精神药理学
心理学 |
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心理药物学(英文:Psychopharmacology )是指以科学方法研究预备、使用心理疾病药物及这些药物的效用。心理疾病相关药物称为psychotropic medications(psycho:心理的;tropic:作用于)。
基本概念
[编辑]- 生物利用度 :(bioavailability)真正身体最终吸收了所用的药
- 给药途径:决定药物进入血管的速度及完整度
- 电离 (ionisation):非游离形式的药物因不带电荷而易渗入细胞膜[8],受住血管或消化系统等体内pH值,及药物自己的酸度系数(pKa值)影响[9]
- 血浆蛋白结合 (binding):药物困住在血浆、肌肉或脂肪中而变动不活跃,令到药物在目标位置浓度降低而效用减少。或者多种药物同时服用时,药物甲导致药物乙浓度太高而药物过量。
- 生物转化作用
- 速率方程:例如酒精是zero-order kinetics,即不论饮用多少酒,身体每个小时只能处理最多15毫升的酒精[12]。对应first-order kinetics,药物浓度越高则消化速度越快。
- 排泄作用,透过不同方法将药物离开身体,如制造母乳、呼吸、出汗、排尿等。
亲和性 (Affinity) | 效能(Efficacy) | |
---|---|---|
活化剂(agonist) | 高 | 高 |
阻断剂(antagonist) | 中至高 | 低 |
- 构象改变,当受体和配体结合就会令蛋白发生结构上改变,从而影响效能
- 调升与调降:指因为配体的数量影响(太多或太少),受体的数量或敏感程度改变[15][16]
- 剂量反应曲线[17]:指不同剂量下的反应。低剂量亦可代表只有少量配体占用了[18]。
化学讯号
[编辑]精神作用药物通常用神经递质来影响神经传导。神经递质主要一种化学物质来让神经元互相沟通,而精神作用药物则影响这个沟通过程。这些药物可以
- 作为神经递质的前体(precursor)(作为制造神经递质的原材料)
- 压抑神经递质的生成
- 避免突触小泡(presynaptic vesicle)储存神经递质
- 刺激或抑制神经递质释出
- 刺激或抑制后突触(post-synaptic)的受体运作(Receptor)
- 刺激再摄取泵(autoreceptor),减少神经递质释出
- 阻碍再摄取泵(autoreceptor),增加神经递质释出
- 压抑神经传导 breakdown
- 阻碍前突触(presynaptic)被再吸收(reuptake)
The other central method through which drugs act is by affecting communications between cells through hormones. Neurotransmitters can usually only travel a microscopic distance before reaching their target at the other side of the synaptic cleft, while hormones can travel long distances before reaching target cells anywhere in the body. Thus, the endocrine system is a critical focus of psychopharmacology because 1) drugs can alter the secretion of many hormones; 2) hormones may alter the behavioral responses to drugs; 3) hormones themselves sometimes have psychoactive properties; and 4) the secretion of some hormones, especially those dependent on the pituitary gland, is controlled by neurotransmitter systems in the brain.
常见心理药物
[编辑]相关期刊
[编辑]- Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), American Psychological Association
- Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- Journal of Psychopharmacology, British Association for Psychopharmacology, SAGE Publications
- Psychopharmacology, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg
- Neuropsychopharmacology, Nature Publishing Group
参考来源
[编辑]- ^ L., Hart, Carl. Drugs, society & human behavior 15th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2013. ISBN 9780073529745. OCLC 808107397.
- ^ editor., Kandel, Eric R. Mack, Sarah, art. Principles of neural science. [2019-03-21]. ISBN 9780071390118. OCLC 918899790. (原始内容存档于2021-03-23).
- ^ Greengard, P. The neurobiology of slow synaptic transmission. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2001-11-02, 294 (5544): 1024–1030 [2019-03-21]. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11691979. doi:10.1126/science.294.5544.1024. (原始内容存档于2019-03-22).
- ^ CDC. Disease of the Week - Alcohol and Pregnancy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-09-06 [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-21) (美国英语).
- ^ 4. Principles of Psychopharmacology for Mental Health Professionals. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005-10-07: 9–35. ISBN 9780471794639.
- ^ 保安局禁毒處 - 戒毒治療和康復服務戒毒治療和康復服務. www.nd.gov.hk. [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-18).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 1947-, Meyer, Jerrold S.,; A.,, Rice, Susan; R.,, Yates, Jennifer. 2,3. Psychopharmacology : drugs, the brain, and behavior Second edition. Sunderland, Massachusetts. ISBN 087893510X. OCLC 819641635.
- ^ Wesley McCammon, Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane, 2009-07-19 [2019-03-21], (原始内容存档于2020-02-24)
- ^ Khutoryanskiy, Vitaliy V. Longer and safer gastric residence. Nature Materials. 2015-10, 14 (10): 963–964. ISSN 1476-1122. doi:10.1038/nmat4432.
- ^ Carbon Oxidation. learn.genetics.utah.edu. [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-21).
- ^ Nucleus Medical Media, Biology: Cell Structure I Nucleus Medical Media, 2015-03-18 [2019-03-21], (原始内容存档于2019-06-02)
- ^ What Is A Standard Drink? | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). www.niaaa.nih.gov. [2019-03-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-26).
- ^ Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers. www.sinauer.com. [2019-03-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-20).
- ^ Purple Haze of Parkinson’s: How Dopamine Works. Journey with Parkinson's. 2015-08-05 [2019-03-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-29) (英语).
- ^ 2. General Mechanisms of the Endocrine Regulation • Functions of Cells and Human Body. [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-21) (美国英语).
- ^ About Huntington's Disease and Serotonin. HOPES Huntington's Disease Information. 2011-06-30 [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-14) (美国英语).
- ^ Pharmapedia, Agonist Dose Response Curves, 2015-06-11 [2019-03-21], (原始内容存档于2021-05-21)
- ^ basic_principles_of_pharm [TUSOM | Pharmwiki]. tmedweb.tulane.edu. [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-21) (英语).
- ^ ToxTutor - Determining the Safety of a Drug. toxtutor.nlm.nih.gov. [2019-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-21).
- ^ Pharmapedia, Efficacy vs Potency, 2015-06-15 [2019-03-19], (原始内容存档于2022-02-25)
- ^ W,, Kalat, James. Biological psychology 12 e. Australia. : 49–57. ISBN 9781305105409. OCLC 898154491.