失讀症：修订间差异
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== 延伸閱讀 == |
== 延伸閱讀 == |
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* 柯華葳 編：《中文閱讀障礙》. 台北市：心理出版社. 2010年. |
* 柯華葳 編：《中文閱讀障礙》. 台北市：心理出版社. 2010年. |
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*{{cite book |last1=Agnew |first1=Susie |last2=Stewart |first2=Jackie |last3=Redgrave |first3=Steve |title=Dyslexia and Us: A collection of personal stories |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oXe6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |year = 2014 |publisher=Andrews UK Limited |ISBN = 978-1-78333-250-2 }} |
*{{cite book |last1=Agnew |first1=Susie |last2=Stewart |first2=Jackie |last3=Redgrave |first3=Steve |title=Dyslexia and Us: A collection of personal stories |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oXe6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |year = 2014 |publisher=Andrews UK Limited |ISBN = 978-1-78333-250-2 }} |
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* {{cite book |author=Mark Selikowitz |title=Dyslexia and Other Learning Difficulties |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K2xdsMJ1MWgC&pg=PP1 |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969177-7 }} |
* {{cite book |author=Mark Selikowitz |title=Dyslexia and Other Learning Difficulties |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K2xdsMJ1MWgC&pg=PP1 |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969177-7 }} |
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* {{cite book |author=Michael Thomson |title=The Psychology of Dyslexia: A Handbook for Teachers with Case Studies |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7Jbvue2kNdYC&pg=PP1 |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-74197-9 }} |
* {{cite book |author=Michael Thomson |title=The Psychology of Dyslexia: A Handbook for Teachers with Case Studies |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7Jbvue2kNdYC&pg=PP1 |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-74197-9 }} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Ramus|first1=F|last2=Altarelli|first2=I|last3=Jednoróg|first3=K|last4=Zhao|first4=J|last5=di Covella|first5=LS|date=7 August 2017|title=Neuroanatomy of developmental dyslexia: pitfalls and promise.|url=http://dyslexiahelp.umich.edu/answers/faq|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|volume=84|pages=434–452|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.001|issn=1873-7528|pmid=28797557|accessdate=31 August 2017|via=}}This article is published ahead of print |
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMR4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=Dyslexia, Reading and the Brain: A Sourcebook of Psychological and Biological Research|author=Alan Beaton|first=|date=14 October 2004|publisher=Psychology Press|year=|isbn=978-1-135-42275-2|location=|pages=}} |
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OywcklCBPkC&pg=PP1|title=Fifty Years in Dyslexia Research|author=Thomas Richard Miles|first=|date=4 August 2006|publisher=Wiley|year=|isbn=978-0-470-02747-9|location=|pages=|authorlink=Thomas Richard Miles}} |
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szJZ1LDQv7YC&pg=PP1|title=Dyslexia in Context: Research, Policy and Practice|author1=Gavin Reid|first=|author2=Angela Fawcett|date=12 May 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=|isbn=978-0-470-77801-2|location=|pages=}} |
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Jbvue2kNdYC&pg=PP1|title=The Psychology of Dyslexia: A Handbook for Teachers with Case Studies|author=Michael Thomson|first=|date=18 March 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=|isbn=978-0-470-74197-9|location=|pages=}} |
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFh4kCrMbK4C&pg=PP1|title=Dyslexia|author=Gavin Reid|first=|date=17 March 2011|publisher=A&C Black|year=|isbn=978-1-4411-6585-5|edition=3|location=|pages=}} |
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2xdsMJ1MWgC&pg=PP1|title=Dyslexia and Other Learning Difficulties|author=Mark Selikowitz|first=|date=2 July 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=978-0-19-969177-7|location=|pages=}} |
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgXsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=Reading, Writing and Dyslexia: A Cognitive Analysis|author=Andrew W. Ellis|first=|date=25 February 2014|publisher=Psychology Press|year=|isbn=978-1-317-71630-3|location=|pages=}} |
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lz2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=The Dyslexia Debate|author1=Julian G. Elliott|first=|author2=Elena L. Grigorenko|date=24 March 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=978-0-521-11986-3|location=|pages=|authorlink=Julian Elliott}} |
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXe6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=Dyslexia and Us: A collection of personal stories|last1=Agnew|first1=Susie|last2=Stewart|first2=Jackie|last3=Redgrave|first3=Steve|date=8 October 2014|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|year=|isbn=978-1-78333-250-2|location=|pages=}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Norton|first1=Elizabeth S.|last2=Beach|first2=Sara D.|last3=Gabrieli|first3=John D. E.|date=1 February 2015|title=Neurobiology of dyslexia|url=|journal=Current Opinion in Neurobiology|volume=30|pages=73–78|doi=10.1016/j.conb.2014.09.007|issn=1873-6882|pmc=4293303|via=|hdl=1721.1/102416|pmid=25290881}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Serrallach|first1=Bettina|last2=Groß|first2=Christine|last3=Bernhofs|first3=Valdis|last4=Engelmann|first4=Dorte|last5=Benner|first5=Jan|last6=Gündert|first6=Nadine|last7=Blatow|first7=Maria|last8=Wengenroth|first8=Martina|last9=Seitz|first9=Angelika|date=15 July 2016|title=Neural Biomarkers for Dyslexia, ADHD, and ADD in the Auditory Cortex of Children|url=|journal=Frontiers in Neuroscience|volume=10|pages=324|doi=10.3389/fnins.2016.00324|issn=1662-4548|pmc=4945653|pmid=27471442|via=|last10=Brunner|first10=Monika|last11=Seither|first11=Stefan|last12=Parncutt|first12=Richard|last13=Schneider|first13=Peter|last14=Seither-Preisler|first14=Annemarie}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Shanshan|last2=Niu|first2=Yanfeng|last3=Zhang|first3=Xiaohui|last4=Kong|first4=Rui|last5=Wang|first5=Jia|last6=Liu|first6=Lingfei|last7=Luo|first7=Xiu|last8=Zhang|first8=Jiajia|last9=Song|first9=Ranran|date=28 July 2016|title=Opposite Associations between Individual KIAA0319 Polymorphisms and Developmental Dyslexia Risk across Populations: A Stratified Meta-Analysis by the Study Population|url=|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|pages=30454|bibcode=2016NatSR...630454S|doi=10.1038/srep30454|issn=2045-2322|pmc=4964335|pmid=27464509|via=}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Brewer|first1=Carmen C.|last2=Zalewski|first2=Christopher K.|last3=King|first3=Kelly A.|last4=Zobay|first4=Oliver|last5=Riley|first5=Alison|last6=Ferguson|first6=Melanie A.|last7=Bird|first7=Jonathan E.|last8=McCabe|first8=Margaret M.|last9=Hood|first9=Linda J.|date=11 October 2016|title=Heritability of Non-Speech Auditory Processing Skills|url=|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=24|issue=8|pages=1137–1144|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2015.277|issn=1018-4813|pmc=4872837|pmid=26883091|via=|last10=Drayna|first10=Dennis|last11=Griffith|first11=Andrew J.|last12=Morell|first12=Robert J.|last13=Friedman|first13=Thomas B.|last14=Moore|first14=David R.}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Mascheretti|first1=S.|last2=De Luca|first2=A.|last3=Trezzi|first3=V.|last4=Peruzzo|first4=D.|last5=Nordio|first5=A.|last6=Marino|first6=C.|last7=Arrigoni|first7=F.|date=3 January 2017|title=Neurogenetics of developmental dyslexia: from genes to behavior through brain neuroimaging and cognitive and sensorial mechanisms|url=http://www.nature.com/tp/journal/v7/n1/full/tp2016240a.html|journal=Translational Psychiatry|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=e987|doi=10.1038/tp.2016.240|pmid=28045463|accessdate=8 January 2017|via=}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Fraga González|first1=Gorka|last2=Žarić|first2=Gojko|last3=Tijms|first3=Jurgen|last4=Bonte|first4=Milene|last5=van der Molen|first5=Maurits W.|date=18 January 2017|title=Contributions of Letter-Speech Sound Learning and Visual Print Tuning to Reading Improvement: Evidence from Brain Potential and Dyslexia Training Studies|url=|journal=Brain Sciences|volume=7|issue=1|pages=10|doi=10.3390/brainsci7010010|pmc=5297299|pmid=28106790|accessdate=|via=}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Rudov|first1=A|last2=Rocchi|first2=MB|last3=Accorsi|first3=A|last4=Spada|first4=G|last5=Procopio|first5=AD|last6=Olivieri|first6=F|last7=Rippo|first7=MR|last8=Albertini|first8=MC|date=October 2013|title=Putative miRNAs for the diagnosis of dyslexia, dyspraxia, and specific language impairment.|journal=Epigenetics|volume=8|issue=10|pages=1023–9|doi=10.4161/epi.26026|issn=1559-2308|pmid=23949389|via=|pmc=3891682}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Vágvölgyi|first1=R|last2=Coldea|first2=A|last3=Dresler|first3=T|last4=Schrader|first4=J|last5=Nuerk|first5=HC|date=2016|title=A Review about Functional Illiteracy: Definition, Cognitive, Linguistic, and Numerical Aspects|url=|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=7|pages=1617|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01617|pmc=5102880|pmid=27891100|accessdate=|via=}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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2018年4月7日 (六) 03:03的版本
| Dyslexia | |
|---|---|
| File:DyslexicVision.png | |
| 失读症患者所見的文章經常呈現為文字模糊或重疊。[1] | |
| 症状 | 阅读困难与书写困难[*] |
| 类型 | 阅读困难与书写困难[*]、言語障害[*]、學習障礙、疾病 |
| 病因 | 遺傳性疾病 |
| 診斷方法 | 功能性磁共振成像 |
| 分类和外部资源 | |
| 醫學專科 | 神经心理学、小兒科 |
| ICD-11 | 6A03.0 |
| ICD-10 | R48.0 |
| ICD-9-CM | 315.02 |
| OMIM | 127700 |
| DiseasesDB | 4016 |
| MedlinePlus | 001406 |
| MeSH | D004410 |
失讀症或是讀寫障礙（英語：Dyslexia、reading disorder、alexia，或稱為難語症、诵读障碍、阅读障碍）[2]，是一種學習困難的表現，對於閱讀和書寫文字具有困難[2], 但具有常人的智商。
症狀的嚴重程度因人而異[1]。其他的症狀包括難以唸出字詞，難以拼出單字，無法專注閱讀，難以連續書寫以及無法在閱讀時清楚唸出字詞，或是無法理解閱讀的內容[2][3]。這些症狀最先往往在學校時發現[4]。這些讀寫上的困難，並不是患者自己可以控制的，讀寫障礙患者對於學習的渴望，通常與普通人並無二致[2]。
一般認為，先天基因因素與後天環境因素，都同時是造成讀寫困難的原因[4]。有些則看似與家族史相關[2]。罹患注意力失調症的患者，通常也較容易發生讀寫障礙，且往往算術障礙[4]。如果成人開始出現相關症狀，也許是腦部創傷、中風或失智症所導致[5]。相關的病理機制與大腦處理語言的過程有關[2]。診斷過程包括了檢測患者的記憶、拼字能力、視力和閱讀技巧等[6]。診斷的過程中需先排除因為未受閱讀教育或閱讀教育品質不良所導致的閱讀困難，或是患者可能具有的視聽障礙[4]。
治療通常包括了依據患者的需求，調整教學的方法[5]。即便這無法治療造成疾病的原因，但讀寫困難的情況會有所改善[7]。對於視力的治療並不奏效.[8]。讀寫障礙是最常見的學習障礙[9]，在一般族群中，影響3%~7%的人[4][10]。常見確診為男性患者[4]，但部分研究認為讀寫障礙並無性別差異[9]。在一般的族群中，也有將近20%的人有程度不一的症狀[11]。讀寫障礙也並無地緣差異[4]。從古至今，被診斷失讀症的名人不少，而失讀症並不影響他們在各領域的成就。
統計數據
5-15%的人被診斷有程度不一的失讀症。但依據語言的不同及定義的不同，這個數據會有一定程度的差異。
失讀症類型
表音文字（如英文）的失讀症
- 表層失讀症：病患可以按照語音學的發音來讀詞，但是卻不能閱讀不規則拼寫的詞
- 拼音性失讀症：病患可以閱讀曾經認識的詞，但是卻不能閱讀不熟悉的詞，或者無法通過語言學發音的詞
- 直接性失讀症：病患因為腦部損傷導致無法理解詞語，但是卻可以通過大聲讀出來
意音文字（如中文）的失讀症
- 構字困難：能辨認和書寫一個字的各組成部份，卻很難組合它們，以至於構字上會左右上下顛到，識字時也更吃力
- 視知覺干擾：難以只看一個方塊，容易把字邊的週樣一起知覺，導致混亂，也容易弄不清楚自己看到哪一行，而產生跳行閱讀與重覆閱讀。當字體太小、行距太小時，識字也會更吃力
如何協助失讀症患者
- 採用輔具，例如圖片、字卡、有聲書，或者較高科技的非視覺桌面存取系統，協助他們閱讀以及使用電腦
- 採用閱讀策略將字與圖像、實物建立連結，以及將造字的邏輯和脈絡引入，提升字的意思，有助於閱讀。
- 採用較大字的字級，和較高的行距，降低視覺干擾。
- 使用尺壓住後排文字，或是用筆將讀完的行首畫點標記，來避免跳行。
參見
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Eyes and Dyslexia. British Dyslexia Association. [2015-03-15] （英语）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 What are reading disorders?. National Institutes of Health. [2015-03-15].
- ^ What are the symptoms of reading disorders?. National Institutes of Health. [15 March 2015].
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Peterson, RL; Pennington, BF. Developmental dyslexia. (PDF). Lancet. 26 May 2012, 379 (9830): 1997–2007. PMID 22513218. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60198-6. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015年4月2日）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 NINDS Dyslexia Information Page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. National Institutes of Health. 30 September 2011 [29 April 2015].
- ^ How are reading disorders diagnosed?. National Institutes of Health. [15 March 2015].
- ^ What are common treatments for reading disorders?. National Institutes of Health. [15 March 2015].
- ^ Handler, SM; Fierson, WM; Section on, Ophthalmology; Council on Children with, Disabilities; American Academy of, Ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and, Strabismus; American Association of Certified, Orthoptists. Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.. Pediatrics. March 2011, 127 (3): e818–56. PMID 21357342. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3670.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Darcy Ann Umphred; Rolando T. Lazaro; Margaret Roller; Gordon Burton. Neurological Rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013: 383. ISBN 978-0-323-26649-9.
- ^ Kooij, J. J. Sandra. Adult ADHD diagnostic assessment and treatment 3rd ed. London: Springer. 2013: 83. ISBN 9781447141389.
- ^ How many people are affected by/at risk for reading disorders?. National Institutes of Health. [15 March 2015].
延伸閱讀
- 柯華葳 編：《中文閱讀障礙》. 台北市：心理出版社. 2010年.
- Agnew, Susie; Stewart, Jackie; Redgrave, Steve. Dyslexia and Us: A collection of personal stories. Andrews UK Limited. 2014. ISBN 978-1-78333-250-2.
- Alan Beaton. Dyslexia, Reading and the Brain: A Sourcebook of Psychological and Biological Research. Psychology Press. 2004. ISBN 978-1-135-42275-2.
- Julian G. Elliott; Elena L. Grigorenko. The Dyslexia Debate. Cambridge University Press. 2014. ISBN 978-0-521-11986-3.
- Andrew W. Ellis. Reading, Writing and Dyslexia: A Cognitive Analysis. Psychology Press. 2014. ISBN 978-1-317-71630-3.
- Gavin Reid. Dyslexia 3. A&C Black. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4411-6585-5.
- Gavin Reid; Angela Fawcett. Dyslexia in Context: Research, Policy and Practice. John Wiley & Sons. 2008. ISBN 978-0-470-77801-2.
- Thomas Richard Miles. Fifty Years in Dyslexia Research. Wiley. 2006. ISBN 978-0-470-02747-9.
- Mark Selikowitz. Dyslexia and Other Learning Difficulties. Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-969177-7.
- Michael Thomson. The Psychology of Dyslexia: A Handbook for Teachers with Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. 2009. ISBN 978-0-470-74197-9.
- Ramus, F; Altarelli, I; Jednoróg, K; Zhao, J; di Covella, LS. Neuroanatomy of developmental dyslexia: pitfalls and promise.. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 7 August 2017, 84: 434–452 [31 August 2017]. ISSN 1873-7528. PMID 28797557. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.001.This article is published ahead of print
- Alan Beaton. Dyslexia, Reading and the Brain: A Sourcebook of Psychological and Biological Research. Psychology Press. 14 October 2004. ISBN 978-1-135-42275-2.
- Thomas Richard Miles. Fifty Years in Dyslexia Research. Wiley. 4 August 2006. ISBN 978-0-470-02747-9.
- Gavin Reid; Angela Fawcett. Dyslexia in Context: Research, Policy and Practice. John Wiley & Sons. 12 May 2008. ISBN 978-0-470-77801-2.
- Michael Thomson. The Psychology of Dyslexia: A Handbook for Teachers with Case Studies. John Wiley & Sons. 18 March 2009. ISBN 978-0-470-74197-9.
- Gavin Reid. Dyslexia 3. A&C Black. 17 March 2011. ISBN 978-1-4411-6585-5.
- Mark Selikowitz. Dyslexia and Other Learning Difficulties. Oxford University Press. 2 July 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-969177-7.
- Andrew W. Ellis. Reading, Writing and Dyslexia: A Cognitive Analysis. Psychology Press. 25 February 2014. ISBN 978-1-317-71630-3.
- Julian G. Elliott; Elena L. Grigorenko. The Dyslexia Debate. Cambridge University Press. 24 March 2014. ISBN 978-0-521-11986-3.
- Agnew, Susie; Stewart, Jackie; Redgrave, Steve. Dyslexia and Us: A collection of personal stories. Andrews UK Limited. 8 October 2014. ISBN 978-1-78333-250-2.
- Norton, Elizabeth S.; Beach, Sara D.; Gabrieli, John D. E. Neurobiology of dyslexia. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 1 February 2015, 30: 73–78. ISSN 1873-6882. PMC 4293303
. PMID 25290881. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2014.09.007. hdl:1721.1/102416. - Serrallach, Bettina; Groß, Christine; Bernhofs, Valdis; Engelmann, Dorte; Benner, Jan; Gündert, Nadine; Blatow, Maria; Wengenroth, Martina; Seitz, Angelika; Brunner, Monika; Seither, Stefan; Parncutt, Richard; Schneider, Peter; Seither-Preisler, Annemarie. Neural Biomarkers for Dyslexia, ADHD, and ADD in the Auditory Cortex of Children. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15 July 2016, 10: 324. ISSN 1662-4548. PMC 4945653 . PMID 27471442. doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00324.
- Shao, Shanshan; Niu, Yanfeng; Zhang, Xiaohui; Kong, Rui; Wang, Jia; Liu, Lingfei; Luo, Xiu; Zhang, Jiajia; Song, Ranran. Opposite Associations between Individual KIAA0319 Polymorphisms and Developmental Dyslexia Risk across Populations: A Stratified Meta-Analysis by the Study Population. Scientific Reports. 28 July 2016, 6: 30454. Bibcode:2016NatSR...630454S. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4964335 . PMID 27464509. doi:10.1038/srep30454.
- Brewer, Carmen C.; Zalewski, Christopher K.; King, Kelly A.; Zobay, Oliver; Riley, Alison; Ferguson, Melanie A.; Bird, Jonathan E.; McCabe, Margaret M.; Hood, Linda J.; Drayna, Dennis; Griffith, Andrew J.; Morell, Robert J.; Friedman, Thomas B.; Moore, David R. Heritability of Non-Speech Auditory Processing Skills. European Journal of Human Genetics. 11 October 2016, 24 (8): 1137–1144. ISSN 1018-4813. PMC 4872837 . PMID 26883091. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.277.
- Mascheretti, S.; De Luca, A.; Trezzi, V.; Peruzzo, D.; Nordio, A.; Marino, C.; Arrigoni, F. Neurogenetics of developmental dyslexia: from genes to behavior through brain neuroimaging and cognitive and sensorial mechanisms. Translational Psychiatry. 3 January 2017, 7 (1): e987 [8 January 2017]. PMID 28045463. doi:10.1038/tp.2016.240 （英语）.
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