存了12個。此外還有些肢骨。[2]衛泫波等人並未識別出所有材料都屬於迪涅魯龍,因此只有9個背椎被當作正模標本,且將恥骨誤認為肢骨碎片。該研究亦錯誤稱標本來自阿果巴薩層。[4]另一對脊椎是編號ML 418標本,原被波拿巴和馬諦尤斯歸入迪涅魯龍,現則認為屬於另一種尚未命名的獨特梁龍科物種。[3][5]
描述
迪涅魯龍是中等體型的梁龍科,有著加長頸部及尾部。[4]迪涅魯龍的主要鑑定依據在於脊椎形態,沿脊柱的許多脊椎皆有發現。[2]整體來看,迪涅魯龍身長約25公尺。[6]2020年莫里納裴雷茲和拉臘曼迪給出較低的估計值身長21公尺及8.8噸。[7]
除脊椎外的其餘部分所知甚少,僅知部分肋骨與骨盆碎片。其中一個肋骨與頸椎相連,但殘破不堪;呈延長狀,卻也可能是化石變形的結果。波拿巴和馬諦尤斯並沒有描述來自身體左側的兩個肋骨,其橫切面呈T字形,顯示出多項祖徵,然而不完整導致難以鑑定。數個右側肋骨,包括軸和頭端亦有保存,與左側相似,並顯示缺乏氣腔化。[3]其他非脊椎的附肢材料有極其殘缺零散的恥骨軸、還有超過100顆胃石。恥骨幾乎無法鑑定出特徵。曼尼翁等人2012年的研究也沒有描述胃石的部分。[3]
分類
對迪涅魯龍的了解很少,所以系統發生學位置也很難確定。2012年菲利浦·曼尼翁等人對迪涅魯龍的重新描述研究發現其與薇薇安超龍互成姊妹群,並一同構成了最基礎的梁龍亞科演化支。該分析參考了2011年灰洛可的數據,發現迪涅魯龍比拖尼龍原始,但較迷惑龍進階。[3]2014年的分析雖然支持彼此的近緣關係,卻認為其實比迷惑龍更原始,於是被排除於梁龍亞科之外。[8]2015年的研究則將洛里尼揚迪涅魯龍列為超龍的的一個種:洛里尼楊超龍,其支序圖如下所示:[1]2020年莫里納培瑞茲和拉臘曼迪的書也引用此觀點。[9]
梁龍科 Diplodocidae |
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早先迪涅魯龍處於梁龍科中排除掉迷惑龍的位置,因為解剖特徵差異很大。波拿巴和馬諦尤斯發現少許特徵顯示迪涅魯龍比梁龍還衍化,但作為各自分化出的多分支關係,而非直系祖先。[2]2004年阿普撤奇等人認為迪涅魯龍與似鯨龍、雙腔龍、洛西亞龍都是一些地位不清的梁龍科。[4]
古生物學
身為一種梁龍科,迪涅魯龍也可能長有鞭狀尾部。若此屬於,牠也可和近親一樣利用尾部鞭打產生音爆、[10]或像最近提出的理論所說使用尾巴作為感覺器官與群體聯繫。[11]有鑑於與梁龍或迷惑龍的親近程度,迪涅魯龍的吻部也可能是方形,代表牠們也許是種不太挑食的低地植食動物。[12]
消化
迪涅魯龍是少數發現直接關聯胃石證據的蜥腳類之一。2007年的一項研究檢視迪涅魯龍、地震龍、雪松龍來驗證蜥腳類是否透過胃石在類似鳥類的砂囊中幫助消化。其中提到已知的數百種蜥腳類僅在少數標本發現胃石,而比照在鳥類發現過大量胃石,研究者採用有直接關聯胃石的以上三種。通常鳥類體內的胃石佔據體重的1.05%,然而胃石最多的梁龍僅占體重的0.03%,這意味著其他蜥腳類如迪涅魯龍和雪松龍的胃石佔體重比例極少,因此蜥腳類不太可能出現類似鳥類的磨損功用,而是可能透過胃石來吸收礦物質。[13]
古生態學
在侏儸紀晚期的洛里尼揚層,迪涅魯龍與多樣化的恐龍種群共享棲地,[2]包括數種獸腳類、蜥腳類、鳥臀目,並與同時代北美莫里遜層有著相似的物種組成。[4]已知獸腳類包含某種未命名的阿貝力龍科[14];歐洲異特龍;深齒角鼻龍[15];虛骨龍類的祖母暴龍;[16]可能的理察伊斯特斯龍;某種未定獸腳類[14];以及斑龍科的格氏蠻龍[16]。蜥腳類種類相對較少,除了迪涅魯龍還有另一種未定梁龍科;[3]圓頂龍科的洛里尼揚龍;[3];圖里亞龍類的茲必龍;[17]腕龍科的葡萄牙巨龍。[18]鳥臀目亦很豐富,已鑑定出的物種包含三尖齒龍[19]、溝牙龍[20];劍龍類的裝甲銳龍、長刺米拉加亞龍、[21]蹄足劍龍[22];甲龍類的龍冑龍[23];鳥腳類的龍爪龍[24]、彎龍未命名種[17]、葉牙龍[20]、可能的橡樹龍未命名種[25]。
古生物地理學
歐洲的晚侏羅世地層已發現過許多真蜥腳類(包括迪涅魯龍),其年代大約落於提通階。一種未命名的梁龍科標本,包括一些脊椎和其他骨頭,與迪涅魯龍和洛西拉龍有明顯差異,顯示晚侏羅世的伊比利至少有兩種或以上的梁龍科共存著。這是該年代歐洲地區唯一已知有多樣化梁龍科的地區,其他地區則僅發現過如鯨龍科、圖里亞龍類、雷巴琪龍科,而牠們在地理分布狀況的資訊比較有限。可以推測的是,這些相對原始的蜥腳類及梁龍科自侏儸紀末倖存下來,一直繁衍到至少貝里亞階。[5]
參考來源
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