维基百科:更优秀条目写作指南
维基百科，自由的百科全书
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| 维基百科格式指导 |
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| 格式手册 |
| 增补格式手册 |
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縮寫 |
| 特殊頁面指導 |
| 其他指导 |
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版面指南 |
| 技術指導 |
本文是一系列關於如何把一個條目寫得更好的建議，包括版面佈局、文章格式，以及如何使條目內容更加清晰、準確，方便讀者閱讀。同時，本文也會簡要地提及其他必要資訊以及相關索引。
- 如果您想看看目前維基百科中最好的文章，參見Wikipedia:特色條目，請向這些榜樣學習。我們還有一個理想中的Wikipedia:完美條目頁面供參考和討論。
- 如果您想瞭解維基編輯代碼，請參閱Wikipedia:如何編輯頁面。
- 如果您想瞭解引用參考文獻的方法，請參閱Wikipedia:參考文獻。
- 如果您想瞭解關於文章格式的一些指引，請參閱右側列表中的Wikipedia:格式手冊及其子頁面。
- 如果您想瞭解有關列表、消岐義、圖片，請參閱Wikipedia:列表、Wikipedia:消歧義和Wikipedia:圖片指南。
目录
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[编辑] 版面結構與佈局
一個條目的版面結構與佈局十分重要，它直接影響到條目的品質，因此應當首先確定。一個好的條目開篇會簡要地介紹主題，隨後用一個清晰的結構提供詳細資訊，最後使用附錄列出參考文獻和相關鏈結。
[编辑] 導言
一篇條目的導言又可以叫做“引子”、“介紹”、“緒言”或起始段落。這一部分對整篇條目內容作出簡介和概述。由於導言總是位於條目的起始部分，所以不需要加入「==導言==」或者「==緒言==」之類的段落名。一些比較長的條目在導言之後還會有一個“概述”之類的段落；當然，也可以是更加具體的段落名。我們在後面還會有更加詳細的說明。
[编辑] 篇幅
條目應保持簡短，只敍述必要內容，而不要無限制擴充。條目應保持在32千個位元組（32KB）以內。倘若條目超出可讀篇幅，則應該進行拆分以便改善條目可讀性和可編輯性。具體的拆分措施請參考Wikipedia:摘要格式。另外，條目整體的結構平衡也很重要，不要一個段落過長，其他段落則太短。如果這種情況不可避免的發生，往往意味著長段落可能需要單獨成立條目了。
[编辑] 段落
同樣，一個段落也應該盡可能短，以免累著讀者的眼睛。一個長段落可以拆分成幾個短段落，而在每個段落開頭寫一句承上啟下的句子。相反的，一句話的段落也十分特殊，只有有充分的理由時才可以這麼做。否則，過短的段落應該被合併到臨近段落中。段落有時可以用列表或表格取代，但需要根據情況決定。不必要的列表對條目行文會其破壞作用。
[编辑] 章節
章節可以使條目內容清晰，並由此產生目錄，參見Help:章節。章節是有層次的，開始為二級標題（== 章 == ），之後依次為三級（=== 節 ===）、四級（==== 小節 ====）等等。一些內容是否需要一個章節標題進行概括是個人風格問題，可以由編輯者自行決定或者與他人討論。
[编辑] 圖片
如果文章有關聯的插圖可用，應尋找接近關於圖片的內容的文字附近加入。如果插圖過多或有可能令閱讀者混淆，應使用「見右圖」等字眼將閱讀者的眼光帶到圖片上。請參考Wikipedia:圖片指南。
[编辑] 附錄
一些附錄可以依附在條目最後，如：
- 參見：一些內部鏈結以及必要的說明
- 注釋：對條目內容的額外說明
- 參考文獻：條目內容引用的文獻列表，有時也可以合併在“注釋”中
- 外部鏈結：一些與條目主題相關的高品質網站，不包括已經在“參考文獻”中出現的網站。最典型的外部鏈結是條目主題的官方網站。
[编辑] 寫作風格
維基百科目前有兩種寫作風格（也叫格式）：新聞風格和摘要風格。
[编辑] 新聞風格
新聞風格是報紙、廣播、電視普遍採用的簡短的、醒目的、一條一條的文章風格。新聞風格的最主要特點是重要的資訊放在最前面，文章的內容按重要性排序。這一點可以通過重新排列段落來完成，但維基百科的條目並不一定按照這種風格編寫，當然這樣編寫條目也不失為一種很好的選擇。
[编辑] 摘要風格
摘要風格同新聞風格很接近，不同之處在於它著眼的物件是主題，而不是條目，並提供引言段落而不是引言句子。摘要風格的好處在於可以根據讀者的需要提供不同詳略程度的資訊，而獲取多麼詳細資訊的決定權在讀者手中（的滑鼠下）。這需要編輯者注意不一下子提供過多過詳細的資訊，而通過不同段落或者條目將細節逐漸展現給讀者。
這樣做的理由主要有兩個：
- 不同讀者需要不同的詳細程度，有的只需要100字的概括（讀條目的導言即可），有的需要適當的資訊（一兩頁內容花5分鐘讀完），還有些讀者需要非常詳細的內容（研究個一天半天，閱讀所有相關條目和訪問外部網站）；
- 條目大小的考慮：太長的條目不方便閱讀和維護，網路傳輸時也成問題。
[编辑] 語調
撰寫條目應該使用正式、客觀、第三人稱的語調，並盡可能讓更多讀者（受教育程度不同）看懂。條目內容不應該含有大量的術語、影射、暗語，也不應該使用“我”或“你”等非第三人稱代詞，除非是在引用他人的原文。例如，介紹自己的家鄉不應該使用“本市”或者“我國”，而應該使用“××市”、“該市”、“×國”等。僅僅在必要的情況下使用注音，而嘆號“！”除引文外不可使用。
[编辑] 內容和表達
維基百科是個國際性的百科。每位讀者擁有不同的背景、教育程度與世界觀等。編輯者應使用幾乎人人也能看得懂的措辭。因於每一位讀者閱讀題目也是為了「學習」知識，所以應儘量保持為向「無知」或「不認識任何關於此類型」的讀者的心態去撰寫。
儘可能亦應許免使用有關於該類型的術語，但我們仍應考慮讀者的層級。例如題目為“主成分分析在人臉識別中的應用”的條目只有精通人臉識別領域研究的讀者才會瀏覽。但當仍要使用術語或技術性上語言，亦應使用連結標記將術語引領到術語的題目。但如果題目是“人臉識別”，則平常讀者也會閱讀，因此需要簡單易懂的導言和概要，把專業艱深的內容以內部鏈結的形式“藏”起來，留給“高級”讀者。如果條目涉及什麼術語，則應該給出清楚的解釋。
[编辑] 構建網路
要知道，維基百科的每一個條目都不是孤立的，而是同一個知識網路密切連接，通過內部鏈結可以給讀者提供這個知識網路。因為維基百科並不如傳統百科全書那樣是一個有序排列條目的集合，而是一個無序但相互連接的條目集合，因此每一個條目都應連接到其他主題中以便對其歸類和定位。在創建鏈結時，不要太泛泛，一定要注意所提供的鏈結是否相關。不需要在條目內容中12次出現的主題次次都提供鏈結，而最好只在導言和結尾提供兩次鏈結。同時要注意讀者的興趣，盡可能提供一些讀者可能希望瞭解的“不重要”的鏈結，但不是越多越好，而是優先給出最有影響的鏈結。
避免自己寫的條目成為孤兒。在撰寫條目時，盡可能尋找相關條目，並提供鏈結指向您的新條目。這樣，其他讀者才可能通過其他條目點滑鼠（而不是使用搜索）來到您的條目。否則，除非條目作者，其他讀者可能永遠也不知道維基裏還有這麼一個孤獨的條目存在。
[编辑] 陳述常識
不要省略對您來說是常識（從而是“廢話”）的內容，因為其他讀者並不一定瞭解這些“常識”。這樣的內容一般可以作為導言的第一句概括，比如：
以上內容沒有提到《呐喊》的一個基本常識：它是一本書。編輯者假設讀者知道《呐喊》是一本書，而不是一部電影或者別的什麼，而這個假設不一定成立，特別是對於不熟悉中國文學的讀者來說。因此應改為：
但也不需要過分的提供冗餘資訊，例如：
因此，在提供常識性資訊的同時還要注意內容的簡潔。
[编辑] 導言
導言是第一章之前的章節。它位於目錄的上方（當整個文章有超過3個章節時）。它應該包括對標題的定義、內容的概述，並告訴讀者為什麼它很重要。
[编辑] 首句
作為文章的開篇，首句應該是一個簡明的、概述性的定義陳述。首句應該為一個普通讀者解答如下問題：條目的主題是什麼？這個主題為何有足夠的知名度？位於首句中的條目標題應該加粗顯示，但之後則不用。同樣地，不要再為題目設置內部鏈結，因為這樣會使讀者迴圈進入同樣的頁面。
- 例如，條目查理斯·達爾文的首句不應該是這樣：
達爾文發表的《物種起源》一書引起了軒然大波。
但可以是這樣：
- 同時，如果條目標題是一部藝術作品（如繪畫、文學、電影等）的題目，則應在首句中加入書名號。譬如條目《再別康橋》可以這樣開頭：
- 對於縮略語，則在首句中的全名以及別名、通用名等名稱均應加粗。比如條目小蘇打的首句：
- 而對於虛構的人物或地點，以霍默·辛普森為例，通常應該這樣開頭：
霍默·辛普森是一部電視動畫中的虛構人物，……
[编辑] 引言段落的其他內容
接著給予一段說明。這段說明應該盡可能使任何讀者清楚地明白條目主題。如果條目很長，則在導言部分應該提供一個內容摘要。記住，即便讀者理解了條目主題的基本定義，他們仍然不一定清楚這個主題的重要性。告訴他們！例如：
同行評審（Peer review，在某些學術領域亦稱“refereeing”）是一種審查程式，即一位元作者的學術著作或計劃被同一領域的其他專家學者評審。一般學術出版單位主要以同行評審的方法來選擇與篩選所投送的稿件錄取與否，而學術研究資金提供機構，也廣泛以同行評審的方式來決定研究是否授予資金、獎金等。同行評審程式的主要目的是確保作者的著作水準符合一般學術與該學科領域的標準。在許多領域著作的出版或者研究獎金的頒發，如果沒有以同行評審的方式來進行就可能比較會遭人質疑，甚至成為某出版物、作品是否可以被稱為學術出版物的主要標準。
如果条目长度需要使用多段叙述，那么第一段应当简洁并直切主题；给条目的主题以清晰的解释。
为了避免目录的显示位置过于靠下，即比一个页面的位置还要靠后，则将__TOC__语句置于希望目录所出现位置的顶部。
The appropriate length of the lead section depends on the total length of the article. As a general guideline, the lead should be no longer than two or three paragraphs. The following specific rules have been proposed:
| < 15,000 characters | 15,000 characters - 30,000 characters | > 30,000 characters |
|---|---|---|
| one or two paragraphs | two or three paragraphs | three paragraphs (consider splitting up the article) |
[编辑] 如何評判
Here are some thought experiments to help you test whether you are setting enough context:
- Does the article make sense if the reader gets to it as a random page? (Special:Randompage)
- 想像你是一個位於說普通話國家的讀者，你能夠瞭解條目在說什麼嗎？
- 如果只印出本條目的第一頁（概要／簡介部分）並四處傳閱，人們能夠瞭解條目是在說什麼嗎？
- 讀者想要點選某些連結作延伸閱讀嗎？
[编辑] 少用其他語言
收錄外文（非中文）行話作為額外資訊並沒有太大問題，不過別撰寫一篇在讀者瞭解這些外文行話的前提下才能閱讀的條目。請使用這樣的格式注釋外文術語，例如: hyperlink (超連結)。另外, 只有在不得已的情形下才能使用外國字當做條目的標題。
原文字體對於需要準確地辨識模稜兩可的拼法的研究人員而言十分有用，尤其是某些不太容易轉譯為羅馬拼音的 tonal 語言。外文用語若有獨立條目無須加上當地文字。
[编辑] 少用顏色
少用顏色。 每台電腦的設定與使用的瀏覽器不盡相同，編輯者沒有可能知道有多少顏色可以被使用者的電腦顯示出來。而且由於維基百科是國際性的：不同的文化對與每個顏色的解讀不同。含有過量顏色的頁面看起來令有眼花撩亂，而且完全不像一本百科全書。僅僅在警告與需要讀者關注的地方使用顏色。
[编辑] 使用簡潔明確詞語Use clear, precise and accurate terms
[编辑] 使用短句和列表Use short sentences and lists
Use short sentences does not mean use fewer words. It means don't use unnecessary words and sometimes using full stops/periods rather than commas. Consider the view of William Strunk, Jr. in his 1918 Elements of Style:
- Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words [and] a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.
When you have written your draft, read it over and boil it down to the essentials. Wordiness has no place in Wikipedia. Avoiding wordiness, however, is not a valid excuse for deleting information from an article.
[编辑] 避免驚奇的原則Principle of least astonishment
Using the principle of least astonishment, you should plan your pages and links so that everything appears reasonable and makes sense. If a link takes readers to somewhere other than where they thought it would, it should at least take them someplace that makes sense.
[编辑] 舉例
A user wants to know about the nuclear power plant that exploded in Chernobyl. The page on "Chernobyl" redirects to "Chornobyl", an alternative spelling for that town. However, the user sees that a link to the desired page, Chernobyl accident, is placed prominently near the top of the Chornobyl page, and happily clicks on that.
[编辑] “是指”的使用 Use of 'refers to'
The phrase refers to is often found near the beginning of Wikipedia articles. For example, the article Computer architecture once began by saying "Computer architecture refers to the theory behind the design of a computer." But that is not literally true; it would be better to say, "Computer architecture is the theory behind the design of a computer", as the article now does. Note that it is the words computer architecture that refer to a certain theory; computer architecture itself does not refer to any theory, it is a theory.
Sometimes it may be appropriate to say, for example, "The term Great Schism refers to either one of two schisms in the history of Christianity", but most often the simpler locution is better. If you mention the phrase Great Schism, rather than using that phrase to refer to one of the Great Schisms, then write the word in italics to indicate that.
See also: Use-mention distinction
[编辑] 核對事實
撰寫事實: 檢查你寫的事實，不要虛構。你可能需要檢查這些可疑的事實。
This is a basic part of citing good sources...even if you think you know something, you have to cite references anyway to prove to the reader that the fact is true. In searching for good references to cite, you might even learn something new.
刪除可能為事實的內容時請特別小心。編輯者經常在沒有提供參考資料的情況下納入大量內容。在您想要由條目刪除某些內容時，請先檢查其真實性。如果某個事實含有大量內容而且有提供來源, 請在刪除時更加小心。百科全書是許多事實的容納庫。If another editor provided a fact, there was probably a reason for it that should not be overlooked. So consider each fact provided as potentially precious. Is the context or overall presentation the issue? If the fact does not belong in one particular article, maybe it belongs in another.
Examine entries you have worked on subsequent to revision by others. Have facts been omitted or deleted? It may be the case that you failed to provide sufficient substantiation for the facts, or that the facts you incorporated may need a clearer relationship to the entry. Protect your facts, but also be sure that they are presented meaningfully.
See also: Wikipedia:Verifiability
[编辑] 避免籠統的語言Avoid blanket terms
Avoid blanket terms unless you have verified them. For example, the Montgomery County article states that of the 18 Montgomery Counties in the United States, most are named after Richard Montgomery. This is a blanket statement. It may very well be true, but is it reliable? In this instance the editor had done the research to verify this. Without the research, the statement should not be made. It would have been a good idea to describe the research done and sign it on the article's talk page.
[编辑] 虛構的內容也需核對Check your fiction
The advice about factual articles also applies to articles on fiction subjects. Further considerations need to be made when writing about fictional topics: they are inherently not real. It is important to keep these articles verifiable and encyclopedic.
If you add fictional information, clearly distinguish fact and fiction. As with normal articles, establish context so that a reader unfamiliar with the subject can get an idea about the article's meaning without having to check several links. Instead of
- "Trillian was taken away from Earth by Zaphod when he visited a party."
write
- "Trillian is a fictional character from Douglas Adams's radio, book and now film series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. She is taken away from Earth in a spaceship when Zaphod Beeblebrox visits a party. Together with Zaphod, Adams chooses to have her explore the universe in the starship." And so on.
Works of fiction are generally considered to exist in a kind of perpetual present tense, regardless of when the fictional action is supposed to take place relative to "now". Write about fiction using the present tense, not the past tense.
- "Homer presents, Achilles rages, Andromache laments, Priam pleads." [1]
- "Darth Vader is a fictional character from Star Wars."
- "Holden Caulfield has a certain disdain for what he sees as 'phony'."
- "Heathcliff, who is taken in by the wealthy Earnshaw family as a child, falls in love with their daughter, Catherine."
Articles about fictional topics should not be simple book-reports, rather the topic should be explained through its significance on the work. The reader should be able to feel like they understand why a character, place, or event was included in the fictional work after reading an article about one. A reader should be able to understand why this person/place/thing/event is relevant to the story.
It is generally discouraged to add fictional information from sources that cannot be verified or are limited to a very small number of readers, such as fan fiction and online role playing games. In the latter case, if you absolutely have to write about the subject, please be especially careful to cite your sources.
If the subject, a character in a TV show, say, is too limited to be given a full article, then integrate information about that character into a larger article. It is better to write a larger article about the TV show or a fictional universe itself than to create all sorts of stubs about its characters that nobody can find. And if you find a lot of related fiction stubs? Merge them! Make yourself a characters of X page, and go cut-and-paste crazy, leaving a solid characters article, and a trail of redirects in your wake.
See also: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fictional Series
[编辑] 避免離題
一篇最佳可讀性的條目包含最少的無關(或是僅僅有點相關的)資訊。如果發覺你自己的寫作開始離題，請考慮將這些額外資訊放在其他更適當的條目裡。提供連至其他條目的連結方便想知道更多資料的讀者鑽研,也同時不會讓其他對此條目不感興趣之讀者分心。
[编辑] 注意錯字Pay attention to spelling
注意錯字, 尤其是剛創建的條目名稱。正確的用字與文法鼓勵他人貢獻更多好內容。一篇正確用字的條目讓其他作者更容易地連結到你的條目。 Sloppiness in one aspect of writing can lead to sloppiness in others. Always do your best. It's not that big a deal, but why not get it right?
- Use free Internet dictionaries like Ask Oxford, Dictionary.com, Google Define and a spell checker such as SpellOnline.com or SpellCheck.net. See Wikipedia:Typo for tips on how to use these resources.
- Articles may also be spell-checked in a word processor before being saved. A free word processor may be obtained from OpenOffice.org.
- Some browsers, such as Konqueror on Unix-like systems or Safari on Mac OS X, have the ability to highlight misspelt words in text boxes.
For more information, refer to the Manual of Style.
[编辑] 避免華而不實與模稜兩可的用語(尚未達成共識)
不要華而不實:意指不含有任何實質資訊的浮誇用語。不要模稜兩可意指提供沒有任何證據支援, 不中立的意見。
| 華而不實的例子 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 一個重要的... | one of the most prestigious... | 其中一個最好的... |
| 最具影響力的... | a significant... | 最偉大的... |
| Examples of 模稜兩可 | ||
| 某些人說... | ...被認定是... | ..is widely considered... |
| ...has been called... | It is believed that... | It has been suggested/noticed/decided... |
| Some people believe... | It has been said that... | Some would say... |
| Legend has it that... | 評論說... | 許多人/一些人聲稱... |
相信你的題材，讓事實解釋一切。
[编辑] 範例一
以實質證據取代華而不實的用語。
- 「張三是最偉大的人物之一。」
- 「張三下鄉行醫三十年，出錢資助超過600多戶窮困人家的小孩上學。」
以實質的事實取代意見。
[编辑] 範例二
請仔細閱讀以下兩個不同的例句。哪句引起你的興趣而繼續閱讀下去?
- 劉五是最偉大的人。
- 劉五曾經是聯合國兒童基金會的創始人之一，至今已造訪了衣索匹亞、南非、盧幹達等數十餘個國家，協助當地建立安全可靠的用水。
[编辑] 範例三
如果你想引用某個意見，首要之務是確定那個人的意見對這個話題有舉足輕重的影響力，然後指出是哪個人的名言。如果能夠舉出名言的來源就更好了
- 某些人批評張三的作法是自命清高。
- 李四在TNN電視台的節目“56分鐘”說過，張三本身財產雄厚，有能力在大量資助他人的同時過著優裕的生活。
[编辑] 例外
What we have described is not a rule. When repeating established views, it may be easier to just state "Before Nicholas Copernicus', most people thought the Sun revolved round the Earth" rather than go into details and sources for it. Particularly if the statement forms only a small part of your article. But do not be surprised if people later question the source or reword your phrase.
[编辑] 指出缺失的內容Make omissions explicit
Make omissions explicit when creating or editing an article. When writing an article, always aim for completeness. If for some reason you can't cover a point that should be covered, make that omission explicit. You can do this either by leaving a note on the discussion page or by leaving HTML comments within the text and adding a notice to the bottom about the omissions. This has two purposes: it entices others to contribute, and it alerts non-experts that the article they're reading doesn't yet give the full story.
That's why Wikipedia is a collaborative encyclopedia—we work together to achieve what we could not achieve individually. Every aspect that you cover means less work for someone else, plus you may cover something that someone else may not think of, but is nevertheless important to the subject. Add {{todo}} to the top of the talk page of articles for which you can establish some goals, priorities or things to do.
[编辑] 其他問題
- 不適當的題材
- 維基百科不是用來宣傳你的網站,樂隊,產品,或是其他相關的事物。維基百科不是用來打廣告的媒體或是網頁空間服務.不論你強調這樣的文章有多重要, 聰明的維基人很快就會知道哪篇條目是純粹的廣告或是對個人的讚美。
- 作好分類
- 紙版百般全書的條目儘管數量眾多，但都經過仔細分類、排序、索引，而維基百科全書的條目卻常常是分散、獨立的，僅通過超鏈接相互聯系。因此，維基百科全書亦需作好分類，將每個條目都劃分到適當的類別之中。
- 避免讓條目邊緣化
- Avoid making your articles orphans. Link and link. When you write a new article page make sure at least one other page links to it (preferably more to increase your chances that your article does not become an orphan through someone else's refactoring). Otherwise, when it falls off the bottom of the Recent Changes page it disappears into the Mists of Avalon. There should always be an unbroken chain of links leading from the Main Page to every article in the Wikipedia; following the path you would expect to use to find your article may give you some hints as to which articles should link to your article.
- 超鏈接
- 條目中同一個詞條的超鏈接衹需在一處或重要的幾處創建，不必全部都加鏈接，參見幫助:鏈接
- 專有名詞
- See m:Quest for gender-neutral pronouns and the discussion on this for ideas relating to the use of pronouns, particularly gender-neutral ones, in Wikipedia.
- Integrate changes
- When you make a change to some text, rather than appending the new text you'd like to see included at the bottom of the page, if you feel so motivated, please place and edit your comments so that they flow seamlessly with the present text. Wikipedia articles should not end up being a series of disjointed comments about a subject, but unified, seamless, and ever-expanding expositions of the subject.
- 不重要的事情也很重要
- 閱讀芝麻小事也有一番樂趣. 可以考慮加入一些有趣的連結讓整篇條目更加有趣。
- 製作個人的副本
- 如果你與其他編輯者進行著編輯戰或是情況更糟的回退戰時，請保持冷靜。試著製作此條目的個人副本, 以自己的步調編輯此條目。Suppose you get into an edit war. Or worse, a revert war. So you try to stay cool. This is good. Congratulations! However, what would be great is if you could carry on working on the article, even though there is an edit war going on, and even though the version on the top is the evil one favoured by the other side in the dispute.
- So make a personal copy as a subpage of your user page. Just Start a new page at user:MY NAME/ARTICLE NAME, and copy and paste the wiki-source in there. Then you can carry on improving the article at your own pace! If you like, drop a note on the appropriate talk page to let people know what you're doing.
- Some time later, at your leisure, once the fuss has died down, merge your improvements back in to the article proper. Maybe the other person has left Wikipedia, finding it not to their taste. Maybe they have gone on to other projects. Maybe they have changed their mind. Maybe someone else has made similar edits anyway (but of course, not as good as yours, as you have had more time to consider the matter). Try it. You might like it.
