美国海岸警卫队

美国海岸警卫队
存在時期	1790年8月4日至今（由美國海關税收局發展而來） (233年9个月); 或者; 1915年1月28日至今（“美國海關緝私局”和“美國救生服務局”正式合并，形成现有的“美国海岸警卫队”）; (109年3个月)
國家或地區	美国
種類	海岸巡防队
功能	海岸防御, 海事执法
規模	行政員工: 18,722; 現役軍人:52,190; 預備役軍人:27,899; 輔助部隊:34,156; 284 快艇; 1,877 船艦; 265 飛機
直屬	美国国土安全部 (2003–至今); 美国运输部 (1967–2003); 美国财政部 (1946–1967); 美国海军部 (1941–1946); 美国财政部 (1919–1946); 美国海军部 (1917–1919); 美国财政部 (1915-1917)
格言	Semper Paratus
代表色	白色、海軍藍、海軍紅
進行曲	时刻准备着（英语：Semper Paratus (march)）
參與戰役	美法衝突; 1812年戰爭; 塞米諾爾戰爭（英语：Seminole Wars）; 美墨戰爭; 南北戰爭; 美西戰爭; 第一次世界大戰; 第二次世界大戰; 韓戰; 越戰; 海龍任務（英语：Operation Sea Dragon (Vietnam War)）; 波斯灣戰爭; 伊拉克戰爭; 反恐戰爭; 打击走私
嘉獎	總統榮譽勛章
指挥官
現任指揮官	司令：Karl Schultz上將; 副司令：Charles W. Ray上將; 總軍士長：Jason M. Vanderhaden
標識
舷側標誌
舰旗
军旗
飛機
直昇機	HH / MH-60 J/T Jayhawk（英语：HH-60 Jayhawk） HH / MH-65 C/D Dolphin（英语：HH-65C Dolphin）
巡邏機	HC-130 H/J Hercules（英语：Lockheed HC-130） HU-25 A/C Guardian HC-144A Ocean Sentry（英语：HC-144A Ocean Sentry）
運輸機	VC-37A Long Range VIP Aircraft VC-143 Medium Range VIP Aircraft（英语：Bombardier Challenger 600）

·合众国武装力量
	美国陆军 US Army
	美国海军 US Navy
	美国空军 US Air Force
	美国海军陆战队 US Marine Corps
	美国海岸警卫队 US Coast Guard
	美國太空軍 US Space Force

美國海岸防衛隊（英語：United States Coast Guard，缩写为 USCG）是美國軍隊的海岸巡防隊，亦是美國八個联邦制服部队之一。海岸防衛隊作為海事部隊，專責處理各類海事執法事宜（職權涵蓋12哩領海及國際水域）及執行聯邦管制規定，地位特殊。和平時期部隊受國土安全部管轄，如有需要美國總統可下令部隊移交美國海軍部指揮，國會亦有權在戰時下達相同命令。

美國首任美國財政部長亞歷山大‧漢彌爾頓早於1790年8月4日創立美國海關緝私局（United States Revenue Cutter Service），亦即後來的海岸防衛隊，因此部隊視己為美國最悠久的海航部門。截至2009年8月，部隊一共有約42,000名男女在役、7,500名預備役、30,000名輔助人員及7,700個全職行政員工^[11]。

海岸防衛隊的司法權有別於其他四個軍種，部隊受《美國法典》第10章以及相關典籍（第6、14、19、三十三、46章等等）監管。正因如此，基於美國法典第14章，部隊得聽命於國防部或直接奉總統令履行軍事任務。

部隊常務為確保海事安全、執行海事保安及管理海務事宜，法典第六章明文寫有十一個部隊法定任務^[12]。

防衛隊格言為拉丁文「Semper Paratus」，意思是「隨時准备」（英语譯文：Always Ready）。

職責

美國海岸防衛隊基本職責有三，細分為11個法定任務。基本職責為海事安全、海事保安及管理海務事宜。而11個法定任務則可分為國土安全任務和傳統任務兩大類^[12]。

傳統任務有海事安全、搜索及拯救、協助導航、海洋生態資源(漁政執法)、海洋環境保護及海冰事務。
國土安全任務包括港口、水路及海岸保安(PWCS)，毒品及移民查禁、防衛預備和其他執法行動。

與美軍聯合行動的海岸警卫队
Healy號破冰船
漢彌爾頓級巡邏艦隊
已退役的Treasury級高耐力巡邏艦
HH60直升機
HU-25巡邏機
HC-130
指揮分區

概觀

美國早期歷史並沒有專責海上事務的組織，後來考量有關機關間權責不清，致無法有效執行聯邦任務，才由五個聯邦機關合併組成，他們分別是緝私船隊（Revenue Cutter Service）、海上救生隊（Life Saving Service）、航務局（Bureau of Navigation）、輪船檢查局（Steamboat Inspection Service）及燈塔局（Lighthouse Service），現在的美國海岸防衛隊傳承各原單位特有精神，成為具多元執行任務，且是唯一被國會授權於和平時期扮演執法角色的準軍事組織，也是美國在陸、海、空及海軍陸戰隊以外的第五個美軍軍種（第六個是太空軍），肩負國土防衛之責任。其組織整併沿革概可分為以下幾個重要階段：

1790年：在財政部下的水陸關稅隊（Revenue Marine）。
1863年：成立緝私船隊（Revenue Cutter Service）。
1915年：緝私船隊與1848年成立的海上救生隊（Life Saving Service）合併，設置海岸防衛隊。
1939年：將燈塔局（Lighthouse Service）併入。
1946年：將輪船檢查局（Steamboat Inspection Service）併入。
1967年：海岸防衛隊移屬運輸部（Department of Transportation）。
2003年：海岸防衛隊移屬國土安全部。

裝備

個人武器

型號	原產地	類別	口徑	細節
手槍
M9	義大利美国	半自動手槍	9×19mm
SIG P229 DAK	德国	半自動手槍	.40 S&W
突擊步槍／戰鬥步槍
M16A2	美国	突擊步槍	5.56×45mm
M4A1	美国	突擊步槍	5.56×45mm
Mk 18	美国	突擊步槍	5.56×45mm
M14 Tactical	美国	戰鬥步槍	7.62×51mm
散彈槍
M870	美国	泵動式散彈槍	12鉛徑
狙擊步槍
Mk 11 Mod 0	美国	半自動狙擊步槍	7.62×51mm
Mk 11 Mod 2	美国	半自動狙擊步槍	7.62×51mm
M107 SASR	美国	半自動反器材步槍	12.7×99mm
Robar RC-50	美国	栓動式反器材步槍	12.7×99mm
機槍
M60	美国	通用機槍	7.62×51mm
M240	美国比利时	通用機槍	7.62×51mm
M2HB	美国	重機槍	12.7×99mm	固定在載具或腳架上使用
榴彈發射器
Mk 19	美国	自動榴彈發射器	40×53mm
M203	美国	下掛式榴彈發射器	40×46mm	下掛在M16A2戓M4卡賓槍護木下

注釋

^ Prior to the formation of the U.S. Coast Guard by merger of the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Life-Saving Service in 1915, the Revenue Cutter Service had been under the control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury from its creation in 1790. The U.S. Life-Saving Service dated from 1871 and was also under the control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 When was the Coast Guard established?. Coast Guard History: Frequently Asked Questions. Coast Guard Historian's Office. 13 July 2013.
^ Coast Guard Snapshot 2012 (PDF). United States Coast Guard. [3 February 2013].
^ Homeland Security Budget-in-Brief Fiscal Year 2009 (PDF). United States Department of Homeland Security: 53. 2009.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 United States Coast Guard. Daily Chronology of Coast Guard History. United States Department of Homeland Security. 2003 - Administrative control of the Coast Guard transferred to the newly created Department of Homeland Security from the Department of Transportation, where it had served since 1 April 1967.
^ United States Coast Guard. Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History (PDF). United States Department of Homeland Security. [18 January 2014]. 1 April 1967: Executive Order 16781 transferred the Coast Guard from the Treasury Department to the newly-formed Department of Transportation.
^ United States Coast Guard. Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History (PDF). United States Department of Homeland Security. [18 January 2014]. 1 November 1941: President Roosevelt's Executive Order 8929 transferred the Coast Guard to Navy Department control. In compliance with Executive Order 9666, the Coast Guard returned to Treasury Department control.
^ United States Coast Guard. Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History (PDF). United States Department of Homeland Security. [18 January 2014]. 28 August 1919: Coast Guard reverted to Treasury Department after President Wilson signed Executive Order 3160.
^ United States Coast Guard. Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History (PDF). United States Department of Homeland Security. [18 January 2014]. 6 April 1917: With the declaration of war against Germany the Coast Guard was transferred by Executive Order to the control of the Navy Department.
^ An Act To create the Coast Guard by combining therein the existing Life-Saving Service and Revenue-Cutter Service. January 1915 [8 September 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013年9月8日）. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives o the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be established in lieu of the existing Revenue-Cutter Service and the Life-Saving Service, to be composed of those two existing organizations, with the existing offices and positions and the incumbent officers and men of those two services, the Coast Guard, which shall constitute a part of the military forces of the United States and which shall operate under the Treasury Department in time of peace and operate as a part of the Navy, subject to the orders of the Secretary of the Navy, in time of war or when the President shall so direct. When subject to the Secretary of the Navy in time of war the expense of the Coast Guard shall be paid by the Navy Department; Provided, That no provision of this Act shall be construed as giving any officer of either the Coast Guard or the Navy, military or other control at any time over any vessel, officer, or man of the other service except by direction of the President.
^ U.S. Coast Guard Heraldry (PDF). United States Coast Guard. April 2011: 3-1.
^ Coast Guard Official 'Snapshot' webpage
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 § 468

Coast Guardsman's Manual / George Krietemeyer - Naval Institute Press, 2000 - ISBN 978-1-55750-468-5

參見

外部連結

[10] Prior to the formation of the U.S. Coast Guard by merger of the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Life-Saving Service in 1915, the Revenue Cutter Service had been under the control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury from its creation in 1790. The U.S. Life-Saving Service dated from 1871 and was also under the control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury.

[birth_date-1] 1.0 ^1.1 When was the Coast Guard established?. Coast Guard History: Frequently Asked Questions. Coast Guard Historian's Office. 13 July 2013.

[snapshot-2] Coast Guard Snapshot 2012 (PDF). United States Coast Guard. [3 February 2013].

[budget-3] Homeland Security Budget-in-Brief Fiscal Year 2009 (PDF). United States Department of Homeland Security: 53. 2009.

[DHSTransfer2003-4] 4.0 ^4.1 United States Coast Guard. Daily Chronology of Coast Guard History. United States Department of Homeland Security. 2003 - Administrative control of the Coast Guard transferred to the newly created Department of Homeland Security from the Department of Transportation, where it had served since 1 April 1967.

[5] United States Coast Guard. Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History (PDF). United States Department of Homeland Security. [18 January 2014]. 1 April 1967: Executive Order 16781 transferred the Coast Guard from the Treasury Department to the newly-formed Department of Transportation.

[NavyTransferWW2-6] United States Coast Guard. Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History (PDF). United States Department of Homeland Security. [18 January 2014]. 1 November 1941: President Roosevelt's Executive Order 8929 transferred the Coast Guard to Navy Department control. In compliance with Executive Order 9666, the Coast Guard returned to Treasury Department control.

[7] United States Coast Guard. Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History (PDF). United States Department of Homeland Security. [18 January 2014]. 28 August 1919: Coast Guard reverted to Treasury Department after President Wilson signed Executive Order 3160.

[NavyTransferWW1-8] United States Coast Guard. Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History (PDF). United States Department of Homeland Security. [18 January 2014]. 6 April 1917: With the declaration of war against Germany the Coast Guard was transferred by Executive Order to the control of the Navy Department.

[9] An Act To create the Coast Guard by combining therein the existing Life-Saving Service and Revenue-Cutter Service. January 1915 [8 September 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013年9月8日）. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives o the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be established in lieu of the existing Revenue-Cutter Service and the Life-Saving Service, to be composed of those two existing organizations, with the existing offices and positions and the incumbent officers and men of those two services, the Coast Guard, which shall constitute a part of the military forces of the United States and which shall operate under the Treasury Department in time of peace and operate as a part of the Navy, subject to the orders of the Secretary of the Navy, in time of war or when the President shall so direct. When subject to the Secretary of the Navy in time of war the expense of the Coast Guard shall be paid by the Navy Department; Provided, That no provision of this Act shall be construed as giving any officer of either the Coast Guard or the Navy, military or other control at any time over any vessel, officer, or man of the other service except by direction of the President.

[11] U.S. Coast Guard Heraldry (PDF). United States Coast Guard. April 2011: 3-1.

[12] Coast Guard Official 'Snapshot' webpage

[usc468-13] 12.0 ^12.1 § 468

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